The 5~(th) International Workshop of Edible Mycorrhizal Mushrooms

Organized by People's Government of Chuxiong Yi Nationality Autonomous prefecture of Yunnan Province,China Chamber of Commerce of Import and Export of Foodstuffs Native Produce and Animal By-Products,Mycological Society of China,Kunming Institute of Botan…     

The 5^th International Workshop of Edible Mycorrhizal Mushrooms

Organized by People’s Government of Chuxiong Yi Nationality Autonomous prefecture of Yunnan Province,China Chamber of Commerce of Import and Export of Foodstuffs Native Produce and Animal By-Products,Mycological Society of China,Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China,the Fifth International Workshop on Edible Ectomycorrhizal Mushrooms (IWEMM5) will be held in Chuxiong, Yunnan, China from 26 to 29th August 2007. All aspects of the science of edible ectomycorrhizal mushrooms will be covered in the workshop. Considerable time will also be devoted to the trade and cultivation of EEMM which we anticipate will be of benefit to the economic development of the region.     

Research and utilization progress in banana germplasm resources in China北大核心CSCD

Banana is one of the main fruit crops and important food crops in the world, and it is also an important economic fruit in southern China. China is the border area of the origin of modern bananas, and one of the secondary origin centers as well. China has a history of banana cultivation for more than 2000 years and is the second largest country in banana production and consumption. Banana producing areas in China are mainly concentrated in Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan, Fujian and Taiwan, with a small amount of cultivation in the south of Sichuan, Guizhou and Tibet. Most cultivated bananas are evolved from two wild species, Musa acuminate and Musa balbisiana, and their interspecific hybridization. The genome of Musa acuminata is called“genome A”, while the genome of Musa balbisiana is called“genome B”. According to the classification value of characteristics, banana cultivars can be divided into genotypes such as AA, AAA, AB, AAB, ABB, AAAA, AAAB, AABB, BB and BBB. Bananas cultivated in China are simply divided into four categories: Cavendish (AAA), Pisang Awak (ABB), Silk (AAB) and Dajiao (ABB). Cavendish banana is planted mostly in China (more than 80%), followed by Pisang Awak (more than 10%). Notably, in China, few people plant and consume Plantain (AAB), which is an important staple food in some area. Banana breeding mainly includes introduction (like Brazil and Williams banana), vegetative line selection (like GCTCV bananas), artificial mutation breeding (like Jiali banana), cross breeding (like Fenza No. 1 and Zhongjiao No. 9 banana), chromosome ploidy breeding, transgenic breeding and gene editing breeding. The introduction method is simple and direct. Our group took the lead in establishing the National Banana Germplasm Resource Garden in 1989. In the future, we should introduce not only high-quality varieties, but also multifunctional and diverse banana varieties to enrich China’s banana market. After introduction, people often get better lines that adapt to Chinese geographical and climatic conditions and planting habits, and then popularize them. Mutation breeding is easy, but the ideal excellent lines can only be obtained through a large number of screening and evaluation. The female flowers of some bananas, like Dajiao and Pisang Awak, have strong fertility, so they are often used as female parents to cross with wild bananas or cultivated varieties with certain fertility. Although sexual hybridization of banana needs a long period and is easy to fail, this method can often create new germplasm with diverse genetic background and relatively controllable traits, which is the most potential and promising method in traditional banana breeding at present. In recent years, researchers in China have created many new hybrid banana germplasm, and it can be predicted that a large number of new hybrid banana varieties will emerge in China in the near future. Banana transgenic and gene editing breeding have strong pertinence. China has made good achievements in the fields of banana transgenic and gene editing. However, as in many other parts of the world, these methods cannot be applied to business at present. At last, other breeding methods like somatic hybridization, rapid breeding and molecular-assisted breeding are rarely used at present. Banana Fusarium wilt and other diseases seriously threaten banana industry in China. At the same time, frequent typhoons and floods, severe frost and poor soil in the main banana producing areas in China also limit the further development of banana industry. Breeding new banana varieties with high yield, high quality and high stress resistance and adaptability is the key to break the bottleneck of banana industry development in China, and it is also a challenge for banana breeders in China. In addition, it is also an important direction to cultivate bananas with high nutrition and health care function, which are suitable for industrial processing or feed. During the last decades, China has made great achievements in banana breeding, but there are still many problems. First of all, banana biodiversity is relatively lacking, with few wild banana resources. Moreover, the careful evaluation of banana germplasm resources is not enough, limiting the utilization of them. Secondly, the main banana varieties in China were bred by introduction and mutation breeding, and only a few were bred by hybridization or other means. Moreover, due to many reasons, there is a lack of varieties with good comprehensive characteristics. Finally, it is difficult to study genes in banana through the forward or reverse genetic means, limiting the molecular research on banana. In the future, we should: (1) Continue to strengthen the collection, evaluation and utilization of global banana germplasm resources, and especially promote banana cross breeding vigorously; (2) Pay attention to the basic research on banana, dig out the key genes related to important economic traits, and analyze their regulatory networks, so as to lay the foundation for creating new banana varieties without transgene through gene editing technology in the future; (3) Continuously develop and upgrade new breeding techniques, promote the integration of various means, and breed efficiently and scientificly; (4) Breed new varieties that are resistant to various diseases and have good comprehensive properties, so as to win the banana defense war. In a word, we have summarized the research results of banana breeding in China in recent years, discussed the methods of banana breeding, the direction of new variety breeding and the main problems, in order to provide reference for banana breeding in China. © 2023 Journal of Fruit Science. All rights reserved.     

