Corsican Pine (Pinus nigra var. maritima (Ait.) Melville) in Southern Britain: A Study of Growth and Site Factors

Measurements of fifty crop and site factors in thirty plantedCorsican pine stands in south and east England were subjectedto multivariate analysis by the method of principal components.The correlations between components describing crop and sitesuggest that low winter minimum temperatures affect growth ofCorsican pine more than warmth in the growing season. A componentgrouping soil total phosphate levels and soil pH also appearsto be causally related to growth potential whereas other componentsdescribe variables considered to result from the effects ofa tree crop. The site water balance, as reflected by growingseason rainfall, potential evaporation, and water storage inthe soil is apparently unrelated to growth differences.     

人工林马尾松木材性质的变异

本文研究了广西人工林马尾松木材性质的变异及幼龄材与成熟材的差异。结果表明 ,幼龄材与成熟材的分界年龄在 14　 16a ,解剖性质在径向上的变异规律为 :射线比量、树脂道比量、胞壁率、胞腔直径、胞壁厚、管胞长度、管胞宽度和晚材壁腔比是自髓心向外呈递增趋势 ,管胞比量和晚材率为递减趋势 ,早材壁腔比和早材腔径比则近似于一条直线。方差分析结果表明 :树脂道比量、胞壁率、胞壁厚、管胞长度和管胞宽度 ,幼龄材与成熟材差异达显著或极显著水平。 5项木材物理力学性质均为成熟材高于幼龄材 ,且均达差异显著水平。木材性质间的相关分析表明 :木材基本密度与管胞长度、管胞宽度、射线比量、树脂道比量、胞壁率呈显著的正相关关系 ,木材气干密度与抗弯强度、抗弯弹性模量、顺纹抗压强度也呈显著的正相关关系     

Dieback Disease of Pines with Special Reference to Corsican Pine Pinus nigra var. Calabrica Schn: III. Mycological Factors

The fungus Brunchorstia pinea Karst. v. H. is found to be consistentlyassociated with early stages of dieback disease in a numberof pine species. Inoculation of buds with conidial suspensions of the funguscauses typical disease symptoms to develop. The proportion ofsuccessful inoculations depends on the time of year, the locationof the tree, and its physiological condition. Vigorous treesare able to avoid infection, while weaker trees are very susceptibleto attack. It is suggested that though infection depends on low host resistance,Brunchorstia must be considered a primary pathogen since inall probability trees would survive and produce a crop wereit not for the activities of the fungus.     

间伐对火炬松木材性质的影响

为了研究火炬松纸浆材、建筑材定向培育过程中密度调控对其木材性质的影响规律,以12年生、6年生火炬松人工林为材料进行火炬松中、幼龄林间伐试验.结果表明:间伐对火炬松树高生长量无显著性影响,对直径和材积有极显著影响,间伐强度越大,直径和材积增长越快;间伐对火炬松出材量有极显著影响,强度间伐越大,火炬松出材量越高;间伐对火炬松生长轮宽度有显著影响,而对晚材率无显著影响,随着间伐强度的增加,生长轮宽度、晚材率增加;间伐对火炬松木材密度无显著影响,但木材密度随间伐强度的增加而提高;间伐对火炬松的木材干缩率有显著影响,随着间伐强度的增加,弦向干缩、径向干缩和体积干缩率下降;间伐对火炬松木材纤维的长度、宽度与长宽比无显著影响,但中龄火炬松木材纤维长度与宽度随间伐强度的增加有所下降,而幼龄火炬松木材纤维宽度随间伐强度的增加而增加,木材纤维长宽比则为一常数;间伐对火炬松顺纹抗压强度、抗弯弹性模量有显著影响,对中龄火炬松抗弯强度有显著影响,而对幼龄火炬松抗弯强度无显著影响,间伐后火炬松的主要力学性质增强.     

