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1.
Raffaella Leoci Giulio Aiudi Fabio Silvestre Elaine A Lissner Giovanni M Lacalandra 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》2014,56(1)
Background
Surgical castration is widely used to sterilize male dogs, but has significant impacts on time to perform the operation, recovery of the animals as well as cost, which can limit population control programs. Previous research has shown intratesticular injection of calcium chloride dihydrate (CaCl2) in saline to be a promising alternative to surgery. However, long-term azoospermia was not maintained at dosages low enough to avoid side effects. In the search for an optimized formulation, the current investigation is the first study on long-term sterilization effects of intratesticular injection of CaCl2 in either lidocaine solution or alcohol in dogs. CaCl2 at 20% concentration in lidocaine solution or alcohol was administered via intratesticular injection to groups of 21 dogs each. The treated animals were examined at 2, 6, and 12 months for sperm production, blood levels of testosterone, and side effects; at time zero and 12 months for testicular size and semen volume. The experimentally treated animals were compared to a control group receiving saline injection only.Results
Testicles of dogs treated with CaCl2 in either diluent significantly decreased in size. After administration of CaCl2 in lidocaine solution, sterility was achieved for at least 12 months in 75% of treated dogs. However, optimal long-term contraceptive effectiveness was achieved with CaCl2 in alcohol, which resulted in azoospermia over the 12-month study period. Testosterone levels significantly decreased following treatment with CaCl2, and sexual activity disappeared. Although testosterone returned to baseline levels by 12 months for the group treated with CaCl2 in lidocaine, dogs injected with CaCl2 in alcohol had a 63.6% drop in testosterone level, which remained at the low end of physiological range throughout the study. No adverse effects were noted.Conclusions
A single, bilateral intratesticular injection of 20% CaCl2 in 95% ethanol was a reliable method for induction of sterilization in 18–28 kg male dogs in this study. The approach showed long-term efficacy and reduced sexual behavior. This chemical method of sterilization might provide an effective, efficient alternative to surgical castration that can have positive impacts on dog welfare. 相似文献2.
I.C. van Dijl G. Le Traon B.D.A.M. van de Meulengraaf S. Burgaud L.J.I. Horspool H.S. Kooistra 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2014,28(4):1229-1234
Background
Oral levothyroxine (l‐T4) supplementation is commonly used to treat hypothyroid dogs.Objectives
Investigate the plasma profile and pharmacokinetics of total thyroxine (tT4) after PO administration of a l‐T4 solution and its clinical efficacy in hypothyroid dogs.Animals
Ten dogs with naturally occurring hypothyroidism.Methods
After hypothyroidism diagnosis and supplementation with l‐T4 solution PO q24h at 20 μg/kg BW for minimum 4 weeks, the plasma profile and pharmacokinetics of tT4 were determined over 34 hours and the clinical condition of the dogs was evaluated.Results
Before dosing for pharmacokinetic evaluation, mean tT4 concentration was 23 ± 9 nmol/L. l‐T4 was absorbed rapidly (t max, 5 hours), reaching a mean maximal tT4 concentration of 56 ± 11 nmol/L. The apparent terminal half‐life was 11.8 hours. Clinical signs of hypothyroidism improved or resolved in all dogs after 4 weeks of treatment. The dosage of 20 μg/kg PO q24h was judged appropriate in 5 dogs, and 4 dogs required slight increases (9–16%). Twice daily treatment, with a 30% increase in dosage, was necessary for 1 dog.Conclusions and Clinical Importance
The pharmacokinetics of l‐T4 in hypothyroid dogs was similar to that reported in healthy euthyroid dogs. Clinical and hormonal responses to l‐T4 solution were rapid in all dogs. The starting dosage of 20 μg/kg PO q24h was suitable for maintenance supplementation in 50% of the dogs, minor dosage modification was required in 4 other dogs, and treatment q12h was required in 1 dog. 相似文献3.
