超富集植物对稀土元素吸收转运解毒与分异的研究进展

稀土是重要的战略资源,在现代高科技行业和农业生产中发挥着重要的作用。随着稀土需求量的与日俱增,稀土矿山开发加剧,产生了大面积的稀土废弃尾砂地进而污染农田,对当地生态环境和居民健康构成威胁。植物采矿是指在金属污染地上种植超富集植物,在恢复植被和修复污染土壤的同时,还可通过收割地上部实现金属回收利用,是一种原位和低成本的污染土壤修复手段。探究超富集植物重金属富集机理是实现植物采矿的基础,但相对于Ni、Zn、As等超富集植物的研究,稀土超富集植物吸收转运和耐受稀土机制的研究仍然缺乏。本文结合近年国内外研究,从植物富集稀土的四个关键过程综述超富集植物对稀土的吸收、转运和分布解毒机制以及与稀土分异之间的关系,并提出超富集植物中稀土分异的概念模型。     

广东大宝山矿区植物对重金属的富集特征

对大宝山矿区自然定居和人工种植的13种优势植物根际土壤污染状况及其对重金属的富集特征进行研究.结果表明,大宝山矿区土壤受重金属Cd、Pb、Zn、Cu污染,其中以Cd、Cu的污染最为严重.在调查的13种优势植物中,铺地黍地上部分的Pb含量达到1 214.00 mg/kg,泡桐叶中Cu含量达到1 024.80mg/kg,超过了Pb和Cu超富集植物含量的临界值(1 000 mg/kg);其运转系数分别为1.77.13.74,都大于1.0,符合超富集植物的标准,表明铺地黍可能是Pb的超富集植物,泡桐可能是Cu的超富集植物.除铺地綦、泡桐外,其他11种优势植物的重金属吸收能力没有达到超富集植物的标准,但它们能在此区域定居,表现出对重金属有较强的耐性,其中象草、纤毛鸭嘴草、芒萁、五节芒、马尾松对重金属复合污染胁迫的耐性较强,可作为大宝山矿植被重建的先锋物种.     

六种乡土树种重金属富集特性试验研究

有针对性地选取广东地区常见的六种绿化乡土树种进行重金属富集特性试验研究。在轻度污染的Cd-Pb-Cu土壤上,六种植物生物量均未显著下降。植物重金属富集系数与土壤重金属质量分数相关,与植株生物量没有显著相关关系。香樟、小叶榕、构树、人面子的根部Cd的富集系数大于1,石斑木地上部及根部Cd的富集系数均大于1;香樟、小叶榕、构树的根部Pb的富集系数大于1;小叶榕的根部Cu的富集系数大于1。六种植物对重金属均有不同程度的富集能力,且表现为根部富集能力大于地上部,并非超富集植物。抗逆性强、根系发达、生物量大的乡土树种可作为修复城市低Cd-Pb-Cu复合污染场地的园林植物。     

3种植物对红壤中镉的富集特性研究

重金属超富集植物是重金属污染土壤植物修复的基础,研究了3种重金属富集植物羽叶鬼针草、美洲商陆和紫叶芥菜对重金属Cd的吸收积累规律,为植物修复Cd污染的农田和生态环境建设提供科学依据。采用盆栽方法,在不同浓度（0、20、35、50、65、80mg·kg^-1）Cd处理下,分别测定3种植物地上部与根部Cd的含量,计算了地上部Cd迁移量、根系耐性指数、富集系数,研究了土壤中Cd添加量与植物富集Cd量的相关性。结果表明,随着土壤中Cd离子浓度的升高,3种植物地上部和根系中的Cd含量也在增加,相关系数都大于0．99;综合地上部与根部Cd含量,地上部Cd迁移量,根系耐性指数和富集系数,3种植物对Cd的富集能力的相对顺序为：羽叶鬼针草〉美洲商陆〉紫叶芥菜。羽叶鬼针草、美洲商陆种植在Cd处理浓度为65mg·kg^-1的土壤中和紫叶芥菜种植在Cd处理浓度为80mg·kg^-1的土壤中栽培时,3种植物地上部与根部的Cd含量均超过了100mg·kg^-1,达到了Cd超富集量的标准。羽叶鬼针草、美洲商陆和紫叶芥菜对Cd有很强的耐受性和富集性,可以作为先锋植物去修复被Cd污染的土壤。     