Changes in Amount and Distribution of Stem Growth in Pole-Stage Corsican Pine Following Application of Nitrogen Fertilizer

Ring-width measurements on trees felled in a nitrogen-deficientpole-stage crop of Corsican pine on the sand dunes of Culbinforest (Morayshire) showed that, in addition to a growth checkascribed to the low nitrogen content of the soil, there wasevidence for decreasing site quality, tree growth decliningprogressively with time. This feature is ascribed to the continuingimmobilization of the limited nitrogen capital in the newlydeveloping mor humus layer. Ammonium sulphate, at rates equivalentto 84, 168, 336, and 504 kg elemental nitrogen ha^–1, wasapplied to this crop when it was 36 years old, and the treatmentsrepeated for a further 2 years. Nitrogen levels in the foliagerose from 0.9 per cent to as high as 20 per cent in the firstyear, increasing to 2.6 per cent after the third year of application.Response in terms of basal area appeared in the year after firstapplication but was not accompanied by any changes in the patternof growth throughout the season, nor was there a significanteffect of tree size on the proportional change in relative basalarea growth induced by the fertilizer, except for a slightlyreduced response by the smallest trees to the lower rates ofapplication. A similar low response by the smallest trees wasfound for height, but, in addition, height growth after treatmentwas greatest for the middle-sized trees, despite the fact thatthese had been growing significantly more slowly than the largesttrees prior to application of the fertilizer. Form factor remainedunaltered by the treatments but taper changed slightly. Heightand basal area showed very different response patterns to thetreatments. Thus, whereas maximum height growth occurred atthe 168 kg N ha^–1 treatment rate (2.41 m over 7 years,1.4 times the control growth) maximum basal area growth occurredat the 504 kg N ha^–1 rate, the highest rate used (13.0m² ha^–1 over seven years, 2.4 times the control growth);volume growth was maximum at the 336 kg N ha^–1 rate (126m³ ha^–1 over 7 years, 2.6 times the control growth). Whenrelated to levels of foliar nitrogen in the previous year, annualheight growth was maximum at 1.6 per cent with maximum basalarea growth occurring nearer 2.2 per cent. It is estimated thatvolume growth would be maximised at just over 20 per cent nitrogen.     

间伐强度对湿地松木材性质的影响规律研究

通过对不同间伐强度处理 (未间伐、弱度 (伐去株数 18 6 % )、中度 (伐去 35 7% )、强度 (伐去5 2 9% ) )的 19年生湿地松林分其林木木材的主要材性指标进行全面测试分析研究 ,结果表明 :间伐后 8a ,间伐强度对湿地松木材气干密度、全干密度、径向全干缩率、体积全干缩率、差异干缩、顺纹抗压强度、抗弯强度、弹性模量、径向抗剪强度及端面硬度有显著影响 ;随着间伐强度的增大 ,树干年生长轮平均宽度、木材差异干缩是增大的 ,而随间伐强度的增加木材气干密度、全干密度有不同程度的减小 ,木材顺纹抗压强度、抗弯强度、抗弯弹性模量、硬度等主要力学性质则是呈先增加后减小的趋势。     

不同水肥处理对海岸松苗木生长的影响

以海岸松1年生苗为材料,研究了不同水分、氮肥供应水平对苗高、地径、茎干重和根干重的影响。结果表明,不同氮肥供应水平对4个指标的影响均达到显著性差异水平,不同水分处理对苗高、地径和茎干重的影响达到显著性差异水平,水肥互作对苗高、茎干重的影响达到显著性差异水平。     

Dieback Disease of Pines with Special Reference to Corsican Pine Pinus nigra var. Calabrica Schn.: II. The Relationship between Frost Resistance, Microclimate, and.Disease

The winter frost hardiness level of Corsican Pine buds in northernEngland is found to range from –16° C to –20C (+3° F to –4° F). Buds in the lower parts ofthe tree are more susceptible to frost damage than those nearerthe leader, and buds at a given position in the canopy on anorth-facing slope are less hardy than those in a correspondingposition on a tree in a south aspect. The symptoms produced by artificial freezing are distinct fromthose found in dieback disease, and temperature measurementsin diseased and healthy stands suggest that frosts are not severeenough to account for the disease. The lower hardiness levelsin disease susceptible areas are therefore considered to beof secondary importance and are probably a result of a weakenedphysiological condition in the tree. Diseased slopes are chiefly characterized by high humidities,low light intensities, and only slightly reduced air and soiltemperatures when compared with nearby healthy areas.     

