河北省番茄黄化卷叶病毒的分子鉴定及序列分析

本研究旨在对河北省发生的番茄黄化卷叶病毒病的病原进行分子鉴定,并对其病原分子的变异和进化情况进行分析。根据已知的番茄黄化卷叶病毒（Tomato yellow leaf curl virus, TYLCV）基因组序列设计特异引物进行PCR扩增,对获得的特异片段进行回收、克隆和测序,而后根据测定序列重新设计引物扩增病毒样品DNA-A的近全长序列,并进行同源性比较及分子系统进化分析。结果显示利用PA1-F/R引物从采集的4个病毒样品中均扩增得到大小约为645bp的特异片段,DNA-A全长序列测定和分析发现4个病毒样品的全长为2781-2782个核苷酸,共编码6个ORFs。基因组比较发现,4个样品DNA-A与山东、上海、浙江、安徽以及日本、澳大利亚报道的TYLCV的同源性最高,均达99.0%以上,并与美洲、非洲及欧洲报道的TYLCV同属一个大的分支。研究结果表明在河北省采集的4个病株样本均为感染了番茄黄化卷叶病毒所致,而且极有可能同属于TYLCV-Israel株系的分离物。     

天津地区番茄褪绿病毒的分子检测和鉴定

为明确2014年夏天在天津番茄种植区采集到疑似感染番茄褪绿病毒的番茄样品的侵染病原,利用To CV外壳蛋白和热激蛋白的特异引物进行反转录PCR(RT-PCR)检测,分别扩增得到特异核苷酸片段。序列分析表明,HSP70核苷酸序列与已登录的番茄褪绿病毒日本分离物Tochigi(AB513442)相似性为99.5%,CP氨基酸和核苷酸序列与已登录的番茄褪绿病毒日本分离物Tochigi(AB513443)相似性分别为99.2%和99.3%,表明天津地区的番茄受到To CV侵染,且天津与日本To CV分离物序列相似性最高。由于调查地区番茄黄化曲叶病毒发生普遍,针对To CV阳性样品利用TYLCV特异性引物进行了分子检测,扩增产物序列与TYLCV以色列株系分离物的相似性均在99.0%以上,表明2种病毒在田间发生复合侵染,该研究首次明确天津地区的番茄受到To CV侵染和To CV与TYLCV的复合侵染。     

辣椒轻斑驳病毒(PMMoV)新疆加工型辣椒分离物的鉴定和致病型分析

为明确侵染新疆南疆巴州加工型辣椒主产区的辣椒轻斑驳病毒(PMMoV)的致病型,利用双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附法(DAS-ELISA)、反转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)和基因克隆、序列分析对南疆巴州加工型辣椒主产区的辣椒病样进行PMMoV的检测及其致病型鉴定。结果表明,从辣椒植株、椒果及种子样品中均检测到PMMoV。通过对预期576 bp大小的3个PMMoV扩增产物进行克隆、测序和序列分析表明,PMMoV新疆加工型辣椒分离物CP基因的核苷酸和氨基酸序列与已报道的PMMoV分离物具有较高同源性,分别为89.0%~99.2%和95.5%~100.0%;其中,与PMMoV以色列分离物EF434393同源性最高,PMMoV新疆各分离物之间CP基因高度同源。依据CP基因序列及系统发育分析将PMMoV新疆加工型辣椒分离物划分为P_1,2致病型。     