重金属富集植物种质资源收集研究进展

随着工矿业发展、城市化进程的加快、农药化肥的施用,我国的重金属土壤污染问题日趋严重。相比物理、化学修复方法,植物修复技术更加廉价、安全,成为目前各国研究的热点。超富集植物是植物修复技术的关键核心,开展超富集植物的收集、筛选、研究工作具有非常深远地意义。基于此,结合国内外在重金属超富集种质资源收集方面的进展进行简要综述。     

土施超富集植物秸秆对荠菜生长及镉积累的影响

[目的]研究超富集植物秸秆对富集植物重金属积累的化感作用,为镉污染土壤的植物修复研究提供参考。[方法]通过在镉污染土壤中施用镉超富集植物〔(红果黄鹌菜Youngia erythrocarpa)、三叶鬼针草(Bidens pilosa)、少花龙葵(Solanum americanum)和豨莶(Siegesbeckia orientalis)〕秸秆,研究了4种镉超富集植物秸秆施入土壤对镉富集植物荠菜生长及镉积累的影响。[结果]4种镉超富集植物秸秆施入土壤均提高了荠菜地上部分生物量、总生物量和抗性系数,同时提高了荠菜叶片SPAD值(绿色度)。土施红果黄鹌菜秸秆提高了荠菜根系、茎、叶片及地上部分的镉含量,分别比各自对照高11.81%,102.07%,12.00%和54.95%,同时也提高了土样有效态镉含量,其余3种处理均低于各自对照。土施红果黄鹌菜秸秆的荠菜地上部分和整株的镉积累量均高于对照,分别为42.11和54.74μg/株,比各自对照高83.09%和54.11%,而其余3种处理的镉积累量均低于对照。[结论]土施红果黄鹌菜能够提高荠菜对土壤镉的积累,有利于提高荠菜对镉污染土壤的修复效果。     

重金属超富集植物龙葵对镉响应的蛋白组学分析

龙葵是典型的重金属超富集植物,但是我们对其重金属耐受和超富集的分子机理仍不完全清楚。为了从蛋白组学层面探究重金属超富集植物龙葵如何响应金属镉,本研究采用双向电泳和MALDI-TOF MS分析方法,鉴定了重金属超富集植物龙葵叶片和根中Cd胁迫下差异表达的蛋白。双向电泳在根和叶片中分别至少得到927和1 025个蛋白点,其中Cd胁迫下差异表达的蛋白点在根中有45个,叶片中有57个。采用MALDITOF MS分析,在根和叶片中分别鉴定了9个和12个蛋白点,分别代表了9个和6个差异表达的蛋白。生物信息学分析表明,这些蛋白涉及到激素合成、防御响应、能量代谢和细胞结构等。这些结果为进一步揭示重金属超富集植物龙葵响应Cd胁迫的分子调节机制,以及为通过现代生物技术手段进行重金属污染的植物修复提供了理论依据。     

营养元素N、P、K对Pb超富集植物吸收能力的影响

为了探索提高Pb(铅)超富集植物吸收能力的方法，该文通过温室土培方法，研究了单一营养元素N、P、K对Pb超富集植物羽叶鬼针草(Bidens maximowicziana)、绿叶苋菜(L.Amaranthus tricolor)和紫穗槐(Sophora japonica)3种植物Pb吸收的影响。营养元素的设计水平为N 0、0.06、0.12、0.18、0.24、0.30 g/kg，P₂O₅ 0、0.06、0.12、0.18、0.24、0.30 g/kg，K₂O 0.08、0.16、0.24、0.32、0.40 g/kg，其他2种元素恒定为0.12 g/kg，土壤铅浓度为800 mg/kg土。结果表明土壤中施入不同水平的营养元素显著影响植物Pb迁移总量。18个处理中羽叶鬼针草、绿叶苋菜与紫穗槐Pb迁移总量最大值与最小值的比值分别为：11.6、10.6、11.9。该试验表明通过调节土壤营养的方法可以提高植物的重金属的迁移总量，利用Pb超富集植物修复Pb污染土壤。3种营养元素对植物的效应不一致，少量的N和K可促进富集植物干质量的增加，促进植物对Pb的吸收，随着N和K水平的增加，植物对Pb的吸收能力降低，但K的抑制作用不如N的显著；土壤供P会降低植物对Pb的吸收，且下降极显著。     

土壤重金属污染的植物修复与金属超富集植物及其遗传工程研究

本文综述了土壤重金属污染的植物修复、金属超富集植物及其遗传工程的最新研究进展及存在问题,并提出加紧筛选和发现野生高生物量的金属超富集植物,在现有高生物量作物种质资源中筛选金属超富集作物,应用遗传工程技术把野生植物的超富集基因转移到现有高生物量植物(作物)中,寻找综合、可持续的植物修复手段等对策。     