双环蘑菇的遗传学特性及品种选育研究进展

Advances in research on Agaricus bitorquis mating and breeding systems,and the breeding of new strains of this mushroom both in China and overseas,have been reviewed.Progress in our understanding of the genetic basis of homokaryotic fruiting,nuclear migration and mitochondrial inheritance,has been presented.The three main groups of A.bitorquis strains (temperate,bridging and tropical) categorized on the basis of mating behavior,and the distribution of homogenic and heterogenic incompatibility within the groups,have been discussed.Existing problems have been identified,and proposals made for future research.     

The 4^th Meeting of East Asian and 10＋3 for Collaboration on Edible Fungi

November 3 ~6 ,2006Shanghai and Nantong,P.R.ChinaOrganized by MushroomBranch of the China Agricultural SocietyJapanese Society for MushroomScience and BiotechnologyThe Korean Society of MushroomScienceInstitute of Edible Fungi ,Shanghai Academy of Agricultural SciencesCo-organized by Jiangsu Alphay Bio-tech Co.,LtdShanghai Society for MicrobiologyShanghai Society for Horticultural ScienceTIMETABLE OF ACTIVITIESFRIDAY,3rdNovember ,20061400-1900 Registration (Foyer , …     

The 4~(th)Meeting of East Asian and 10+3 for Collaboration on Edible Fungi

November 3 ~6 ,2006Shanghai and Nantong,P.R.ChinaOrganized by MushroomBranch of the China Agricultural SocietyJapanese Society for MushroomScience and BiotechnologyThe Korean Society of MushroomScienceInstitute of Edible Fungi ,Shanghai Academy of Agricultural SciencesCo-organized by Jiangsu Alphay Bio-tech Co.,LtdShanghai Society for MicrobiologyShanghai Society for Horticultural ScienceTIMETABLE OF ACTIVITIESFRIDAY,3rdNovember ,20061400-1900 Registration (Foyer , …     

Optimization of a Sequence-Related Amplified Polymorphism (SRAP) Reaction System for Lentinula edodes

Although China is now the largestproducer and exporter ofLentinula edodes,there is still considerable confusion in theChineseL.edodesindustry with regard to thedesignation of cultivatedstrains.Asingle strainis often named differently in differentcultivation areas,and different strains areoccasionally allotted the same strain desig-nation.However,various molecular markershave been developed in recent years and couldbe used to remove much of this confusion.Todate,the most widely used molecular…     

Identification of Lentinula edodes ‘135’ Strains Using a Sequence Characterized Amplified Region (SCAR) Marker

Lentinula edodes(Berk.) Pegler is one ofthe world’s major cultivated mushrooms andranks second, marginally behindAgaricusbisporus, in terms of world production.L.edodeswas originally cultivated in China ,which is now the largest producer of themushroom. The type of mushroomstrain usedfor cultivation purposes is a major factoraffecting production, and has a direct i mpacton the yield and quality of the mushrooms .InChina , a well-constructed registration systemfor mushroomstrains is not yet …     

Detection and differential analysis of fruit organic acids among different local wrinkled papaya varieties(Chaenomeles speciosa ) by GC-MS北大核心CSCD