L.E. Reid E.N. Behrend L.G. Martin R.J. Kemppainen C.R. Ward J.C. Lurye T.C. Donovan H.P. Lee 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2014,28(2):443-450
Background
Maximal aldosterone secretion in healthy dogs occurs 30 minutes postadrenocorticotropin (ACTH; 5 μg/kg IV) stimulation. The effect of trilostane and mitotane on aldosterone at that time is unknown.Objectives
To assess the effect of trilostane and mitotane in dogs with pituitary‐dependent hyperadrenocorticism on aldosterone secretory reserve. To determine if aldosterone concentration correlates with electrolyte concentrations.Animals
Serum collected from 79 client‐owned dogs and 33 stored samples.Methods
Client‐owned dogs had ACTH stimulation tests with cortisol concentrations measured at 0 and 60 minutes and aldosterone concentrations measured at 0, 30, and 60 minutes. Stored samples had aldosterone concentrations measured at 0 and 60 minutes. Ten historical clinically healthy controls were included. All had basal sodium and potassium concentrations measured.Results
The aldosterone concentrations in the mitotane‐ and trilostane‐treated dogs at 30 and 60 minutes post‐ACTH were significantly lower than in clinically healthy dogs; no significant difference was detected in aldosterone concentration between 30 and 60 minutes in treated dogs. However, a significantly higher percentage of dogs had decreased aldosterone secretory reserve detected at 30 minutes than at 60 minutes. At 30 minutes, decreased secretory reserve was detected in 49% and 78% of trilostane‐ and mitotane‐treated dogs, respectively. No correlation was detected between aldosterone and serum electrolyte concentrations.Conclusions and Clinical Importance
Decreased aldosterone secretory reserve is common in trilostane‐ and mitotane‐treated dogs; it cannot be predicted by measurement of serum electrolyte concentrations. Aldosterone concentration at 30 minutes post‐ACTH stimulation identifies more dogs with decreased aldosterone secretory reserve than conventional testing at 60 minutes. 相似文献4.
Background
The induction of the pneumoperitoneum increases intraabdominal pressure (IAP), causing splanchnic ischemia, whereas its deflation normalizes IAP and splanchnic blood flow. We investigated the oxidant-antioxidant status of dogs who underwent low pressure (7 mm Hg), standard pressure (12 mm Hg), and high pressure (15 mm Hg) pneumoperitoneum.Results
Twenty-four beagle dogs (12 males and 12 females), 4–6 years old, weighing 8–11 kg were used. The animals were assigned to one of four groups (n = 6 dogs). Group 1 served as a control; these animals received only anaesthesia for 90 min. In groups 2, 3 and 4, intra-abdominal pressure was increased to 7, 12 and 15 mmHg, respectively, and maintained for 60 min. Total oxidant status (TOS) and total antioxidant status (TAS) were determined in venous blood samples. The percentage ratio of TOS to TAS provided an oxidative stress index (OSI).No significant difference in TOS levels was found among the groups. A significant decrease in TAS levels and an increase in OSI levels were observed at 90 min and 24 h of pneumoperitoneum deflation within group 4. No differences were found among the groups.Conclusions
A high pressure pneumoperitoneum induced significant changes in TAS and OSI. In addition, TOS and TAS levels are useful markers for evaluating changes in the oxidative status caused by a pneumoperitoneum during laparoscopy. Furthermore, a low-pressure pneumoperitoneum could attenuate oxidative stress induced by CO2 insufflation in dogs. 相似文献5.
