豫北枣区主要病虫害及综合防治

针对豫北枣区主要害虫（枣尺蠖、枣瘿蚊、绿盲蝽、枣叶螨、桃小食心虫等）及主要病害（枣锈病、枣黑腐病）的发生规律,找到切实有效的综合防治措施,成功解决该地区枣树主要病虫害防治的关键性技术问题。     

枣主要害虫的发生特点及防治技术

介绍了枣的主要害虫枣瘿蚊、绿盲蝽、桃小食心虫、枣粘虫、红蜘蛛、日本龟蜡蚧的危害症状,发生特点,防治关键时期及综合防治技术。     

红枣主要病虫害防治技术

1 枣瘿蚊 又名枣叶蛆,以幼虫危害嫩叶。防治方法：结合防治盲蝽象于4月下旬至5月上旬第1代幼虫发生期树上喷药防治,药剂可选：80％敌敌畏乳油800～1000倍液,30％乙酰甲胺磷600～800倍液,单打冠军3000-4000倍液,每10d用药1次,共喷2～3次。     

枣锈病的发生与防治

枣锈病，又叫枣雾，是枣树的重要叶片病害，2003年，枣锈病几乎在全国所有的枣区都有发生，尤其在冬枣上发生严重，使得枣树提前落叶，枣果萎蔫，从而造成减产，个别园区甚至绝产，严重影响来年的树势。     

绿盲蝽越冬卵在枣园的分布及影响因素研究

通过对天津市大港、静海、宝坻等六区县的枣园绿盲蝽越冬卵的分布研究,结果表明:绿盲蝽越冬卵在枣树树冠上部的分布明显多于树冠下部,树冠外围略多于内膛;绿盲蝽越冬卵在枣树各器官上的分布为枣头残留橛处最多,枣股次之,树皮缝隙处绿盲蝽越冬卵分布最少,其中枣头残留橛带卵率为29.8%～54.9%,枣股带卵率为4.4%～28.4%,树皮缝隙带卵率为4.4%～9.9%。经调查发现,枣园周围或行间种植棉花的枣树上绿盲蝽越冬卵分布较多。     

天津地区绿盲蝽世代与枣树物候期关系的研究

通过对天津静海冬枣树上绿盲蝽的世代发生规律与枣树物候期的关系调查研究,结果表明:绿盲蝽1年发生5代,世代重叠严重,第1、2代在枣树上为害。第1代绿盲蝽从4月下旬枣树萌芽期开始孵化,成虫在枣头生长期(5月下旬)出现,至幼果膨大期(7月上旬)结束,历时1个月左右,成虫产卵于枣花蕾上且分散;第2代绿盲蝽在枣树大蕾期(5月下旬)孵化,成虫在果实生长期(7月下旬)迁出枣园;第3、4、5代绿盲蝽在棉花或其他植物上为害,第5代绿盲蝽成虫在冬枣果实着色期初期(8月底)陆续迁回枣园,在枣头摘心后的断茬处或粗皮裂缝处产卵越冬。     

枣树主要病虫害综合防治技术

1 主要病虫害萌芽展叶期（4月中旬至5月中旬）主要虫害有枣尺蠖、枣黏虫、枣瘿蚊、粉蚧、草履蚧、绿盲蝽,主要危害芽、幼叶、嫩枝等;开花期（5月下旬至6月下旬）主要虫害有绿盲蝽、叶螨、大灰象甲、龟蜡蚧、枣黏虫,主要危害花,叶,枝;幼果期（7月）主要病虫害有桃小、叶螨、黏虫、大灰象甲、龟蜡蚧、枣锈病,     

枣树主要虫害防治技术

正太行山区是河北省枣生产主要地区,枣生产已成为当地主要经济支柱产业。2008年以来,在抗病性枣优良新品种选育工作开展的同时,对太行山区枣树的主要害虫及其危害症状、发生规律和无公害防治方法进行了调查总结。1绿盲蝽近几年来绿盲蝽在枣区发生日趋严重~([1,3-4]),已经成为枣树上第一大害虫,造成枣树减产甚至绝收,损失惨重。     

枣优良鲜食品种悠悠枣的选育

悠悠枣是我们从河北省涿鹿县当地悠悠枣品种资源中优选出的枣新品种。果实长椭圆形,两头稍尖,一次果平均单果重12.3g,最大单果重20.8g,棕红色;皮薄,果肉绿白色,脆,汁液多,风味酸甜;可溶性固形物含量35.00%~41.00%,一次果在9月上旬成熟,丰产,抗逆性强,耐瘠薄。2005年12月通过河北省林木品种审定委员会审定。     