【Objective】Organic acid plays a key role in affecting fruit flavor by changing acid-sugar ratio. And GC-MS is also an important detecting platform to inspect fruit organic acids due to its stable, sensitive and accurate features. With methyl ester derivatization, the objective organic acids could be effectively detected for their reduction of ingredient polarity. To provide the basic data for Chaenomeles speciosa (Sweet) Nakai fruit quality improvement, the the organic acid inspection of the fruit sampleswas carried out from 10 main producing areas in China and their compositions and contentswere disclosed by extracting with methal, derivating with methyl esterification and detecting by means of GC-MS.【Methods】In this study, 10 local varieties were used as materials that were collected from 10 main producing areas in China. After methanol extraction and methyl-ester derivatization, the compositions and contents of organic acids with each sample were comprehensively determined by GC- MS. The derivatives were analyzed by a Shimadzu GC-MS 2010 Qplus with a Rxt-5MS weak polar capillary MS column(30 m × 0.25 mm, 0.25 μm, Shimadzu Technology). Helium was used as the carrier gas at 0.87 mL · min- 1 with a split ratio of 53:1 for the testing solution. The GC-MS detecting time was 35 min. Qualitative retrieval was conducted with similarity searching in NIST08 and NIST08S coupled with Kovats Reservation Index(RI value) matching and quantitative analysis was performed by an external standard method and the ingredient peak responding value was adjusted according to the n-alkanes mixed standards that came from USA O2Si calibration standards company. The difference in objective organic acids of all the 10 local variety samples was done through the Excel 2007 software and the Hierarchical Cluster Analysis(HCA) of organic acid composition among different samples was completed with SPSS20.0.【Results】Six standards for organic acids including malic acid, citric acid, oxalic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid and oleic acid as well as their gradient regression equations showed that there was a high correlation between the standard concentration and their component peak area(R2 ≥ 92.9%). All baselines of the TICs were stable and all the component peaks were evenly distributed during the detecting period and their resolution was high. So the method for extracting by methanol, derivating by methyl ester and detecting by GC-MS was stable and reliable. A total of 43 organic acids including 9 short-chain carboxylic acids, 22 long-chain fatty acids, 4 aromatic dicarboxylic acids, 4 mono-basic phenol acids and 2 amino acids were identified from the 10 fruit samples of different producing areas in China. The top 10 organic acids with the highest contents were dl-malic acid, citric acid, hexadecanoic acid, 9,12-octadecadienoic acid, 9-octadecenoic acid, (+/-)-10-hydroxy-octadecanoic acid, levulinic acid, stearic acid, 9,10-dihydroxy-octadecanoic acid and benzoic acid, respectively. There were 33 common ingredient peaks among the total 10 local varieties and their total contents of organic acids were between 85.02-170.76 mg·g-1. From high to low content, it showed like this: Linyi of Shandong > Jinghong of Yunnan > Zheng’an of Guizhou > Chun’an of Zhejiang > Qijiang of Chongqing> Changyang of Hubei > Xuancheng of Anhui > Yilong of Sichuan > Nanning of Guangxi > Baihe of Shaanxi. The total organic acid content had an extremely significant positive correlation with the long-chain fatty acids, mainly including hexadecanoic acid, 9,12-octadecadienoic acid and 9-octadecenoic acid; a significant positive correlation with the short-chain carboxylic acids, mainly consisting of dl-malic acid and citric acid; a negative correlation with the aromatic carboxylic acids, mainly containing benzoic acid. Analysis of the cluster according to 33 common components showed that all the fruit samples were classified into 4 categories when their clustering distance was 5: Yilong of Sichuan, Xuancheng of An’hui, Baihe of Shaanxi, Nanning of Guangxi, and Changyang of Hubei were clustered into the first group; Qijiang of Chongqing and Chun’an of Zhejiang were clustered into the second branch. Zheng’an of Guizhou and Linyi of Shandong were clustered into the third group, and Jinghong of Yunnan was alone clustered into the fourth group. The Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) coupled with the total organic acid content showed that Zheng’an of Guizhou and Linyi of Shandong belonged to the high-acid varieties, Qijiang of Chongqing and Chun’an of Zhejiang were the middle-acid varieties, and Yilong of Sichuan, Baihe of Shaanxi and Nanning of Guangxi belonged to the low-acid varieties.【Conclusion】Compared with the acid-base titration method and HPLC, GC-MS method not onlywas more stable, sensitive and accurate, but also could realize a qualitative identification of more chemical components. So it was much better to be used in the determination of total organic acid contents in fruits and their derived products. The results showed that there was a small difference among the different local varieties and an obvious difference existed in organic acid compositions and contents among the samples from different producing areas in China. And dl-malic acid and citric acid were the main components in most of C. speciosa fruit samples from 10 producing areas in China. Therefore, it belonged to the fruit type of malic acid accumulating mode. © 2019 Journal of Fruit Science     

Factors Affecting Extraction of Ganoderma lucidumPolysac-charide Using Ultrasound and Ultrasound+Cellulase Methods