Pb、Cd复合胁迫下4种植物抗氧化防御差异性研究

为了解植物在Pb、Cd复合胁迫下抗氧化系统的响应, 研究了重金属超富集植物龙葵、印度芥菜和非重金属超富集植物玉米和萝卜在Pb、Cd复合胁迫下抗氧化系统的变化。研究结果显示: Pb、Cd复合胁迫下超富集植物印度芥菜和龙葵的叶生物量显著减少, 根和茎生物量在低浓度处理下减少不明显; 非超富集植物萝卜和玉米的生物量随重金属浓度升高显著降低。超富集植物的SOD活性随重金属浓度升高逐渐升高; 4种植物POD活性随重金属浓度变化规律各不相同, 非超富集植物玉米和萝卜POD活性总体上随重金属浓度增加而提高; 超富集植物叶片MDA含量随重金属浓度升高逐渐升高; 印度芥菜和萝卜的总GSH含量显著高于其他两种植物。超富集植物的SOD、MDA、TAST、总GSH和PC与土壤重金属毒性系数呈显著相关; 非超富集植物玉米的POD和总GSH与重金属毒性系数呈显著相关, 而萝卜的TAST和PC与重金属毒性系数呈显著相关性。不同植物的解毒机制并不相同, 因而进一步了解超富集植物的相关酶基因调控对阐明解毒机制尤为重要。     

Rapid effects of plant species diversity and identity on soil microbial communities in experimental grassland ecosystems

Changes in plant community structure, including the loss of plant diversity may affect soil microbial communities. To test this hypothesis, plant diversity and composition were experimentally varied in grassland plots cultivated with monocultures or mixtures of 2, 3 or 4 species. We tested the effects of monocultures versus mixtures and of plant species composition on culturable soil bacterial activity, number of substrates used and catabolic diversity, microbial biomass N, microbial respiration, and root biomass. These properties were all measured 10 months after seeding the experiment. Soil bacterial activity, number of substrates used and catabolic diversity were measured in the different plant communities using BIOLOG GN and GP microplates, which are redox-based tests measuring capacity of soil culturable bacteria to use a variety of organic substrates. Microbial biomass N, microbial respiration, and root biomass were insensitive to plant diversity. Culturable soil microbial activity, substrates used and diversity declined with declining plant diversity. Their activity, number of substrates used and diversity were significantly higher in plots with 3 and 4 plant species than in monocultures and in plots with 2 species. There was also an effect of plant species composition. Culturable soil microbial activity and diversity was higher in the four-species plant community than in any of the plant monocultures suggesting that the effect of plant diversity could not be explained by the presence of a particular plant species. Our results showed that changes in plant diversity and composition in grassland ecosystems lead to a rapid response of bacterial activity and diversity.     

The influence of land-use practices and economics on plant species richness in meadows

Thirty-one meadows were investigated within five sites representing various farming styles found in Austrian cultural landscapes. The meadows were analysed regarding (a) biodiversity (vascular plant and bryophyte species richness), (b) land-use practices (fertiliser input, mowing intensity, the use of silage), and (c) economic aspects (variable costs, profit margin and subsidies per ha). There were significant negative correlations between plant species richness and mowing intensity and intensity of fertiliser application. Bryophytes were good indicators of low nutrient regimes, having high species richness at low fertiliser input. Vascular plants showed highest species richness at an intermediate nitrogen supply. The total plant species richness decreased with increasing nitrogen supply. Intensive silage production was also negatively correlated with plant diversity. Species with a very narrow ecological niche of soil moisture and nutrients declined, whereas species adapted to wider ecological conditions increased. Profit margin and variable costs correlated negatively with plant species richness, with meadows that offered low or no profit margins showing highest species richness. There was no significant relationship between species richness and the amount of subsidies invested at the study meadows. Estimated costs of maintaining a species are shown. It is concluded that if plant species richness are to be maintained in these meadows, farmers have to receive increased financial incentives through agro-environmental subsidies for appropriate meadow management, and these have to be linked to clearly defined measures.     

19种湿地植物对铜、铬、镍吸收与分配的差异

An experiment was carried out to investigate the variations in metal uptake and translocation among 19 wetland plant species in small-scale plots of constructed wetland using artificial wastewater containing 2.0 mg L^-1 copper (Cu), 1.0 mg L^-1 chromium (Cr), and 2.0 mg L^-1 nickel (Ni). More than 97% of Cu, Cr, and Ni were removed from the wastewater by the wetland plant species. There were more than 100-fold differences in the metal accumulation and more than ten-fold differences in the metal concentrations among the 19 plant species. These plants accumulated as high as 8.8% of Cu, 20.5% of Cr, and 14.4% of Ni when they were grown in the wetland soaked with the wastewater. Several plant species were found to be highly capable of accumulating one, two or all the three metals. The results indicated considerable variations in the metal removal abilities through phytoextraction among the 19 wetland plant species. It can be concluded that the selection of appropriate plant species in constructed wetland can be crucial for the improvement of metal removal efficiency of the wetland system.     