采脂年限对湿地松活立木不同部位材性变化的影响

[目的]通过采脂试验,结合Resistograph技术,研究不同采脂年限对湿地松采脂部位、未采脂部位(树干基部)的基本密度和木质素含量的影响,为湿地松遗传改良和资源最优化利用提供参考.[方法]以采脂8、6、3、0(未采脂)a的20年生湿地松为材料,利用Resistograph测定其采脂部位、树干基部密度的相对值和年轮宽...     

A. Study of Compression Wood in Scots Pine (Pinus silvestris L.): With I Plate

The incidence of compression wood was studied in 24–40-year-oldScots pine plantations. It was found that compression wood distributionin trees depended on type of stem curvature and was associatedwith their attempts to correct stem inclination. Compressionwood volume percentage was not closely related to extent ofstem curvature but was highly correlated with compression woodpercentage in the tree at breast height or 10 feet. There wassignificantly less compression wood near the butt than at higherlevels. In stands examined, compression wood formed 20–40per cent, of the standing volume. The prevailing wind appearedlargely responsible for the initial development of stem inclinationand consequent compression wood formation. Provision of shelterduring establishment should reduce compression wood developmentin second rotation crops.     

硫酰氟熏蒸处理对出口包装樟子松木材力学性能的影响

采用硫酰氟作为熏蒸剂处理樟子松木材,在试验室条件下,研究熏蒸处理对木材的抗弯强度、抗弯弹性模量、颇纹抗剪强度和颇纹抗压强度的影响。结果表明,经硫酰氟熏蒸处理后樟子松木材的抗弯强度、抗弯弹性模量、顺纹抗剪强度和顺纹抗压强度均有程度不同的变化;除顺纹抗剪强度有所增强,抗弯强度、抗弯弹性模量和顺纹抗压强度均减小;抗弯强度和抗弯弹性模量的相关性有所下降。     

掺土和施肥对铁尾矿基质理化性质及油松、樟子松幼苗生长的影响

【目的】砂寻求最合理的铁尾矿基质改良措施,为铁尾矿土壤改良与植被恢复提供理论依据。【方法】通过铁尾矿砂与无机肥、有机肥和土壤的不同配比处理的盆栽试验,研究不同改良方法对尾矿基质理化性质及油松和樟子松幼苗生长的影响。【结果】随无机肥施肥比例增加,铁尾矿土壤密度、田间持水量、毛管持水量、饱和持水量和总孔隙度与100%尾矿砂处理均无明显差异;随着有机肥施用量增加,田间持水量、毛管持水量、饱和持水量及总孔隙度均明显增大,土壤密度呈下降趋势,其中10%猪粪施肥配比与100%尾矿砂处理差异显著(P ＜0.05);随着掺土量增加,铁尾矿土壤密度逐渐降低,而田间持水量、毛管持水量、饱和持水量逐渐升高,掺土比例达到75%时,除了田间持水量,其他指标均与100%尾矿砂处理差异达到显著水平(P ＜0.05),电导率和土壤阳离子交换量、全氮全磷全钾养分含量、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量均随施肥与掺土比例的增加而显著增大;10%猪粪施肥配比处理的全氮、全磷含量最大,分别是100%尾矿砂处理的6.38和3.33倍,碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量分别是100%尾矿砂处理的5.78,12.5和4.32倍;随掺土比例增大,尾矿中全磷含量减小,而掺土后全钾含量显著增高;掺土比例达到25%时,速效养分含量开始明显提升,客土处理达到最大值(78.41,44.43和58.67 mg·kg －1);施5%比例的有机肥和添加无机肥 NH4NO31.76 g、KH2 PO40.88 g的混合处理的速效养分含量与单纯施5%比例猪粪的单因子处理差异不明显;掺土比例25%和添加无机肥 NH4NO31.76g、KH2PO40.88 g混合处理的速效养分含量也和掺土比例25%的单因子处理无显著差异;掺土和施加无机肥会促进油松和樟子松幼苗的生长,施有机肥则会抑制它们的生长,相同处理情况下,油松较樟子松出苗率高、生长情况好。【结论】有机肥对铁尾矿基质的理化性质、全效养分含量和速效养分含量都有显著的改善作用,掺土处理对提高碱解氮、速效钾含量作用明显,但有机肥与无机肥、掺土与无机肥的混合配比对提升速效养分的效果不明显。不同处理对油松和樟子松的生长也会有不同程度的影响,表现为掺土和施加无机肥促进2树种生长,施加有机肥抑制2树种生长;在相同的处理情况下,油松比樟子松的生长要好,更适合作为铁尾矿废弃地修复树种。     

