2012年山东鸡传染性支气管炎病毒分离株遗传进化和免疫保护分析

从2012年山东省发病商品鸡群中分离鉴定了9株鸡传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV),并对其S1基因进行了序列测定和分析。遗传进化分析发现,9个IBV流行株和国内外参考毒株可分成4个基因型。其中8个IBV流行株属于以QX为代表的基因I型,而SDIB781/2012与其他8个流行株遗传距离较远,属于基因IV型。为明确现有弱毒活疫苗对IBV流行株的免疫保护效力,分别用491、2886、MA5和H120弱毒疫苗免疫3日龄SPF鸡,14d后用流行株SDIB821/2012进行攻毒。根据攻毒后试验鸡发病死亡情况,491免疫组保护率为90%;与对照组相比,2886、MA5和H120免疫组几乎没有保护效力。但是攻毒后3、5和7d各免疫组和对照组试验鸡气管、肺和肾脏组织病毒检出率没有明显差异,表明4种IB疫苗均不能有效抵抗病毒在试验鸡气管、肺脏和肾脏组织内复制。     

鸡传染性支气管炎弱毒疫苗株安全性和免疫效力初步评价

通过对QX基因型IBV分离株SDZB0808进行鸡胚连续100次传代致弱后获得子代病毒P100。为了明确P100的的致弱效果和免疫原性,对其进行了安全性和免疫效力评价。安全性试验结果显示,P100以105.5 EID50/只的剂量对3日龄的SPF鸡进行免疫后试验,与正常对照组相比没有明显临床症状和病理变化,气管和肾脏组织也没有病理组织损伤。免疫效力试验结果发现,P100以104.5 EID50/只的剂量免疫3日龄SPF鸡,14d后对同源强毒SDZB0808和异源强毒SDIB821/2012的攻击都具有100%的临床保护,病理组织学检查发现P100免疫攻毒组试验鸡气管和肾脏与正常对照没有差异,排毒检测结果显示P100免疫攻毒组试验鸡内脏组织病毒检出率大大低于攻毒对照组。本研究结果表明P100对SPF鸡具有良好的安全性和免疫效力,可以作为IBV弱毒疫苗候选株。     

鸡传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV)H120疫苗株S1基因的克隆与序列测定

根据国外已发表的鸡传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV)S1基因序列设计了一对引物,通过RT-PCR特异性扩增出IBV H120疫苗株的S1基因,产物大小为1.62 kb,与设计相符.同源性比较结果显示,H120株与H52、M41和BEAU株的S1基因核苷酸序列的同源性分别为97.1 %、96.9 %和96.8 %,表明IBV H120疫苗株与标准毒株的S1基因具有高度的同源性.     

传染性支气管炎病毒分离株的生物学特性鉴定及其遗传变异分析

通过鸡胚矮小试验、鸡胚气管环组织培养试验、干扰新城疫病毒复制试验和动物回归试验,将2006-2007年在江苏省分离的7株鸡传染性支气管炎病毒（IBV）鉴定为嗜肾型毒株。采用RT-PCR扩增IBV分离株的S1基因,并进行克隆和序列分析。结果显示7个IBV分离株S1基因的核苷酸同源性为94．6％-99．4％,处于同一个群,分别属于3个亚群。这些毒株与大多数国内近年分离株的同源性较高,而与Massachusetts、T、4／91和793B血清型毒株（包括H120和H52疫苗毒株）的同源性较低。IBV流行毒株和疫苗毒株的差异是造成免疫鸡群发生传染性支气管炎的重要原因。     

一株鸡传染性支气管炎病毒的鉴定及S1基因序列分析

将分离到的一株疑似鸡传染性支气管炎病毒接种SPF鸡胚增殖,通过致鸡胚矮小化试验、红细胞凝集试验、对新城疫病毒增殖干扰试验、动物回归试验及RT-PCR分子鉴定,结果证实该病毒为鸡传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV)。应用MEGA5分析软件,与Gen Bank上IBV常见疫苗株、流行毒株和部分参考株进行序列比对,其S1基因序列与近年来我国流行毒株同源性较高,为95%~99%,与传统疫苗株H120、H52、M41和W93同源性较低,仅为77%~79%。     