Reduced dispersal of native plant species as a consequence of the reduced abundance of frugivore species in fragmented rainforest

Frugivorous animals disperse the seeds of the majority of rainforest plant species and hence play a key role in the trajectory of rainforest regeneration. This study investigated whether changes in the species composition of the frugivore community in fragmented rainforest in subtropical Australia is likely to impact the dispersal of native plant species. The potential of frugivorous bird and bat species to disperse the seeds of plant species in fragmented rainforest was assessed using published dietary information together with field surveys of frugivore abundance within intact forest, forest fragments and patches of regrowth. Frugivore species with reduced abundance in fragmented rainforest were the only known dispersers of 27 of the 221 native plant species in the data set (12% of species). These frugivore species were also major dispersers of plant species producing fruits wider than 10 mm and species from the families Rubiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae, Meliaceae, Lamiaceae and Vitaceae. Except for Rubiaceae, these plant taxa are also potentially dispersed by two of the frugivore species that were widespread in fragmented rainforest, Lopholaimus antarcticus and Ptilonorhynchus violaceus, although dispersal rates are likely to be lower in fragmented than in extensive rainforest. Consistent with other regions, large-seeded plants are susceptible to reduced dispersal in fragmented rainforest in subtropical Australia. However, we predict a smaller deficit in seed dispersal in fragmented forests than has been reported from other regions, due to factors such as functional overlap among frugivore species, the ability of many Australian rainforest vertebrates to persist in fragmented rainforest, and a lack of hunting in these forests. Nevertheless, rainforest fragmentation has reduced the abundance of a suite of frugivorous rainforest fauna, which in turn is likely to reduce the dispersal of a certain plant taxa and may alter patterns of plant regeneration in subtropical Australian rainforest fragments.     

广东大宝山矿区尾矿库植被演替分析

对广东大宝山4个尾矿库环境特点和植物群落进行了调查和分析。结果表明,广东大宝山尾矿库区内植物种类总体上较为稀少,不同尾矿库区内植物群落组成差异比较大,其中禾本科植物种类较多,其次为菊科植物和豆科植物,表明这3个科的植物较其他科植物更容易适应尾矿库环境,特别是禾本科的五节芒（Miscanthusflondulus）、类芦（Neyraudiareynaudiana）和狗牙根（Cynodondactylon）表现出较强的适应能力。从样地1到样地4,物种多样性指数也依次增加,表现出由较少先锋物种种类组成的简单群落向稳定复杂群落方向演替的趋势,反映了植物群落结构随演替时间的延长越来越趋向复杂化。研究还表明物种多样性与有机质、有效磷、碱解氮含量显著正相关,与重金属含量（Cd、Cu和Zn）显著负相关,尾矿库区的高浓度Cd、Cu和Zn是影响植物群落物种多样性进一步恢复的主要限制因子。     

Effects of six grassland plant species on soil nematodes: A glasshouse experiment

The effects of six individual plant species on the abundance and composition of nematode communities were studied in a glasshouse experiment during 16 weeks. The effect of the presence of plants, the correlation between nematode abundance and plant biomass, the response of plant-feeding nematodes and other nematode groups to different plant species was examined and also whether the effect differed between plant species within a plant functional group. The total number of nematodes increased during the study period in all treatments, although in some treatments, the increase levelled off after 8 or 12 weeks. The identity of the plant species affected both the total abundance of nematodes and the nematode community composition. The number of bacterial-feeding nematodes was greatest under grasses and legumes and was positively correlated with shoot biomass and negatively with root biomass. The response of the plant-feeding nematodes, which differed in abundance under both the investigated legume and the forb species, suggests that the identity of the plant species is more important than the plant functional group. A possible explanation could be related to differences in plant secondary metabolites. Despite some differences in the nematode species pool, the effects of plant species appear quite consistent between the present glasshouse study and previous field experiments.     