我国不同地区番茄主要病毒病种类的分子检测与分析

为了检测和鉴定我国不同地区番茄上的病毒种类,2015-2018年,在不同蔬菜种植区采集431份番茄疑似感病样品。利用已报道侵染番茄的12种主要病毒的特异性引物对样品进行RT-PCR分子检测与鉴定,结果表明:TYLCV在番茄上普遍存在,检出率为65.20%;而ToCV、TMV、CMV、ToMV、TSWV和PVY侵染番茄相对较少,检出率分别为21.11%,20.19%,17.63%,15.31%,14.15%,11.37%;未检测到TICV、PVX、TYLCVNB和BBWV等病毒。通过对番茄病毒复合侵染现象进行分析发现,病毒复合侵染率达35.73%,其中2种病毒复合侵染现象最多,占复合侵染总比的52.60%;3种病毒复合侵染率占复合侵染总比27.92%;4种及5种病毒复合侵染率略低,分别占复合侵染总比0.65%和18.83%。通过对我国20个地区的番茄病毒进行检测,结果表明,在番茄上检出病毒种类最多的为北京地区,检测到7种病毒,其次是山东地区,检测到5种病毒;河南、甘肃及宁夏地区检测到4种病毒;西藏、河北、浙江、陕西、海南地区检测到3种病毒;四川、天津、黑龙江、山西、内蒙古等检测到2种病毒;其他地区只检测到单一番茄病毒种类。同时根据TYLCV和TSWV部分基因序列构建系统发育树,结果表明,TYLCV北京分离物(MK336782)与中国湖南分离物的亲缘关系最近,TSWV河南分离物(MK318839)与山东分离物的亲缘关系最近。     

山西运城番茄黄化曲叶病毒的初步鉴定

近年来,番茄黄化曲叶病毒(tomato yellow leaf curl virus,TYLCV)对山西运城的番茄生产造成严重危害。利用烟粉虱传双生病毒简并引物PA/PB、PA/P2对病株进行检测,分别扩增出约500 bp和约1 200 bp的特异性片段,表明病株感染了双生病毒。进一步利用番茄黄化曲叶病毒特异性引物AF1/AR1进行扩增,对获得的特异性片段测序、序列比对及系统进化分析,结果表明,从样品中获得2个分离物,长度均为654 bp,与TYLCV分离物的相似性高达99%~100%,两分离物间的相似性为99.8%;系统进化分析表明,2个分离物与除TYLCVSeychelles之外的TYLCV聚在一个大的分支,与所有国内的及墨西哥的(TYLCV-Mexico)分离物聚在一个小的分支,与其他病毒分离物的系统进化关系较远。初步判断这2个分离物应属于番茄黄化曲叶病毒,且可能是由中国东南沿海地区和日本传入的。     

番茄多梳蛋白家族基因LeEMF2的功能分析

多梳蛋白(Polycomb protein)在植物表观遗传调控中起重要作用。已公开的番茄转录组表明一个多梳蛋白基因Le EMF2在抗病番茄CLN2777A中受番茄黄化曲叶病毒(TYLCV)诱导表达。为明确Le EMF2抗TYLCV的作用,我们以CLN2777A为材料,通过RT-PCR克隆该基因全长序列,荧光定量PCR研究Le EMF2的表达模式,并利用病毒诱导的基因沉默(VIGS)技术研究Le EMF2沉默后对番茄抗TYLCV的影响。Le EMF2的开放阅读框为1 917 bp,编码长为638个氨基酸的蛋白。结构域分析表明其含有一个C2H2锌指结构域以及一个VEFS盒,与拟南芥EMF2氨基酸相似度为58.3%。荧光定量PCR发现Le EMF2基因在花、根以及茎顶端生长点的表达量较高,在茎和老叶中表达量次之,在嫩叶中的表达量最低。接种TYLCV 5 d后,Le EMF2基因在CLN2777A中上调表达1倍左右,而在感病番茄TMXA48-4-0的表达则无明显变化。通过农杆菌浸润法将VIGS沉默载体注射CLN2777A子叶15 d后,Le EMF2在沉默番茄植株中的表达量仅为野生型CLN2777A的13%~48%,且沉默株的植株新叶卷曲、皱缩,说明Le EMF2基因对番茄的生长发育、形态建成具有重要作用。Le EMF2沉默植株接种TYLCV 15 d后,荧光定量PCR检测发现沉默植株的病毒量为野生型植株的1.7倍,说明Le EMF2对TYLCV的抗性作用有一定的影响。     