O. Cortadellas J. Talavera M.J. Fernández del Palacio 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2014,28(1):30-37
Background
Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) are currently used to control proteinuria in dogs with chronic kidney disease. Renal diets (RDs) have beneficial effects in the management of azotemic dogs, but its role in proteinuric non‐azotemic (PNAz) dogs has been poorly documented.Hypothesis
Administration of a RD to PNAz dogs treated with benazepril (Be) improves proteinuria control compared with the administration of a maintenance diet (MD).Animals
Twenty‐two PNAz (urine protein/creatinine ratio [UPC] >1) dogs.Methods
Randomized open label clinical trial design. Dogs were assigned to group‐MD (5.5 g protein/100 kcal ME)/Be or to group‐RD (3.7 g protein/100 kcal ME)/Be group during 60 days. Dogs with serum albumin (Alb) <2 g/dL received aspirin (1 mg/kg/12 hours). A physical examination, systolic blood pressure (SBP) measurement, complete blood count (CBC), biochemistry panel, urinalysis, and UPC were performed at day 0 (D0) and day 60 (D60).Results
At D0, there were no significant differences between groups in the evaluated variables. During the study, logUPC (geometric mean (95% CI) and SBP (mean±SD mmHg) significantly decreased (paired t‐test, P = 0.001) in Group‐RD (logUPCD0 = 3.16[1.9–5.25]; UPCD60 = 1.20 [0.59–2.45]; SBPD0 = 160 ± 17.2; SBPD60 = 151 ± 15.8), but not in Group‐MD (UPCD0 = 3.63[2.69–4.9]; UPCD60 = 2.14 [0.76–6.17]; SBPD0 = 158 ± 14.7; SBPD60 = 153 ± 11.5). However, RM‐ANOVA test did not confirm that changes were consequence of dietary modification. Weight and Alb concentration did not change significantly in any group.Conclusion and Clinical Relevance
The administration of a RD to PNAz dogs treated with Be might help to control proteinuria and SBP compared with the administration of a MD, without inducing clinically detectable malnutrition, but more studies are warranted. 相似文献6.
Mia Holmberg Thomas Rosendal Eva O Engvall Anna Ohlson Ann Lindberg 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》2015,57(1)
Background
The aims of this study were to investigate the prevalence of Campylobacter species in Swedish dogs, to identify the species of the Campylobacter isolates and to genotype the C. jejuni isolates. Young and healthy dogs were targeted and the sampling was performed at 11 veterinary clinics throughout Sweden from October 2011 to October 2012. Faecal swab samples were collected and sent to the laboratory at the National Veterinary Institute (SVA) for isolation of Campylobacter, speciation and genotyping.Results
Campylobacter spp. were isolated from 67 of the 180 sampled dogs which yields an overall prevalence of 37%. The most prevalent species of Campylobacter among the participating dogs was C. upsaliensis with 52 of the 67 identified isolates. A lower prevalence was observed for C. jejuni with seven identified isolates and one isolate was identified as C. helveticus. Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) was carried out on the seven C. jejuni isolates and all sequence types that were found are also commonly found in humans. The dogs were divided into three age groups; 1) under 12 months, 2) 12 to 23 months and 3) 24 months and older. The highest prevalence was found in the two younger age groups. Dogs shedding C. jejuni were between 3–12 months of age while dogs shedding C. upsaliensis were found in all ages.Conclusions
The present investigation finds that Campylobacter spp. known to cause campylobacteriosis in humans are present in Swedish dogs. The results suggest an age predisposition where dogs under 2 years of age are more likely to shed Campylobacter spp. than older dogs. The most commonly isolated species was C. upsaliensis followed by C. jejuni, which was only detected in dogs up to 12 months of age. All C. jejuni isolates identified in the present study were of the same MLST types that have previously been described both in humans and in animals. The awareness of the Campylobacter risk of healthy young dogs may be an important way to reduce the transmission from dogs to infants, young children and immunocompromised adults. 相似文献7.
R.K. Peters T. Schubert R. Clemmons T. Vickroy 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2014,28(2):504-509
Background
Levetiracetam is used to manage status epilepticus (SE) and cluster seizures (CS) in humans. The drug might be absorbed after rectal administration and could offer a practical adjunct to rectal administration of diazepam in managing SE and CS.Hypothesis
Levetiracetam is rapidly absorbed after rectal administration in dogs and maintains target serum concentrations for at least 9 hours.Animals
Six healthy privately owned dogs between 2 and 6 years of age and weighing 10–20 kg.Methods
Levetiracetam (40 mg/kg) was administered rectally and blood samples were obtained immediately before (time zero) and at 10, 20, 40, 60, 90, 180, 360, and 540 minutes after drug administration. Dogs were observed for signs of adverse effects over a 24‐hour period after drug administration.Results
C LEV at 10 minutes was 15.3 ± 5.5 μg/mL (mean, SD) with concentrations in the target range (5–40 μg/mL) for all dogs throughout the sampling period. C max (36.0 ± 10.7 μg/mL) and T max (103 ± 31 minutes) values were calculated and 2 disparate groups were appreciated. Dogs with feces in the rectum at the time of drug administration had lower mean C max values (26.7 ± 3.4 μg/mL) compared with those without (45.2 ± 4.4 μg/mL). Mild sedation was observed between 60 and 90 minutes without other adverse effects noted.Conclusions and Clinical Importance
This study supports the use of rectally administered levetiracetam in future studies of clinical effectiveness in the management of epileptic dogs. 相似文献8.