绿盲蝽越冬卵在灵武长枣枝条的分布特征研究

针对宁夏灵武地区枣园绿盲蝽越冬卵在枣枝的分布特征不明等问题，于2018年3月初采用“Z”字形取样法调查了两块枣园样地绿盲蝽越冬卵在枣枝上的产卵位置，并分析了修剪口处越冬卵的数量及形态特征。结果表明，当年休眠期枝剪口处的平均卵量显著高于枣股及其翘皮，且2年生枝与多年生枝剪口卵量显著高于1年生枝剪口；剪口周皮部的平均卵量显著小于髓心部，但带卵率显著大于髓心部；剪口周皮部的越冬卵长度、饱满度均显著大于髓心部，剪口周皮部与髓心部的越冬卵宽度、瘪卵数均差异不显著。在管理精细无杂草的纯枣园中，休眠期修剪口处的周皮部与髓心部是绿盲蝽产卵越冬的主要场所。据此提出封闭剪口与早春整枝修剪是防治绿盲蝽危害的关键措施。     

Fruit growth,cuticle deposition,water uptake,and fruit cracking in jostaberry,gooseberry, and black currant

Fruit cracking after rain limits the production of a number of crops, including some Ribes species. To gain a better understanding of the factors involved in cracking, fruit growth, deposition of the cuticular membrane (CM), water uptake and fruit cracking were studied in black currant (Ribes nigrum L. cv. Zema), gooseberry (Ribes uva-crispa L. cv. Rote Triumph), and jostaberry (Ribes nidigrolaria B. cv. Jostine). Fruit surface area and fresh mass increased continuously throughout development, whereas deposition of the CM was biphasic. CM mass per fruit increased rapidly up to 42, 41, and 49 days after full bloom (DAFB) in black currant, gooseberry, and jostaberry, respectively. Thereafter, CM mass per fruit remained constant in gooseberry and jostaberry or increased at a lower rate in black currant. The cessation of or reduced rate of CM deposition resulted in a decrease in CM mass per unit area in all berries. Elastic strain of the CM at maturity averaged 23.8% and 19.5% in gooseberry and jostaberry, respectively, and only 8.2% in black currant. Microcracks in the CM were observed first in gooseberry and jostaberry 64 DAFB, whereas there were no microcracks in black currant. Water uptake into mature detached berries was linear over 2 h of incubation. Rates of uptake were highest in gooseberry followed by black currant and jostaberry. Relative uptake was similar via the cut end of the pedicel (32.1%), the apex of the fruit (34.7%) and the fruit surface (33.2%). Rates of water uptake through the fruit surface were positively related to surface area. Average fruit water potential for black currant, gooseberry, and jostaberry was −2.14 ± 0.17, −1.24 ± 0.03, and −1.89 ± 0.20 MPa, while the permeability for osmotic water uptake was 7.7 ± 0.4 × 10⁻⁸, 5.2 ± 0.1 × 10⁻⁸, and 3.3 ± 0.3 × 10⁻⁸ m s⁻¹. Incubating whole fruit in deionized water for 72 h resulted in more cracked jostaberries (94%) than black currants (74%) or gooseberries (50%). A comparison of our findings in Ribes berries with published data for the sweet cherry drupe revealed that the berries fitted the relationships established in sweet cherry among fruit growth, cuticle deposition, strain of the cuticle, microcracking, permeability for osmotic water uptake, frequency of stomata and cracking. The Ribes berries were less susceptible to cracking than sweet cherry.     

Mortalin,a mitochondrial chaperone,in neurodegenerative disorder

Mortalin(mtHSP70/HSP75/Grp75/TRAP-1/PBP74) is an essential mitochondrial chaperone and is believed to regulate multiple cellular functions ranging from cell survival, cell proliferation, stress response, mitochondrial biogenesis and intracellular trafficking. Recent studies have shown that mortalin is relevant to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease(AD) and Parkinson's disease(PD). Proteomic studies demonstrate the differential expression of mortalin not only in the models of AD or PD but also in PD human brains as compared to the controls. Mortalin seems to modulates the development of diseases through association with the critical molecules such as apoE, amyloid β-protein, amyloid precursor protein(APP) in AD, and α-synuclein, DJ-1, PINK1 in PD. Mortalin may regulate PD development via the pathways involving mitochondrial and proteasomal functions as well as oxidative stress. Furthermore, it is reported that mortalin participates in the pathological processes of several other neurological disorders, such as ischemic brain injury, absence seizure and Friedreich's ataxia(FRDA).     

中国''''99昆明世界园艺博览会蔬菜瓜果园

蔬菜瓜果园作为中国’99昆明世界园艺博览会六大专题展园之一 ,占地 4 90 0ｍ2 。园内以农舍草屋为中心 ,通过瓜架、篱笆、草亭及蔬菜瓜果栽培 ,构出一幅农家乐园式的田园风光。另外 ,通过集中展示中国蔬菜瓜果的科技生产水平 ,丰富的资源优势 ,色彩缤纷、新奇别致的蔬菜瓜果品种 ,来突出本次世博会的主题“人与自然 ,和谐发展———迈向 2 1世纪” ,从而展现“蔬菜瓜果园艺是人类赖以生存的重要食源和艺术”为主题思想的蔬菜瓜果园内涵。　　蔬菜瓜果园位于世博园主入口世博大道南侧 ,与盆景园、药草园相邻。在总体布局、栽培上充分运用园…     