ToCV和TYLCV复合侵染番茄后部分病毒基因序列分析及实时荧光定量PCR分析

番茄褪绿病毒病(ToCV)和番茄黄化曲叶病毒(TYLCV)存在复合侵染的现象,其发病率逐年递增,成为一种新的威胁番茄产业的病毒病害。为了研究复合侵染样品中2种病毒的互作和基因变异情况,对天津番茄产区发生的TYLCV全基因组和ToCV的CP基因和HSP基因进行了克隆和序列分析。结果表明,与单独侵染样品进行比对,TYLCV的基因序列在复合侵染的样品中共有6处碱基发生了变异,分别为73位A→C、92位A→G、347位C→T、1 209位C→T、1 618位A→G、2 107位A→T,除73位和92位的变异未在编码区,其余的变异碱基均在ORF框内,其中1 209位为同义突变,其他均发生了错义突变。ToCV的CP基因有1处同义突变,ToCV的HSP基因共有4处碱基变异,其中826位由T→C和1 166位由G→A均为同义突变,1 395位和1 630位均由A→G,为错义突变。利用实时荧光定量PCR技术对单独侵染和复合侵染的番茄样品中TYLCV和ToCV病毒积累量进行分析。结果表明,在田间单独侵染和复合侵染的样品中, TYLCV的拷贝数差异不显著,ToCV的拷贝数在单独侵染和复合侵染的样品中差异也不显著。在复合侵染的样品中,TYLCV的拷贝数约为ToCV的262～436倍。     

山东葫芦科蔬菜上病毒病种类检测及黄瓜花叶病毒分离物的亚组鉴定

为了检测和鉴定山东地区葫芦科蔬菜上病毒病种类,从山东诸地11个蔬菜种植区采集了867个葫芦科蔬菜疑似感病样品。利用黄瓜花叶病毒、黄瓜绿斑驳花叶病毒、西瓜花叶病毒、烟草花叶病毒、小西葫芦黄花叶病毒、南瓜花叶病毒、甜瓜黄斑病毒、瓜类褪绿黄化病毒、李属坏死环斑病毒及甜瓜坏死斑点病毒等特异性引物对疑似感病样品分别进行RT-PCR检测,各病毒检出率分别为34.8%,10.4%,20.0%,41.7%,27.0%,7.8%,2.6%,1.7%,0,0.9%。表明除PNRSV外,其他9种病毒在山东各地均有发生,且CMV和TMV发病率较高,2种或2种以上病毒复合侵染也很普遍。同时为明确山东地区CMV分离物的株系分化状况,选取11个地区有代表性的CMV阳性样品,测定其外壳蛋白(Coat protein,CP)和RNA3核苷酸序列并进行序列比对和进化分析,结果显示侵染山东地区葫芦科蔬菜的CMV分离物均属于IB亚组,与韩国分离物As(AF013291)相似性最高,未发现其他株系。     

辣椒CaWRKY30转录因子的克隆、亚细胞定位及番茄斑萎病毒侵染下的表达分析

为研究辣椒CaWRKY30转录因子与番茄斑萎病毒互作的响应机制,以辣椒湘研11为试验材料,通过RNA提取、RT-PCR、切胶纯化及克隆等试验获得CaWRKY30编码序列。生物信息学分析结果表明,CaWRKY30全长1 122 bp,编码373个氨基酸,该基因编码的蛋白含有1个WRKY保守结构域和1个C₂H₂结构域,属于典型的Ⅱ（e）亚家族成员。系统发育分析表明,与马铃薯StWRKY22氨基酸序列的亲缘关系最近。本氏烟叶片亚细胞定位试验发现,CaWRKY30在本氏烟幼苗中定位于细胞核和细胞膜,并且导致细胞膜加厚。实时荧光定量PCR分析结果表明,观察番茄斑萎病毒机械摩擦接种辣椒后的病毒积累量,发现病毒积累量在接种1～14 d逐渐上升,在接种后14 d处于最大值,接种14 d后病毒积累量逐渐下降;同时,CaWRKY30受番茄斑萎病毒接种后诱导,在接种病毒1～14 d CaWRKY30表达量上调,14 d达到峰值,14 d以后表达量逐渐下降。综上,获得了CaWKRY30转录因子基因序列,该转录因子定位于细胞核和细胞膜,并初步阐述了辣椒CaWRKY30...     