7株鸡传染性支气管炎变异流行病毒的分离鉴定

为了解2018年生产鸡群中鸡传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV)遗传变异情况,对分离自山东、四川的7株IBV的S1基因进行了克隆、序列测定和分析。结果表明,QX型是目前山东省鸡群中IBV流行的主要基因型;而四川分离株与QX基因型中的BJY株同源性最高,核苷酸同源性为86.6%,氨基酸同源性为85.2%;且7株分离株与常用疫苗株H120、H52、M41、W93、491等同源性普遍较低,变异较大,可能原因是在长期使用活疫苗免疫的背景下,这种免疫选择压造成了生产现场野毒株的主要基因变异。此分子流行病学调查显示的结果对指导临床防疫有一定的参考价值。     

传染性支气管炎DN-1分离株S1基因的克隆与序列分析

根据已发表的鸡传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV)S1基因序列设计了1对引物,通过RT-PCR特异性扩增出DN-1株的S1基因,产物为1.7 kb,与设计相符.同源性比较结果显示,DN-1株与H52、H120株的S1基因核苷酸序列的同源性分别为99.7%、99.2%,表明IBV DN-1分离株与疫苗株的S1基因具有高度的同源性.     

鸡传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV)H120疫苗株S1基因的克隆与序列测定

根据国外已发表的鸡传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV)S1基因序列设计了一对引物，通过：RT-PCR特异性扩增出IBV H120疫苗株的S1基因，产物大小为1．62kb，与设计相符。同源性比较结果显示，H120株与H52、M41和BEAU株的S1基因核苷酸序列的同源性分别为97．1％、96．9％和96．8％，表明IBV H120疫苗株与标准毒株的S1基因具有高度的同源性。     

1株鸡传染性支气管炎病毒变异株的分子特征和抗原性分析

从山东省发病商品鸡群分离鉴定了1株鸡传染性支气管炎病毒,命名为CK/CH/SD09/005.S1基因序列分析发现,该株和同期分离的16个IBV流行株与疫苗株H120和491同源性分别为65.2％和66.0％.BLAST发现,CK/CH/SD09/005株仅与GenBank中3个广东分离株同源性较高(98.6％～98.8％),并形成独立的进化群.分别以H120和491为参考株,除了广泛的点突变,CK/CH/SD09/005 S1基因在多个位点发生了插入和缺失,CK/CH/SD09/005 N基因仅发生了点突变,没有基因插入和缺失；M基因除了发生点突变之外,分别在16～18和7～18位发生了碱基插入.鸡胚中和试验结果显示,CK/CH/SD09/005与H120和491均有交叉中和性,抗原相关性分别为0.18和0.09,应属于Mass和793/B之外新的血清型.结果表明,IBV S1基因可同时通过点突变、插入和缺失产生变异株,增加了免疫预防的难度.     

2006-2008年山东鸡传染性支气管炎病毒分离株S1与N基因的分子特征

为了调查2006-2008年山东省鸡传染性支气管炎的分子流行病学特征,应用RT-PCR方法分别扩增了14株传染性支气管炎病毒地方毒株S1基因和N基因,并进行了基因克隆与测序工作.对此14株病毒的S1基因序列利用限制性内切酶HaeⅢ进行了限制性片段长度多态性(RFLP)分析,结果显示可以将IBV毒株分为3种不同的基因型.其中11个毒株与LX4毒株有相同的RFLP分型,2株病毒属于Mass基因型,1个毒株有特异的RFLP分型.并将这些分离毒株与11个参考毒株分别进行了基因与氨基酸系统进化树关系分析.S1基因分析结果显示将这些毒株分成3个基因型,与RFLP分析的分型结果一致.11株病毒同属于LX4类型的毒株,分离毒株核苷酸序列相互之间有95.4%～99.7%的同源性.基因Ⅱ型与疫苗株H120和M41的同源性很高.属于基因Ⅲ型的1个毒株形成了独特的基因型.N基因分析结果表明:12株病毒与LX4属于同一基因型,有着较高的同源性.另2株病毒与疫苗株H120同源性很高.以上分析结果表明:山东省IBV分离株存在较为广泛的基因突变、插入和缺失,同时,IBV毒株间的基因重组也可能是山东省IBV变异株产生的另一主要原因.     