C. Kisielewicz I. Self R. Bell 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2014,28(2):576-582
Background
There are no standardized guidelines for determining the likelihood that euvolemic anemic dogs will benefit from transfusion of packed red blood cells (pRBC).Objectives
To report clinical and laboratory variables of dogs receiving pRBC transfusion, which could guide transfusion of other anemic dogs.Animals
Twenty‐four client‐owned anemic dogs receiving pRBC transfusion.Methods
Prospective study; 30 transfusions assessed. Clinical findings (mucosal color, pulse quality, heart rate, respiratory rate, mentation/exercise tolerance) before and after transfusion were evaluated by the anemic dog clinical assessment score (ADCAS). Hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, venous oxygen content (CvO2), and lactate concentration were measured from blood samples taken before and after transfusion. These results were not used for case management.Results
All ADCAS variables decreased significantly with transfusion (P < .001); the total score was ≥5/12 before transfusion, and ≤3/12 in all cases that were deemed to no longer require transfusion. Hematocrit and CvO2 were <17% and <5 mL/dL, respectively, in 83% of cases before transfusion and hemoglobin concentration was <5.8 g/dL in 80%. Hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, and CvO2 increased significantly with transfusion (P < .001); lactate concentration decreased significantly (P = .006).Conclusions and Clinical Importance
Clinical and laboratory variables improved significantly after transfusion of pRBC. By identifying how transfusion affected these variables, it was possible to recognize clinical (ADCAS) and laboratory (hemoglobin, CvO2, lactate) variables, which could be useful in guiding the decision to transfuse dogs with similar presentations. 相似文献9.
A.B. Saunders S.G. Gordon M.M. Boggess M.W. Miller 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2014,28(2):401-410
Background
Published information regarding survival and long‐term cardiac remodeling after patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) closure in dogs is limited.Objectives
To report outcome and identify prognostic variables in dogs with PDA, and to identify risk factors for persistent remodeling in dogs with a minimum of 12 months of follow‐up after closure.Animals
Five hundred and twenty client‐owned dogs.Methods
Retrospective review of medical records of 520 dogs with PDA. Outcome was determined by contacting owners and veterinarians. Dogs with PDA closure and ≥ 12 months of follow‐up were asked to return for a re‐evaluation.Results
In multivariable analysis of 506 dogs not euthanized at the time of diagnosis, not having a PDA closure procedure negatively affected survival (HzR = 16.9, P < .001). In 444 dogs undergoing successful PDA closure, clinical signs at presentation (HzR = 17, P = .02), concurrent congenital heart disease (HD) (HzR = 4.8, P = .038), and severe mitral regurgitation (MR) documented within 24 hours of closure (HzR = 4.5, P = .028) negatively affected survival. Seventy‐one dogs with ≥ 12 months follow‐up demonstrated a significant reduction in radiographic and echocardiographic measures of heart size (P = 0) and increased incidence of acquired HD (P = .001) at re‐evaluation. Dogs with increased left ventricular size and low fractional shortening at baseline were more likely to have persistent remodeling at re‐evaluation.Conclusions and Clinical Importance
Patent ductus arteriosus closure confers important survival benefits and results in long‐term reverse remodeling in most dogs. Clinical signs at presentation, concurrent congenital HD, and severe MR negatively affect survival. Increased left ventricular systolic dimensions and systolic dysfunction at baseline correlated significantly with persistent remodeling. 相似文献10.