江苏水稻黑条矮缩病病毒的RT-PCR分析和快速检测

为了明确江苏新发生的矮缩病害为水稻黑条矮缩病,采用RT-PCR和序列测定方法对其病原进行了精确鉴定。根据水稻黑条矮缩病病毒基因组序列的信息,设计扩增RNA聚合酶基因、外壳蛋白基因和RNA沉默抑制子基因以及核心蛋白基因部分编码区的4对引物,提取感染水稻黑条矮缩病病毒的水稻植株总RNA并进行RT-PCR扩增,可以在感病植株中分别扩增出水稻黑条矮缩病病毒基因组特有的4个条带,测序结果表明,来源于江苏南京的分离物的4个基因部分编码片段与已登录的对应基因片段核苷酸序列同源性达99％以上,共发现7个碱基的突变。经生物信息学分析发现7个单碱基突变都是同义突变,氨基酸序列没有改变。根据以上结果确认该病病原为水稻黑条矮缩病病毒。利用该方法可以对水稻和其他寄主进行早期病毒检测。     

水杨酸诱导辣椒抗疫病生化机制的研究

对水杨酸（SA）处理及其挑战接种辣椒疫霉菌的4个抗性不同的辣椒品系体内木质素含量和多酚氧化酶（PPO）、过氧化物酶（POD）、苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）活性的测定结果表明：SA诱导的供试品系与未经诱导的相同品系相比,木质素含量增高,PPO、POD、PAL活性增强,其中木质素的含量与抗病性呈显著正相关;挑战接种后两者相比,SA处理的供试材料的木质素含量和PPO、POD、PAL活性的增强幅度更大,其中抗、耐病品系的增加早且增加幅度高于感病、高感品系。值得注意的是,经SA诱导的各供试品系接种后木质素含量与抗病性也呈显著相关。木质素含量与相关酶活性的上述变化趋势与SA对各品系的诱抗效果完全吻合。     

Agroinoculation of Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus (TYLCV) Overcomes the Virus Resistance of Wild Lycopersicon Species

Accessions of the wild tomato species Lycopersicon chilense LA 1969 and L. hirsutum LA 1777 which are resistant to tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) in field- and in whitefly-mediated transmission tests were agroinoculated with a tandem repeat of the TYLCV genome. Large amounts of viral DNA started to accumulate in the agroinoculated L. chilense and L. hirsutum plants about 10 days after the agroinoculation. Yellowing and narrowing of the upper leaves were observed in the L. chilense plants but no curling as in susceptible L. esculentum cultivars. The agroinoculated L. hirsutum plants showed typical yellowing and curling of young leaves. These findings indicate that TYLCV introduced by means of agroinoculation leads to the breakdown of natural resistance mechanisms which prevent the replication, spread and expression of symptoms in resistant tomato genotypes.     

Pyramiding of genes conferring resistance to Tomato yellow leaf curl virus from different wild tomato species

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) production in tropical and subtropical regions of the world is limited by the endemic presence of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV). Breeding programmes aimed at producing TYLCV‐resistant tomato cultivars have utilized resistance sources derived from wild tomato species. So far, all reported breeding programmes have introgressed TYLCV resistance from a single wild tomato source. Here, we tested the hypothesis that pyramiding resistances from different wild tomato species might improve the degree of resistance of the domesticated tomato to TYLCV. We have crossed TYLCV‐resistant lines that originated from different wild tomato progenitors, Solanum chilense, Solanum peruvianum, Solanum pimpinellifolium, and Solanum habrochaites. The various parental resistant lines and the F₁ hybrids were inoculated in the greenhouse using viruliferous whiteflies. Control, non‐inoculated plants of the same lines and hybrids were exposed to non‐viruliferous whiteflies. Following inoculation, the plants were scored for disease symptom severity, and transplanted to the field. Resistance was assayed by comparing yield of inoculated plants to those of the control non‐inoculated plants of the same variety. Results showed that the F₁ hybrids between the resistant lines and the susceptible line suffered major yield reduction because of infection, but all hybrids were more resistant than the susceptible parent. All F₁ hybrids resulting from a cross between two resistant parents, showed a relatively high level of resistance, which in most cases was similar to that displayed by the more resistant parent. In some cases, the hybrids displayed better levels of resistance than both parents, but the differences were not statistically significant. The F₁ hybrid between a line with resistance from S. habrochaites and a line with resistance from S. peruvianum (HAB and 72‐PER), exhibited the lowest yield loss and the mildest level of symptoms. Although the resistance level of this F₁ hybrid was not statistically different from the level of resistance displayed by the 72‐PER parent itself, it was statistically better than the level of resistance displayed by the F₁ hybrids between 72‐PER and any other resistant or susceptible line.     