不同氮施肥量对油松幼苗生长及其生物量的影响

为了比较不同氮用量水平下中国北方地区油松幼苗生长及其生物量的变化,特开展研究。结果表明,在施氮为10 nmol·L~(-1)时幼苗最高,为1.44 m,在施氮量为20 nmol·L~(-1)处理下,油松幼苗基径最粗,为37.45 mm;以不施氮肥的处理根生物量最大,为120.21 g;随着浓度的增加,茎生物量逐渐降低,5 nmol·L~(-1)处理的茎生物量最大,为192.41 g,施氮浓度为10 nmol·L~(-1)处理下叶生物量最大,为37.13 g。     

马尾松天然次生林施肥效应研究

采用正交设计,对立地指数为12~14的23 a生马尾松天然次生林不同肥种与配比施肥4 a后的效果进行了系统研究.其主要结论是:(1)氮、磷、钾3种肥料对马尾松胸径、材积以及经济产量增长具有显著或极显著影响,其对胸径与经济产量影响效应主次为磷肥>钾肥>氮肥,而对材积增长影响效应主次则为磷肥>氮肥>钾肥,并3种肥料对树高的影响中仅钾肥的影响达到极显著水平,而氮肥及磷肥的影响不明显.(2)磷肥对木材比重有显著影响,而氮肥和钾肥的影响不明显,施用磷肥将给木材比重带来一定的负面影响,而其影响的显著性程度以磷肥施用量300 g/株为阀值.(3)对经济产量具有显著性影响的肥种有磷肥和钾肥,尤以磷肥的影响为最大.(4)肥种间交互作用明显,全营养配方施肥的效果明显优于单一肥种,在土壤较为贫瘠,磷、钾缺乏的林地进行氮、磷、钾全营养配方施肥具有明显的增产效应,与不施肥处理相比较,最优配方施肥单位面积材积与经济产量可提高104.4%和81.2%;在南方低山丘陵区红壤地地位指数为12~14的马尾松天然林最佳施肥配方为氮肥50 g/株,磷肥300 g/株,钾肥150 g/株.(5)不同立地条件其施肥效果存在一定的差异.     

奥地利黑松幼树期对赤枯病的抗病研究

本文通过自然抗性测定、人工接种和叶片结构解剖观察,比较了奥地利黑松和油松对赤枯病的抗性.结果表明,奥地利黑松在幼树期对赤枯病有较强的抗性,而当地树种油松则对赤枯病的抗性较差.这一结论为今后奥地利黑松在陕西的引种提供了一定的依据.     

A Comparison of Wood Properties of Coastal and Interior Provenances of Lodgepole Pine Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud

At the Millbuie Lodgepole pine intensive provenance plots incrementborings were extracted at similar fractional heights in treesof a central Interior and a southern Coastal provenance andthe properties of the same five growth-rings were compared.Scanning microphotometry was used to measure ring width, percent earlywood, and earlywood density. Tracheid length and width,nominal density, and latewood density were also determined.For each of these wood properties significant differences werefound between the average values for the two provenances. Inthe Coastal provenance nominal density was about 20 per centhigher than in the Interior provenance, the incidence of compressionwood was much higher, but tracheid length was about 20 per centshorter. The probable effects of these results on the propertiesof sawn timber and pulp are discussed. Average tree heightsand diameters were similar, and the earlier growth of the treeswas analysed. The relation between nominal density and ringwidth (vigour) was investigated, and a low correlation (r² of0·054 and 0·17) was found between the two quantities.Furthermore the regression lines show density decreasing slowlywith increased ring width. Both these results are in contrastwith published results for Sitka spruce.