Evaluation of the antigen relatedness and efficacy of a single vaccination with different infectious bronchitis virus strains against a challenge with Malaysian variant and QX-like IBV strains

BackgroundThe predominant infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) strains detected in chickens in Malaysia are the Malaysian variant (MV) and QX-like, which are associated with respiratory distress, nephropathy, and high mortality. On the other hand, the antigenic relatedness and efficacy of IBV vaccines against these 2 field IBV strains are not well characterized.ObjectivesThis study aimed to determine the antigen relatedness and efficacy of different IB vaccine strains against a challenge with MV and QX-like strains.MethodsThe antigen relatedness and the ability of different IB vaccine strains in conferring protection against MV and QX-like were assessed based on the clinical signs, macroscopic lesions, and ciliary activity.ResultsThe MV strain IBS037A/2014 showed minor antigenic subtype differences with the vaccine virus Mass H120 and 4/91 strains but showed major antigenic subtype differences with the K2 strain. The Malaysian QX-like strain IBS130/2015 showed major antigenic subtype differences with the MV strain IBS037A/2014 and the vaccine strains except for K2. Chickens vaccinated once with Mass (H120) or with non-Mass (4/91 and K2) developed antibody responses with the highest antibody titer detected in the groups vaccinated with H120 and 4/91. The mean ciliary activities of the vaccinated chickens were between 56 to 59% and 48 to 52% in chickens challenged with IBS037A/2014 and IBS130/2015, respectively. The vaccinated and challenged birds showed mild to severe lesions in the lungs and kidneys.ConclusionsDespite the minor antigenic subtype differences, a single inoculation with Mass or non-Mass vaccines could not protect against the MV IBS037A/2014 and QX-like IBS130/2015.     

Production and immunogenicity of chimeric virus-like particles containing the spike glycoprotein of infectious bronchitis virus

Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) poses a severe threat to the poultry industry and causes heavy economic losses worldwide. Vaccination is the most effective method of preventing infection and controlling the spread of IBV, but currently available inactivated and attenuated virus vaccines have some disadvantages. We developed a chimeric virus-like particle (VLP)-based candidate vaccine for IBV protection. The chimeric VLP was composed of matrix 1 protein from avian influenza H5N1 virus and a fusion protein neuraminidase (NA)/spike 1 (S1) that was generated by fusing IBV S1 protein to the cytoplasmic and transmembrane domains of NA protein of avian influenza H5N1 virus. The chimeric VLPs elicited significantly higher S1-specific antibody responses in intramuscularly immunized mice and chickens than inactivated IBV viruses. Furthermore, the chimeric VLPs induced significantly higher neutralization antibody levels than inactivated H120 virus in SPF chickens. Finally, the chimeric VLPs induced significantly higher IL-4 production in mice. These results demonstrate that chimeric VLPs have the potential for use in vaccines against IBV infection.     

Protection afforded infectious bronchitis virus-vaccinated sentinel chickens raised in a commercial environment

The protective efficacy of three infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) vaccines for sentinel chickens raised with commercial Delmarva broiler chickens was evaluated during winter 1987. Specific-pathogen-free leghorn sentinel chickens were vaccinated with Massachusetts (Mass) alone, Mass and JMK, or Mass and Arkansas (Ark) combination live vaccines, or they remained unvaccinated. Four weeks post-vaccination, sentinels were placed on broiler farms at weekly intervals for 3 weeks corresponding to weeks 4, 5, and 6 of the broiler growing cycle. Vaccine efficacy was evaluated based on IBV reisolation attempts from tracheal swabbings following a 1-week field exposure period. Sentinel chickens vaccinated with Mass and Ark combination vaccine were best protected against IBV field challenge. Only four IBV isolations were made out of a 3-week total of 36 attempts, for an 11% isolation rate. IBV vaccines containing either Mass alone or Mass and JMK offered much lower levels of protection.     