双抗TMV＋CMV辣椒转基因工程植株的再生及抗病毒鉴定

在构建的ＴＭＶｃｐ和ＣＭＶｃｐ双价表达载体和建立辣椒高效转化体系的基础上上农杆菌介导法转化辣椒栽培品种农大４０和湘研一号，对５２个抗卡那霉素再生植株进行杂交鉴定，结果１６株为ＴＭＶｃｐ和ＣＭＶｃｐ阳性，而ＰＣＲ检测发现其中２株为假阳性株，进一步温室攻毒试验表明有７个阳性转基因植株对ＴＭＶ和ＣＭＶ同时表现为免疫。     

TY病毒病与番茄叶片金属元素含量的关系研究

为明确番茄黄化曲叶病毒病(TY病毒病)与番茄叶片中各金属元素含量的关系,利用原子吸收分光光度计对不同品种及不同定植时间的番茄叶片中Mg、Ca、Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn共6种金属元素的含量进行了测定。研究结果表明,不同抗性水平的番茄品种的各金属元素含量存在显著性差异,番茄的病情指数与Mg、Mn和Zn 3种元素的含量呈线性负相关关系,且随着定植时间的增加,感病品种叶片中Mn和Zn的含量呈显著性降低。因此,在番茄生长过程中,为了抑制番茄黄化曲叶病毒病的发生,可对植株施加适量的Mn肥和Zn肥。     

Breeding transgressive lines of pepper for resistance to Phytophthora capsici in a recurrent selection system

Summary In order to increase the resistance level of pepper (Capsicum annuum) to Phytophthora capsici the main sources of genetic resistance were intercrossed. The parents included 7 varieties from different origins of partial resistance to P. capsici and to other soilborne pathogens. Two cycles of recurrent selection were performed by 7 plant breeders who screened the plants at two developmental stages with various isolates and at two temperatures. Analysis of data revealed a strong influence of the testing conditions on the evaluation of the plants. The level of resistance of the progenies further depended on the pathogen isolate used to screen the plants. Improvement of the whole population was more significant during the first cycle and lines with enhanced level of resistance as compared to the parents i.e. transgressive lines were fixed from the two cycles. These lines were resistant to much higher inoculum concentrations than the original parents and the expression of resistance was stable at high temperature (32°C). These new sources of polygenic resistance were included into a new breeding program to improve the agronomic characters.     

Developing tomato breeding lines resistant to tomato yellow leaf curl virus

Using controlled whitefly-mediated inoculation techniques, seven Lycopersicon chilense accessions, highly resistant to isolates of tomato yellow leaf curl virus(TYLCV) from Southern Europe, TYLCV-Sr, were selected. All exhibited similar levels of partial resistance, being symptomless and with low levels of viral DNA accumulation. However, a differential response to infection was found in interspecific hybrids with tomato and inbred lines derived from different L. chilense accessions, allowing a precise discrimination among them. This selection procedure which considers the expression of the resistance genes in the tomato genetic background led to the selection of two highly resistant F₁ hybrids derived from L. chilense LA 1932 and LA 1938. A backcrossing programme was initiated, selecting for horticultural characteristics and TYLCV resistance, in field and controlled inoculation conditions. As a result of this programme, six advanced breeding lines (UPV Ty 1, 3, 6, 9, 17 and 53), exhibiting a high level of resistance to TYLCV-Sr, were obtained. Under high inoculum pressure conditions these lines suffered only 30-40% yield loss relative to non-infected control plants, and compared with 90-95% yield loss in susceptible controls. These lines also have horticultural characteristics appropriate for the fresh market tomato cultivation system in this area, and are a good base material for obtaining commercial hybrids highly resistant to different isolates of TYLCV.     