Ganoderma lucidumhas been used as atraditional medicine in China for twomillennia,both as a general tonic and forbuilding up bodily resistance to disease[1].Polysaccharides are one of the most i mportantand effective components of theG.lucidumfruit body,and are widely used in medicinesand health foods.Decocting,boiling or steamdistillation are the main methods commonlyused to extract polysaccharide.These methodsare usually ti me-consuming and,becauseextraction efficiencies are low,result in c…     

蝴蝶兰外植体褐变发生与总酚含量、PPO、POD和PAL的关系

 蝴蝶兰外植体在褐变发生前期PPO和POD活力皆升高, 褐变发生后酶活力下降。同工酶谱分析发现, 培养0 d的蝴蝶兰外植体PPO没有酶带出现, 而POD有1条弱带。离体培养2 d POD出现3条酶带, 第4天有新酶带Ⅰ发生, 随后消失, 其余3条带, 随培养天数的延长, 酶带活性渐弱。PPO同工酶谱在培养2 d出现3条酶带, 迁移率为0128的酶带Ⅲ在培养4 d活性较强, 随后3条酶带减弱。总酚含量和PAL活力随外植体褐变增强而逐渐增加, 两者呈现极显著正相关。     

砂梨果肉褐变与酚类物质及相关酶活性的相关分析

【目的】为了探明砂梨褐变的内在机制,为砂梨贮藏与加工过程中品种选择和褐变控制提供理论依据,【方法】以11个砂梨品种的成熟果实为试材,测定总酚与酚类物质组成及含量、GSH含量、PPO、SOD、CAT、PAL、POD酶活性等相关指标。【结果】结果表明,不同品种酶促褐变程度有很大差别,‘新兴’和‘早生黄金’褐变较重,而‘秋黄’和‘丰水’较轻。绿原酸、儿茶素、芦丁和没食子酸是梨果肉中含量较高的酚类物质。总酚含量与果实褐变度相关性最高,绿原酸次之,儿茶素最低。【结论】梨果肉褐变相关酶活性与酚类物质组分及含量对其酶促褐变的影响程度因品种不同而存在差异。梨果肉酶促褐变与总酚和绿原酸含量的相关度高于与酶类的相关度。     

不同品种菊芋总酚含量、PPO活性、POD活性及其与褐变的关系

对5个菊芋品种的总酚含量、PPO活性、POD活性与褐变强度进行了测定。结果表明：不同菊芋品种的总酚含量、PPO活性、POD活性与褐变强度差异显著,其中3个北方品种的各项指标均高于2个南方品种。相关性分析显示,4个外形呈不规则瘤形品种的PPO活性与褐变强度之间呈显著正相关,相关系数r=0.982。褐变主成分分析表明：PPO活性、POD活性和总酚含量这3个变量共同影响菊芋的褐变。     

蝴蝶兰组培中pH和温度对外植体褐化的影响

 以蝴蝶兰R4品种叶片为外植体, 研究不同pH 培养基、培养温度对褐化率、多酚氧化酶( PPO) 活性和总酚含量的影响以及褐化率与PPO、总酚之间的相关性。结果表明: 培养基pH 6.5或培养温度20℃时外植体褐化率最低。在相同温度(25℃) 下, PPO活性、总酚含量高低并不与pH值大小成正比, 且褐化率与PPO无显著相关性, pH 5.0时, 褐化率与总酚含量显著相关; 在相同pH (6.0) 下, 温度越高, 褐化率越高, PPO活性越强, 总酚含量越高, 且20℃下, 褐化率与PPO、总酚含量分别达到极显著、显著相关, 30℃下, 褐化率与总酚含量显著相关。     

山葡萄‘双丰’和‘左优红’叶绿素荧光特性及活性氧代谢与低温伤害的关系

为探明山葡萄叶片低温伤害的生理机制,以抗寒性差异明显的‘双丰’(山葡萄种内杂交种)和‘左优红’(种间杂交种)为试材,对低温处理过程中叶绿素荧光参数和活性氧代谢的相关指标进行测定。结果表明,随低温胁迫加剧,两个品种叶片的叶绿素含量、Chl.a/b、Fv/Fm值均呈显著下降趋势,1–qp值及MDA含量明显增加;整个胁迫过程中NPQ值较稳定的‘双丰’其叶片遭受低温伤害程度较轻,NPQ值一直下降的‘左优红’叶片伤害程度较重,‘双丰’的NPQ值始终显著高于‘左优红’。‘双丰’叶片的SOD和APX活性始终较‘左优红’高。说明低温使山葡萄叶片叶绿素分解,PSⅡ电子传递受阻,激发能增加,造成叶绿体膜脂过氧化损伤;热耗散及抗氧化酶共同作用减轻了活性氧对叶片PSⅡ的伤害程度。由此可见,热耗散NPQ值及活性氧清除酶SOD和APX活性的差异可能是造成两个山葡萄品种叶片低温伤害程度不同的重要原因。     