R. Suzuki H. Matsumoto T. Teshima Y. Mochizuki H. Koyama 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2014,28(2):386-392
Background
Systolic dysfunction is associated with poor outcomes in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease. However, assessment of systolic variables by conventional echocardiographic methods is difficult in these dogs because of mitral regurgitation (MR).Hypothesis
We hypothesized that assessment of systolic function by dobutamine stress may identify systolic dysfunction in dogs with MR, and that 2‐dimensional speckle‐tracking echocardiography (2D‐STE) could quantitatively evaluate myocardial function.Animals
Anesthetized dogs with experimentally induced MR.Methods
Dogs were examined for systolic myocardial deformations using 2D‐STE during dobutamine infusion before and 3 and 6 months after MR induction. We evaluated peak systolic rotation and rotation rate in each basal and apical view; peak systolic torsion and torsion rate were also calculated.Results
Invasive peak positive first derivatives of left ventricular pressure (dp/dt) were significantly decreased in dogs 6 months after induction of MR compared with pre‐MR results. After 3 and 6 months of MR, dogs had diminished peak systolic torsion values and torsion rates in response to dobutamine infusion compared with pre‐MR results (3 months, P < .001 and P = .006; 6 months, P = .003 and P = .021). These results were significantly correlated with overall invasive dp/dt (r = 0.644, P < .001; r = 0.696, P < .001).Conclusions and Clinical Importance
Decreased torsion during dobutamine infusion in dogs with MR may reflect latent systolic dysfunction. Dobutamine infusion, therefore, may be useful for the assessment of systolic function in dogs with MR. 相似文献11.
M. Campos M.M.J. Kool S. Daminet R. Ducatelle G. Rutteman H.S. Kooistra S. Galac J.A. Mol 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2014,28(6):1814-1823
Background
Information on the genetic events leading to thyroid cancer in dogs is lacking.Hypothesis/Objectives
Upregulation of the PI3K/Akt pathway has an important role in the tumorigenesis of thyroid carcinoma in dogs.Animals
Fifty‐nine dogs with thyroid carcinoma and 10 healthy controls.Methods
Quantitative RT‐PCR was performed for VEGFR‐1, VEGFR‐2, EGFR, PIK3CA, PIK3CB, PDPK1, PTEN, AKT1, AKT2, COX‐2, and CALCA. Mutation analysis was performed for known hotspots of RAS (N, K, H), PIK3CA, BRAF, RET, and for the entire coding region of PTEN.Results
Forty‐three dogs (73%) had follicular cell thyroid carcinoma (FTC) and 16 dogs (27%) had medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). The relative mRNA expressions of VEGFR‐1 (P < .001), VEGFR‐2 (P = .002), PDPK1 (P < .001), AKT1 (P = .009), and AKT2 (P < .001) were increased in FTC, and those of EGFR (P < .001), VEGFR‐1 (P = .036), and PIK3CA (P = .019) were increased in MTC when compared to normal thyroid glands. Mutation analysis of K‐RAS identified 2 activating missense mutations, which also have been described in thyroid cancer of humans. A G12R substitution was present in 1 FTC and an E63K substitution was present in 1 MTC. No functional mutations were found in the sequenced regions of H‐RAS, N‐RAS, PIK3CA, BRAF, RET, and PTEN.Conclusions and Clinical Importance
The increased expression of several genes associated with PI3K/Akt signaling suggests the involvement of this pathway in the pathogenesis of thyroid carcinoma in dogs, warranting further research on pathway activation and gene amplification. The mutations most frequently associated with thyroid cancer in humans are rare in dogs. 相似文献12.