Oral vaccination of chickens against Newcastle disease with V4 vaccine delivered on processed rice grains

An international effort (sponsored by the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research) is being made to develop oral vaccines that will protect village chickens against Newcastle disease. The vaccines being used are derivatives of the avirulent Australian V4 strain that have been selected for enhanced heat resistance. The present study, undertaken in Sri Lanka, used local processed (parboiled) rice as a vehicle for the vaccine. Chickens receiving two doses of vaccine on cooked, parboiled rice were completely protected against contact challenge with the virulent SL 88/1 Sri Lankan strain of Newcastle disease virus Chickens kept in contact with these vaccinated chickens were similarly protected. Lower levels of protection were achieved with vaccine given on uncooked parboiled rice. V4 vaccine administered intranasally also gave complete protection. Serums from vaccinated chickens that survived challenge were tested for haemagglutination-inhibition antibodies, using both vaccine virus and challenge virus as antigens. Titres were higher against vaccine virus.     

Efficacy of live virus vaccines against infectious laryngotracheitis assessed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism

The efficacy of four different commercial live vaccines (vaccines A, B, C, and D) against the infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) was assessed in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens. SPF chickens were vaccinated intraocularly at 6 wk old with ILTV live vaccines and were challenged intratracheally with the N91B01 strain of virulent Korean ILTV 2 wk after vaccination. The immunity against ILTV live vaccines was assessed by the incidence of latent infection by the challenge virus in the chickens' tracheas and trigeminal ganglia, the reisolation rate of the challenge virus, and the clinical signs in the chickens challenged with the N91B01 strain of ILTV. The latent infection in chickens was assessed by nested polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Our data showed that the clinical signs and challenge virus isolation were negative in all chickens receiving four difference commercial ILTV live vaccines. The viral DNA of the vaccine strain, but not that of the challenge virus, was detected in chickens vaccinated with vaccine A by nested PCR-RFLP. The viral DNAs of both the vaccine and challenge strains were detected from chickens vaccinated with vaccines B, C, and D. This study showed that only vaccine A can protect chickens from latent infection with the field virulent ILTV. We speculate that the efficacy of infectious laryngotracheitis live vaccines to protect chickens from latent infection with virulent ILTVs can be assessed by nested PCR-RFLP analysis.     

Protection of chickens after live and inactivated virus vaccination against challenge with nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus PA/Wolgemuth/98

Protection provided by live and inactivated virus vaccination against challenge with the virulent nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus (NIBV) strain PA/Wolgemuth/98 was assessed. Vaccinations with combinations of live attenuated strains Massachusetts (Mass) + Connecticut (Conn) or Mass + Arkansas (Ark) were given by eyedrop to 2-wk-old specific-pathogen-free leghorn chickens. After live infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) vaccination, some chickens at 6 wk of age received an injection of either an oil emulsion vaccine containing inactivated IBV strains Mass + Ark or an autogenous vaccine prepared from NIBV PA/Wolgemuth/98. Challenge with PA/Wolgemuth/98 was given via eyedrop at 10 wk of age. Serum IBV enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay antibody geometric mean titers (GMTs) after vaccination with the combinations of live attenuated strains were low, ranging from 184 to 1,354, prior to NIBV challenge at 10 wk of age. Both inactivated vaccines induced an anamnestic response of similar magnitudes with serum GMTs of 6,232-12,241. Assessment of protection following NIBV challenge was based on several criteria virus reisolation from trachea and kidney and renal microscopic pathology and IBV-specific antigen immunohistochemistry (IHC). Live attenuated virus vaccination alone with combinations of strains Mass + Conn or Mass + Ark did not protect the respiratory tract and kidney of chickens after PA/Wolgemuth/98 challenge. Chickens given a live combination vaccination of Mass + Conn and boosted with an inactivated Mass + Ark vaccine were also susceptible to NIBV challenge on the basis of virus isolation from trachea and kidney butshowed protection on the basis of renal microscopic pathology and IHC. Live IBV-primed chickens vaccinated with an autogenous inactivated PA/Wolgemuth/98 vaccine had the highest protection against homologous virulent NIBV challenge on the basis of virus isolation.     