No evidence of a plant extinction debt in highly fragmented calcareous grasslands in Belgium

Long transient times in response to decreasing habitat area and increasing isolation may cause the present plant species distribution to reflect the historical rather than the present landscape configuration, resulting in a so-called extinction debt. To investigate how plant species richness is shaped by both present and historical landscape configuration and local environmental conditions in fragmented calcareous grasslands, 64 sites in Southern Belgium were surveyed for their total species richness and environmental characteristics. Species were subdivided in specialist and generalist groups and the former were clustered into emergent groups (EGs) according to 16 relevant life-history traits. Four specialist emergent groups were derived: orchids, rosette species, annuals and half-rosette species. Both specialist and generalist species richness increased with present fragment area, while present fragment connectivity only affected the number of specialist species. This trend was maintained for most EGs, although habitat area was mostly more important than connectivity. All species groups responded to an insolation gradient, except EGs of rosette and annual species. Differential response to fragmentation among emergent groups could be interpreted in terms of dispersal and persistence traits. No relation between species richness and historical area or connectivity was found, making an extinction debt unlikely. Hence, present-day variation in plant species diversity seems to be no legacy of past landscape configuration. Our results clearly indicate that plant species may be quickly lost in response to new fragmentation events. To restore plant diversity, management should focus both on mitigating landscape fragmentation and restoring habitat quality.     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal dependency of different plant species and cultivars

The degree of plant growth change associated with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) colonization is expressed as mycorrhizal dependency (MD). In this review, previous reports on the differences in MD among plant species or cultivars were surveyed, and the factors affecting the differences are discussed. Mean values of MD were 44% for field crops (37 species), 56% for forage crops (46 species), 70% for wild grasses and forbs (140 species), 79% for trees (26 species), and 56% for all plants (250 species), indicating that the cultivated plant species showed a lower MD than the wild plant species. MD was negatively correlated with root morphological characteristics such as root length, root dry weight, root hair length, density of root hairs, the ability of roots to acquire phosphate from soil, and the phosphorus utilization efficiency of the host plant. Inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) for low input systems should be carried out in considering differences in MD.     

城市化进程中撂荒地植被恢复方式对植物多样性的影响

通过野外调查,研究鄱阳湖生态经济区城市化进程中农田生态系统撂荒后,自然更新和人工更新2种方式下的植物多样性和群落物种结构.结果表明：1）在撂荒地共发现42种植物,隶属22科42属,其中自然更新群落样地有10科20属,人工更新群落样地有19科34属;2）2个群落的科、属、种数在统计上差异不显著,只表现出人工更新群落稍高于自然更新群落,植物丰富度、多样性指数在统计上差异不显著,但是呈上升趋势;3）自然更新和人工更新2个群落间的植物种相似系数为0.44,自然更新和人工更新2个群落中的共有植物种类为12种,以一年生草本居多;4）应用除趋势对应分析排序方法（DCA）分析表明,2个群落结构间已形成梯度,在人工更新群落增加了多年生草本、多年生草质藤本和小灌木,人工更新减缓了植物多样性丧失的速度.在城市化圈地过程中,建议在撂荒期栽植乔木树种,有利于生物多样性的保护.     

Soil microbial metabolism and nutrient status in a Mediterranean area as affected by plant cover

The Mediterranean area of Southern Italy is characterized by different natural plant covers that mainly reflect different successional stages (i.e. low maquis, high maquis, Quercus ilex wood) and managed areas with introduced plant species (such as Pinus species). Soil properties could be affected by plant cover types as well as by plant species. Our objective was to determine the relationships of plant cover types and plant species with the chemical and biological characteristics of the soil. In four neighbouring areas with different plant cover types (low maquis, pure high maquis, high maquis with pines and pinewood, with pines planted by foresters in both cases), soil samples were collected under different plant species in order to evaluate the effect of plant cover types and plant species on soil properties. Soil samples were analyzed for nutrient content, microbial biomass, soil potential respiration and enzymatic activity (phosphatase, arylsulphatase, β-glucosidase and hydrolase activities) as well as for pH, water holding capacity (WHC) and cation exchange capacity (CEC). Application of cluster analysis and principal component analysis to the data revealed that the plant cover type was the key factor influencing soil properties more than plant species. In fact, the largest differences were observed between pure high maquis soils and all other soils, with pure high maquis soils generally showing the highest values of WHC, CEC, nutrient content, organic and microbial C, soil respiration, phosphatase, arylsulphatase and β-glucosidase activities. The significantly lower values of these variables in the low maquis relative to the pure high maquis probably reflect the effect of ecological succession on soil. The high maquis with pine, differing from the pure high maquis only for the presence or absence of pine, showed values of soil physical, chemical and biological characteristics similar to those found in the low maquis, thus suggesting that the presence of pine retards soil development.