Resilience, experimentation, and scale mismatches in social-ecological landscapes

Growing a resilient landscape depends heavily on finding an appropriate match between the scales of demands on ecosystems by human societies and the scales at which ecosystems are capable of meeting these demands. While the dynamics of environmental change and ecosystem service provision form the basis of many landscape ecology studies, enhancing landscape resilience is, in many ways, a problem of establishing relevant institutions that act at appropriate scales to modify and moderate demand for ecosystem services and the resulting exploitation of ecosystems. It is also of central importance for landscape sustainability that institutions are flexible enough to adapt to changes in the external environment. The model provided by natural ecosystems suggests that it is only by encouraging and testing a diversity of approaches that we will be able to build landscapes that are resilient to future change. We advocate an approach to landscape planning that involves growing learning institutions on the one hand, and on the other, developing solutions to current problems through deliberate experimentation coupled with social learning processes.     

榛仁中氮、磷、钾、钙与贮藏物质的相关性分析

以杂种榛优良品系为试材,分析氮、磷、钾、钙与贮藏物质的相关性。结果表明:氮、磷、钾和钙与脂肪显著或极显著正相关。氮、磷和钙与蔗糖显著或极显著正相关,‘82-11’品系中的磷和钾与可溶性总糖显著或极显著正相关,‘84-237’品系中的钙与可溶性总糖显著正相关,‘84-402’品系中的磷素与可溶性总糖显著正相关。     

江汉平原麦瓜棉菜一年四熟栽培技术

江汉平原是国家优质粮食、优质棉花和双低油菜重要生产基地,也是湖北省西瓜主产区。种植西瓜对增加农民收入、丰富市场、发展农村经济、提高土地利用率具有重要作用。江汉平原西瓜生产的突出特点是间作套种,早在20世纪70年代就推广了“麦／／瓜-稻”这种水旱、粮经作物配套种植的优化模式．并获得原荆州地区科技进步二等奖。由于西瓜间作套种提高了单位面积的经济效益、     

Climatic, landform, microtopographic, and overstory canopy controls of tree invasion in a subalpine meadow landscape, Oregon Cascades, USA

Tree invasions have been documented throughout Northern Hemisphere high elevation meadows, as well as globally in many grass and forb-dominated ecosystems. Tree invasions are often associated with large-scale changes in climate or disturbance regimes, but are fundamentally driven by regeneration processes influenced by interactions between climatic, topographic, and biotic factors at multiple spatial scales. The purpose of this research was to quantify spatiotemporal patterns of meadow invasion; and how climate, larger landforms, topography, and overstory trees have interactively influenced tree invasion. We combined airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) characterizations of landforms, topography, and overstory vegetation with historical climate, field measurements of snow depth, tree abundance, and tree ages to reconstruct spatial and temporal patterns of tree invasion over five decades in a subalpine meadow complex in the Oregon Cascade Range, USA. Proportion of meadow occupied by trees increased from 8?% in 1950 to 35?% in 2007. Larger landforms, topography, and tree canopies interactively mediated regional climatic controls of tree invasion by modifying depth and persistence of snow pack, while tree canopies also influenced seed source availability. Landscape context played an important role mediating snow depth and tree invasion; on glacial landforms tree invasion was negatively associated with spring snowfall, but on debris flows tree invasion was not associated with snow fall. The importance of snow, uncertain climate change impacts on snow, and mediation of snow by interacting and context dependent factors in complex mountain terrain poses substantial hurdles for understanding how these ecotones may respond to future climate conditions.     

Spatial patterns of fire occurrence in Catalonia,NE, Spain

In this paper, we analyse spatial patterns of fire occurrence in Catalonia (NE Spain) during 1975–98. Fire scar maps, discriminated by means of 30–60 m resolution remote sensing imagery, have been used as a source of fire occurrence. We employ several visual or analytical approaches to interpret fire occurrence in this region, such as those of Minnich and Chou (1997), Ricotta et al. (2001) or Krummel et al. (1987). Crucial spatial patterns such as fire size distribution, fire frequency distribution, spots and residual vegetation islands are documented. In addition, several geographical layers were overlaid with burned area maps in order to determine interactions between fire occurrence and environmental parameters such as altitude, slope, solar radiation, and burned land cover. Assuming that fire occurrence is well determined by such a posteriori empirical factors we detect areas most prone to fire in this region and aim to enhance the local forest management and conservation plans.     

The roles of IL - 17, 18, 23, 25 in the allergic diseases

Many nnewly discovered interleukins have been implicated to play an important role in the pathogenesis of the allergic diseases, for example, human interleukin (IL)-17, a T-cell derived cytokine; interleukin (IL)-18, an interferon (IFN)-gamma-inducing cytokine; interleukin (IL)-23, produced by activated dendritic cells, and interleukin (IL)-25, a recently described T helper 2 (Th2) cell-derived cytokine. Understanding their characteristic and roles in diseases may help us to know better the mechanism of the allergic diseases and develop the strategy for treating the disease.