辣椒离体再生体系研究

以5个辣椒（Capsicum annuum L.）品种（系）为材料,针对不同基因型、苗龄、外植体种类、激素组合等因素对辣椒植株离体再生的影响进行了较为系统的研究,从“农城椒2号”、“农城椒3号”、“0127”、“0159”、“0171”等5个辣椒品种（系）中筛选出“农城椒2号”、“0127”、“0171”3个再生能力较强的基因型。确定了辣椒离体再生最适外植体为子叶,最适苗龄为12~14d。筛选出高效不定芽分化培养基（MS＋3%蔗糖＋0.6%琼脂＋5.0mg/L BA＋0.5~1.0mg/L IAA）,其不定芽诱导率可达98%。诱导出的不定芽转入MS＋3%蔗糖＋0.6%琼脂＋3.0mg/L BA＋1.0mg/L IAA＋2.0mg/L GA3＋10.0mg/L AgNO3 芽伸长培养基,不定芽伸长率最高可达47.1%。不定芽伸长后在MS＋3%蔗糖＋0.6%琼脂＋0.2mg/L IAA＋0.1mg/L NAA生根培养基上诱导不定根。待其长成发达根系后移栽大田成苗,建立了辣椒高效植株再生体系。     

Interactions in the pepper-Phytophthora capsici system

To analyse interactions in the Phytophthora capsici-pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) system, three pepper lines (‘Morrón IN1A 224’, ‘PI201232’ and ‘SCM 334’) with various degrees of resistance to P. capsici and three P. capsici isolates with increasing aggressiveness were used. Inoculations were made when plants had 4–6 leaves, either by irrigating the culture substrate with P. capsici zoospore suspensions at increasing concentrations of up to 3 × 10⁵/ml, or by adding mycelial suspension. P. capsici isolate ‘Ca’ was the least aggressive, followd by ‘8303’ and ‘Bl’. The logistic function was appropriate to describing cumulative mortalities of pepper seedlings inoculated with different P. capsici zoo-spore concentrations. The inoculum concentration required for 50% mortality classified pepper lines as susceptible (‘Morrón INIA224’) and resistant (‘PI201232’ and ‘SCM334’), the former being less resistant than the latter. Isolates ‘Ca’ and ‘8303’ caused very different mortalities both with zoospore and mycelial inoculations, which allowed them to be classified as belonging to two different vertical pathotypes (PO and PI). Isolate ‘Bl’ acted similarly to isolate ‘8303’ when inoculated on ‘Morrón’ and ‘SCM334’, but its behaviour was dependent on zoospore concentration when inoculated on ‘PI201232’. It also proved to be similar to ‘Ca’ using mycelial inoculation. As the case of ‘Bl’ would not be an exception among P. capsici isolates, the two vertical pathotypes PI and PO would be the higher (isolate ‘8303’) and lower (isolate ‘Ca’) limits of a range of aggressiveness. Although there are cases of host-parasite interaction, absence of interaction seems to be the rule.     

寿光市近56年降水量及雨日雨强变化特征分析

为了掌握寿光市降水的演变规律,充分利用降水资源,为切实做好气象灾害防御工作提供决策依据。根据寿光市1959—2014年逐日降水资料,利用线性拟合、Mann-Kendall和滑动t等方法分析了寿光市近56年来降水量、雨日和雨强的变化特征。结果表明:寿光年降水量平均10a减少12.50mm,未发生显著突变。日降水量≥0.1mm、≥1.0mm的日数减少显著,平均10a分别减少2.61d和7.83d。日降水量50.0mm以下的降水日数呈减少趋势, 50.0mm以上降水日数呈不显著微增多趋势。各级降水日数与年降水量多呈显著正相关,日降水量≥10.0mm的日数与年降水量的相关性最显著。寿光市最长连续降水日数平均每10a减少0.33d,最长连续无降水日数平均每10a增加1.07d。寿光市1日最大降水量和任意15时段降水量均呈不显著略增多趋势,1小时、24小时和1日最大降水量分别以3.80mm/10 a、9.13mm/10 a、和3.71mm/10 a的趋势增加。