N. Freds B.C. Koch N. Toft M. Berendt 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2014,28(6):1782-1788
Background
Although a common neurological disorder in dogs, long‐term outcome of epilepsy is sparsely documented.Objectives
To investigate risk factors for survival and duration of survival in a population of dogs with idiopathic epilepsy or epilepsy associated with a known intracranial cause.Animals
One hundred and two client owned dogs; 78 dogs with idiopathic epilepsy and 24 dogs with epilepsy associated with a known intracranial cause.Methods
A retrospective hospital based study with follow‐up. Dogs diagnosed with epilepsy between 2002 and 2008 were enrolled in the study. Owners were interviewed by telephone using a structured questionnaire addressing epilepsy status, treatment, death/alive, and cause of death.Results
Median life span was 7.6 years, 9.2 years, and 5.8 years for all dogs, and dogs with idiopathic epilepsy or dogs with epilepsy associated with a known intracranial cause (P < .001), respectively. Survival time for dogs with idiopathic epilepsy was significantly (P = .0030) decreased for dogs euthanized because of epilepsy (median: 35 months) compared to dogs euthanized for other reasons (median: 67.5 months). Neutered male dogs with idiopathic epilepsy had a significant (P = .031) shorter survival (median: 38.5 months) after index seizure compared to intact male dogs (median: 71 months). Treatment with two antiepileptic drugs (AED′s) did not negatively influence survival (P = .056).Conclusion and Clinical Importance
Dogs with idiopathic epilepsy can in many cases expect a life span close to what is reported for dogs in general. In dogs where mono‐therapy is not sufficient, the need for treatment with two AED′s is not linked to a poor prognosis. 相似文献13.
R. Gonalves H. Volk P.M. Smith J. Penderis L. Garosi E. MacKillop A. de Stefani G. Cherubini J.F. McConnell 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2014,28(4):1275-1279
Background
Corpus callosal abnormalities (CCA) in dogs have been only sporadically reported and are poorly characterized.Hypothesis/Objectives
To describe the clinical presentation and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics of dogs with CCA.Animals
Fifteen client‐owned dogs.Methods
Retrospective study. Records of the contributing institutions were reviewed to identify dogs diagnosed with malformations affecting the corpus callosum (CC); cases in which the CCA was thought to be secondary were excluded.Results
The most represented breeds were Staffordshire Bull Terriers (5/15) and Miniature Schnauzers (3/15; n = 3, 20%) and the mean age at time of presentation of 19 months (range 3–81 months). The clinical signs most commonly reported were adipsia/hypodipsia with associated hypernatremia (12/15), tremors (6/15), and seizures (6/15). Review of the MR images revealed that 10 dogs had absence of the rostral CC and hypoplasia of the caudal portion, 4 dogs had a diffusely hypoplastic and dysplastic CC, and 1 dog had a diffusely hypoplastic CC. In 14 cases, there was abnormal cortical development with fusion of the ventral frontal lobes and part of the diencephalon, indicating lobar holoprosencephaly.Conclusions and Clinical Importance
Previous literature has mainly associated CCA with adipsia and only 12 of 15 dogs in the current series demonstrated this abnormality. There are different degrees of the malformation but in 10 dogs the rostral portion of the CC is most severely affected. Fourteen dogs have simultaneous fusion of the midline structures rostral to the CC; this region has several structures involved in thirst regulation and might explain this derangement. 相似文献14.
A.K. Claude A. Dedeaux L. Chiavaccini S. Hinz 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2014,28(5):1414-1417
Background
Vomiting is a common complication associated with the use of hydromorphine for pre‐emptive analgesia in dogs. The ideal anti‐emetic protocol for prevention of this complication has not been established.Hypothesis
Maropitant administered concurrently or before hydromorphone would reduce the incidence of vomiting, signs of nausea, ptyalism, and increased panting compared to administration of acepromazine or a 0.9% saline control.Animals
Sixty mixed‐breed female dogs scheduled for ovariohysterectomy.Methods
Randomized, blinded, placebo‐controlled experimental study. Dogs were assigned to 4 experimental groups with 15 dogs per group. All groups received 0.2 mg/kg of hydromorphone IM. Group “Control” received 0.1 mL/kg saline SC 30–45 minutes before hydromorphone, group “Marop1” received 1 mg/kg maropitant SC 30–45 minutes before hydromorphone, group “Ace” received 0.02 mg/kg IM acepromazine 30–45 minutes before hydromorphone, and group “Marop2” received 1 mg/kg SC maropitant concurrently with hydromorphone. A trained and blinded observer documented adverse events from the time hydromorphone was administered until the time dogs were induced for surgery.Results
Marop1 had significantly less vomiting (0%) compared to Control (87%; P < .01) and Ace (53%; P < .01). Marop2 had significantly less vomiting (27%) compared to Control (P < .01). Marop1 had significantly greater incidence of ptyalism (73%) compared to Ace (P < .01; 20%). Ace showed significantly less panting (33%) compared to Marop2 (93%; P < .01).Conclusions and Clinical Importance
In healthy dogs, maropitant citrate administered before hydromorphone significantly decreases the incidence of vomiting in dogs but does not improve signs of nausea, ptyalism, or increased panting. 相似文献15.