蝴蝶兰叶外植体发生褐变超微细胞结构和酚类物质分布观察

观察蝴蝶兰叶外植体发生褐变后的细胞亚显微结构发现,细胞膜以及细胞壁扭曲变形甚至断裂,细胞壁降解严重,集聚大量黑色颗粒物质,细胞内出现黑色絮状物质,叶绿体结构破坏。Pauly试剂和亚硝酸钠溶液染色结果表明:褐变外植体存在有较多酚类物质,染色较深。以上结果说明,外植体在褐变过程中,细胞膜完整性被破坏,酚类含量增加促进褐变。     

苹果果实酶促褐变底物及多酚氧化酶活性的研究

 以5个苹果品种为试材，研究了果实的褐变度，绿原酸、儿茶素和表儿茶素含量及多酚氧化酶(PPO)对不同底物的活性。结果表明，‘富士’果实褐变度最高，其次为‘新红星’，‘金冠’最低。3种酚类物质总量新红星和富士最高，金冠最低。儿茶素仅在‘乔纳金’和金冠果实中检测到少量。富士果实绿原酸含量显著高于表儿茶素，新红星和‘王林’表儿茶素含量显著高于绿原酸。以绿原酸为底物，PPO活性新红星最高，其次是富士和金冠，王林最低。以表儿茶素为底物，富士、乔纳金和王林PP0活性显著高于金冠和新红星。以儿茶素为底物，王林PPO活性最高，其次是富士，新红星最低。     

蝴蝶兰褐变外植体的显微结构观察以及褐变成分的初步分析

 对蝴蝶兰褐变外植体进行扫描电镜和显微结构观察, 发现褐变叶片外植体的上表皮已经变形,维管束完全破坏, 被有毒的鞣质填充, 有些薄壁细胞中发现有不明物质沉积。初步分析褐变外植体分泌到培养基中的成分有缩合鞣质。外植体总酚含量和PAL活性随褐变程度加重逐渐增加, 两者呈现显著正相关。     

百合花瓣抗氧化酶系统对干旱胁迫响应的研究

以‘诺宾’（Robina）、‘索蚌’（Sorbonne）、‘西伯利亚’（Siberia）3个云南产量较大的观赏百合品种切花为试验材料,研究了干旱胁迫对花瓣相对含水量、可溶性蛋白和丙二醛含量、抗氧化酶活性和抗氧化酶相关基因表达量的影响,并采用隶属函数法对其抗旱性进行了综合评价。结果表明：随着干旱胁迫增强,花瓣相对含水量和可溶性蛋白含量下降,而代表膜质过氧化程度的丙二醛（MDA）含量持续上升。干旱胁迫下花瓣的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、过氧化物酶（POD）、谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）活性在处理的前期、中期持续上升,后期下降,说明前中期有较高的活性氧（ROS）清除能力,之后抗氧化能力下降;抗氧化酶基因Cu-ZnSOD、MnSOD、CAT、APX和GR的表达先升后降,而Fe-SOD的表达一直下降,POD则一直保持升高的趋势。根据隶属函数平均值大小百合品种抗旱性由强到弱为：‘索蚌’>‘诺宾’>‘西伯利亚’。     

鸭梨果心褐变过程中膜质过氧化及细胞内膜微粘度的变化

采用急降温和缓降温两种方法处理鸭梨果实，并对冷藏中果心褐变指数、保护酶活性、膜质过氧化水平和细胞内膜微粘度进行测定。结果表明：急降温处理的果实约３０天果心出现褐变症状，６０天后褐变指数达到１００％，而缓降温处理的果实在贮藏中无褐变产生。在６０天的贮藏过程中，急降温处理的果实果心组织的超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）、过氧化物酶（ＰＯＤ）、过氧化氢酶（ＣＡＴ）活性均呈下降趋势，丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）水平和细胞内膜微粘度则显著升高。缓降温果实果心组织中ＳＯＤ、ＰＯＤ活性呈上升趋势，ＣＡＴ活性虽呈下降趋势，但下降水平明显低于急降温处理。ＭＤＡ水平及细胞内膜微粘度的上升率明显低于急降温处理组。实验结果说明：急降温处理导致果心细胞膜质过氧化作用加剧，同时造成细胞内膜流动性下降，从而造成细胞膜系统组分及功能发生变化，导致细胞中区域化分布被打破，造成果实组织褐变。