Immunogenicity and efficacy of a bivalent vaccine against infectious bronchitis virus

Infectious bronchitis (IB) is a highly contagious viral disease and is responsible for considerable economic losses in the poultry industry, worldwide. To mitigate the IB-associated losses, multiple vaccines are being applied in the sector with variable successes and thus necessitating the development of a potent vaccine to protect against the IB in the poultry. In the present study, we investigated a bivalent live attenuated vaccine consisting of IB virus (IBV) strain H120 (GI-1 lineage) and D274 (GI-12 lineage) to evaluate its protection against heterologous variant of IBV (GI-23 lineage) in chicken. Protection efficacy was evaluated based on the serology, clinical signs, survival rates, tracheal and kidney histopathology and the viral shedding. Results demonstrated that administering live H120 and D274 (named here Classivar®) vaccine in one day-old and 14 days-old provided 100 % protection. We observed a significant increase in the mean antibody titers, reduced virus shedding, and ameliorated histopathology lesions compared to routinely used vaccination regimes. These results revealed that usage of different IBV vaccines combination can successfully ameliorate the clinical outcome and pathology in vaccinated chicks especially after booster vaccination regime using Classivar®. In conclusions, our data indicate that Classivar® vaccine is safe in chicks and may serve as an effective vaccine against the threat posed by commonly circulating IBV strains in the poultry industry.     

Infectious bronchitis virus nucleoprotein specific CTL response is generated prior to serum IgG

Infectious bronchitis (IB) is an acute and highly contagious viral respiratory disease of chickens. To understand the kinetics and relationships between the humoral (Ab) and antigen specific T cell immunity as well as pathological changes during infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) infection and immunization, one-week-old SPF chickens were vaccinated with live IBV H52 strain and challenged with IBV M41 15 days post primary infection. Chickens were sacrificed every 3 days to monitor antigen specific serum IgG and IBV nucleoprotein-specific immune responses using a chicken MHC I tetramer developed in our laboratory. The results demonstrated that T cell responses developed more rapidly than the humoral (Ab) immune response after vaccination with H52. However, serum IgG dramatically increased after M41 challenge. Chickens from the control, non-vaccinated group developed severe respiratory symptoms and demonstrated significant pathological changes in lung, kidney and bursa of Fabricius post challenge with M41. However, chickens vaccinated with H52 did not demonstrate clinical signs or histological changes post challenge with M41. These results indicated that the live IBV H52 inoculation effectively protected chickens from morbidity and pathological changes associated with IBV infection. These data facilitates the design of a new generation of IBV vaccine.     

Immunogenicity of infectious bursal disease viruses in chickens.

Cross-protective properties of infectious bursal disease viruses (IBDVs) were studied. Viruses represented different subtypes of serotype 1, including recently isolated viruses (variants), and a serotype 2 virus. Chickens were vaccinated at 3 weeks of age with inactivated vaccines containing 10(5), 10(6), 10(7), or 10(8) mean tissue-culture infectious dose of a given virus and challenged 2 weeks later using either 10(2) or 10(3.5) mean embryo infectious dose (EID50) of either a standard virus or a variant serotype 1 virus. Protection was evaluated at 5 and 10 days post-challenge, based on gross and microscopic lesions, body weight, and bursa/body-weight ratios. The serotype 2 virus did not confer protection on birds challenged with the serotype 1 viruses. Vaccines made of variant viruses at the low doses protected chickens challenged with the high or low doses of either the standard or the variant viruses. Vaccines made of the standard or variant strains at low doses protected against high or low challenge doses of the standard strain. Vaccines made of the high dose of any of the standard strains protected chickens against the variant virus when the low challenge dose (10(2) EID50) was used, but not when the high challenge dose (10(3.5) EID50) was used. The lowest dose of the standard viruses vaccines required to confer protection against the variant virus varied depending on the strain. Results indicated that protection depended on the strain and dose of both the vaccine and challenge viruses and that the variant strains and standard strains share a common protective antigen(s).