Jiewen Guan Maria Chan Brian W. Brooks Elizabeth Rohonczy 《Canadian journal of veterinary research》2015,79(4):347-350
Avian influenza outbreaks have occurred during winter months, and effective disinfection of poultry premises at freezing temperatures is needed. The commercial disinfectants Virkon and Accel, supplemented with an antifreeze agent [propylene glycol (PG), methanol (MeOH), or calcium chloride (CaCl2)], were evaluated for their effectiveness in killing avian influenza virus (AIV) at −20°C or 21°C. An AIV suspension was applied to stainless steel disks, air-dried, and covered with a disinfectant or antifreeze agent for 5 to 30 min. Virkon (2%) and Accel (6.25%) with 30% PG, 20% MeOH, or 20% CaCl2 inactivated 6 log10 AIV within 5 min at −20°C and 21°C. At these temperatures PG and MeOH alone did not kill AIV, but the 20% CaCl2 solution alone inactivated 5 log10 AIV within 10 min. The results suggested that CaCl2 is potentially useful to enhance the effectiveness of disinfection of poultry facilities after outbreaks of AIV infection in warm and cold seasons. 相似文献
16.
E. Beltran S.R. Platt J.F. McConnell R. Dennis D.A. Keys L. De Risio 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2014,28(4):1256-1262
Background
The prognostic value of early magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in dogs after traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains unclear.Objectives
Determine whether MRI findings are associated with prognosis after TBI in dogs.Animals
Fifty client‐owned dogs.Methods
Retrospective study of dogs with TBI that underwent 1.5T MRI within 14 days after head trauma. MRI evaluators were blinded to the clinical presentation, and all images were scored based on an MRI grading system (Grade I [normal brain parenchyma] to Grade VI [bilateral lesions affecting the brainstem with or without any lesions of lesser grade]). Skull fractures, percentage of intraparenchymal lesions, degree of midline shift, and type of brain herniation were evaluated. MGCS was assessed at presentation. The presence of seizures was recorded. Outcome was assessed at 48 h (alive or dead) and at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months after TBI.Results
Sixty‐six percent of the dogs had abnormal MRI findings. MRI grade was negatively correlated (P < .001) with MGCS. A significant negative correlation of MRI grade, degree of midline shift, and percentage of intraparenchymal lesions with follow‐up scores was identified. The MGCS was lower in dogs with brain herniation (P = .0191). Follow‐up scores were significantly lower in dogs that had brain herniation or skull fractures. The possibility of having seizures was associated with higher percentage of intraparenchymal lesions (P = 0.0054) and 10% developed PTE.Conclusions and Clinical Importance
Significant associations exist between MRI findings and prognosis in dogs with TBI. MRI can help to predict prognosis in dogs with TBI. 相似文献17.
T.L. Hill B.D.X. Lascelles J. M. Law A.T. Blikslager 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2014,28(3):793-798
Background
Tramadol is a centrally acting analgesic that is often used in conjunction with nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The effect of coadministration of tramadol and indomethacin on gastric barrier function in dogs is unknown.Hypothesis/Objectives
That coadministration of a nonselective NSAID (indomethacin) and tramadol would decrease recovery of barrier function as compared with acid‐injured, indomethacin‐treated, and tramadol‐treated mucosa.Animals
Gastric mucosa of 10 humanely euthanized shelter dogs.Methods
Ex vivo study. Mounted gastric mucosa was treated with indomethacin, tramadol, or both. Gastric barrier function, prostanoid production, and cyclooxygenase expression were quantified.Results
Indomethacin decreased recovery of transepithelial electrical resistance after injury, although neither tramadol nor the coadministration of the two had an additional effect. Indomethacin inhibited production of gastroprotective prostanoids prostaglandin E2 (acid‐injured PGE 2: 509.3 ± 158.3 pg/mL, indomethacin + acid injury PGE 2: 182.9 ± 93.8 pg/mL, P < .001) and thromboxane B2 (acid‐injured TXB 2: 233.2 ± 90.7 pg/mL, indomethacin + acid injury TXB 2: 37.9 ± 16.8 pg/mL, P < .001), whereas tramadol had no significant effect (PGE 2 P = .713, TXB 2 P = .194). Neither drug had an effect on cyclooxygenase expression (COX‐1 P = .743, COX‐2 P = .705). Acid injury induced moderate to marked epithelial cell sloughing, which was unchanged by drug administration.Conclusions and Clinical Importance
There was no apparent interaction of tramadol and a nonselective cyclooxygenase in this ex vivo model. These results suggest that if there is an adverse interaction of the 2 drugs in vivo, it is unlikely to be via prostanoid inhibition. 相似文献18.
J. López‐Alvarez A. Boswood W. Moonarmart M.J. Hezzell N. Lotter J. Elliott 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2014,28(2):393-400
Background
Increased heart rate (HR) and decreased heart rate variability (HRV) are evident in some dogs with degenerative mitral valve disease (DMVD).Objectives
Evaluation of the factors influencing HR and HRV (assessed by the vasovagal tonus index; VVTI) and their change over time in dogs with DMVD.Animals
Client‐owned dogs (n = 257) with DMVD recruited from first opinion practice.Methods
Prospective longitudinal follow‐up at six‐monthly intervals of dogs with DMVD. Dogs followed up for at least 18 months (n = 102) were grouped according to their outcome as dogs dying/euthanized because of cardiac disease (n = 28; Group 1), noncardiac disease (n = 40; Group 2) and dogs alive (n = 34; Group 3). HR and VVTI were measured on 1‐minute ECG recordings. Repeated measures linear models were constructed to investigate the factors that influence HR and VVTI and their changes over time.Results
Heart rate and VVTI were affected by disease severity and were different in Cavaliers compared to other breeds. Group 1 and Group 2 dogs underwent an increase in HR and decrease in VVTI, evident at least 18 months before death. Group 1 had a further decrease in VVTI followed by an increase in HR approximately 1 year and 6 months before death, respectively.Conclusions and Clinical Importance
Dogs with DMVD have an increase in HR and decrease in HRV over a year before death, with greater changes in those dogs dying/euthanized because of cardiac disease. Both HR and VVTI can potentially be regarded as biomarkers for all‐cause mortality. 相似文献19.
T.L. Hill A.C. Berent C.W. Weisse 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2014,28(5):1384-1390
Background
Benign urethral obstructions (BUO) in dogs result in substantial morbidity because of challenges with conventional therapies. Treatment of malignant urethral obstructions with intraluminal urethral stents is reported to successfully relieve obstructions.Hypothesis/Objectives
To evaluate the efficacy and outcome of urethral stent placement for treatment of BUO in dogs.Animals
Eleven client‐owned animals with urethral stents placed for treatment of BUO.Methods
Retrospective study in which medical records were reviewed in dogs diagnosed with BUO and treated with a metallic urethral stent. Data collected included signalment, cause of benign obstruction, procedure time, size and type of stent, complications, and short‐ and long‐term outcome.Results
Eleven dogs with 15 urethral stents were included. Intraluminal urethral stent(s) relieved the obstructions in all dogs. Four dogs had 2 stents placed in separate procedures because of incomplete patency after treatment (n = 1), inadvertent compression of the stent (n = 1), or tissue ingrowth through the stent (n = 2). The median continence score after stent placement was 10 of 10 (range 3–10) with 6 dogs being continent, 3 mildly incontinent, and 1 each moderately and severely incontinent. All owners considered their dog to have an excellent long‐term clinical outcome with long‐term urethral patency. The median follow‐up time was 24 months (range 4–48).Conclusions and Clinical Importance
Urethral stents appear to be an effective treatment for benign urinary obstructions. Moderate to severe incontinence developed in a minority (12.5%) of dogs. Stents relieved obstructions in all dogs with an excellent long‐term outcome. 相似文献20.
S. Wesselowski M. Borgarelli N.M. Bello J. Abbott 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2014,28(5):1527-1533