等离子体辅助玉米醇溶蛋白电诱导沉积成膜的工艺优化

天然玉米醇溶蛋白（Zein）具有良好成膜特性,但其在成膜过程中蛋白无序排列导致膜结构不稳定,限制了实际应用。该研究基于玉米醇溶蛋白的电荷特性,将玉米醇溶蛋白置于平行匀强电场下,诱导蛋白有序自组装排列并沉积成膜,且在诱导液中引入低温等离子体预处理以提高诱导效率。分别探究了玉米醇溶蛋白浓度、溶液pH值以及电流密度对蛋白沉积率的影响,并通过Box-Behnken优化试验获得了最佳沉积工艺为Zein浓度139.5 mg/mL,Zein溶液pH 值为8.17,电流密度14.3 A/m2,在优化条件下,玉米醇溶蛋白的沉积率可达1.120 mg/cm2,显著高于未经等离子体处理的沉积率0.483 mg/cm2,表明等离子体辅助可有效提高电诱导中玉米醇溶蛋白的沉积率。扫描电子显微镜图像显示采用等离子体辅助电诱导制备的沉积膜表面更平整、光滑。傅里叶红外光谱分析表明,电诱导可使玉米醇溶蛋白二级结构中β-转角和无规则卷曲结构向β-折叠及α-螺旋结构转化。研究结果为电诱导玉米醇溶蛋白成膜技术提供参考,有利于拓展低温等离子体在蛋白质领域的应用。     

糖基化改性玉米醇溶蛋白膜的性能及硬胶囊体外释放分析

为了探究改性对玉米醇溶蛋白膜的性能影响,明确制备硬胶囊后的体外释放规律。该研究采用葡萄糖对玉米醇溶蛋白进行湿法糖基化改性,对糖基化改性产物的机械性能、阻湿性、阻氧性、阻油性和肠溶性进行研究。结果表明,改性后玉米醇溶蛋白膜的抗拉强度为34.06 MPa,相比未改性zein膜4.67 MPa有明显提高(P0.05);改性后玉米醇溶蛋白的吸水率在24 h达到最大,为84.98%;zein-glu膜的过氧化值为0.43 g/100 g,较zein膜的过氧化值0.49 g/100 g低;zein-glu膜的水蒸气透过率在达到平稳时降至7.89×10~(-8) g·m/(m~2·d·Pa);zein-glu膜的透油系数为0,阻油性与市售保鲜膜相当;胶囊释放以罗丹明B作为胶囊填充内容物,结果表明由zein-glu制备的胶囊具有肠溶性,模拟体外释放的拟合数学模型决定系数R~2为0.800,该模型通过卡方检验、相关系数检验和t统计量的显著性检验。研究结果可为玉米醇溶蛋白的改性、成膜机制和肠溶性释放提供理论参考。     

辉光放电低温等离子体改性大豆分离蛋白可食膜工艺优化

为制备具有良好性能的可食膜,该文采用大豆分离蛋白(soy protein isolate,SPI)为成膜基材,利用辉光放电等离子体作用对可食膜进行改性,并研究等离子体处理时间、丙三醇质量浓度、pH值对可食膜水蒸气透过系数(water vapor permeability,WVP)、氧气透过率(oxygen permeability,OP)抗拉强度(tensile strength,TS)、断裂伸长率(elongation,E)的影响。利用响应面法对工艺参数进行优化,得到各因素对可食膜性能影响的大小依次为pH值丙三醇质量浓度等离子体处理时间。试验结果表明:丙三醇质量浓度为0.02 g/mL、等离子体处理时间为11.31 min、pH值为11,可食膜性能综合得分S为0.90。此时可食膜的断裂伸长率为273.77%、抗张强度为3.46 MPa、水蒸气透过系数为1.81×10~(-12) g/(cm·s·Pa)、氧气透过率为1.43×10~(-5) cm~3/(m~2·d·Pa)。通过原子力显微镜和接触角测量仪对可食膜表面进行观察,结果表明:经低温等离子体处理的可食膜表面物理结构发生改变,粗糙度增加,水接触角变小,有效提高大豆分离蛋白膜的机械性能和表面润湿性。     

等离子体辅助玉米醇溶蛋白自组装纤维化的工艺

植物蛋白纤维由于其独特的结构和极高的纵横比可作为良好的疏水性生物活性物质的递送载体。为了提高玉米醇溶蛋白在酸热诱导下的纤维化程度,该研究采用低温等离子体技术辅助完成玉米醇溶蛋白自组装纤维化,探究诱导过程中各因素对玉米醇溶蛋白纤维化程度的影响机制,并通过单因素和响应面试验获得最优纤维化工艺。硫黄素T（ThT）荧光强度结果显示,采用等离子体辅助酸热诱导可以有效提高玉米醇溶蛋白的纤维化程度。通过单因素和响应面优化试验获得了制备纤维化玉米醇溶蛋白的优化工艺为等离子体处理功率64 W,处理时间61 s,加热时间为10 h,加热温度70 ℃,蛋白质量浓度30 mg/mL。在此条件下纤维化玉米醇溶蛋白ThT荧光强度可达2 272±23,显著高于未经等离子体处理的纤维化玉米醇溶蛋白（1 239±19）（P＜0.05）。对傅里叶变换红外光谱中酰胺I 区结果分析表明,等离子体处理使玉米醇溶白中β-折叠结构增加,α-螺旋结构减少。透射电子显微镜观察到玉米醇溶蛋白经过纤维化后颗粒粒径明显下降,其纤维结构是由球状蛋白颗粒沿水平方向线性聚集而成,采用等离子体辅助可诱导形成更多的玉米醇溶蛋白纤维体结构。研究结果为疏水性植物蛋白实现高效自组装纤维化提供参考。     

丁香酚对高粱醇溶蛋白可食性膜结构及性能的影响

为开发天然的可降解、可食性包装材料,以高粱醇溶蛋白为原料,采用溶液共混的方法制备可食性丁香酚/高粱醇溶蛋白复合膜,分析不同浓度丁香酚对可食性高粱醇溶蛋白膜物理性能及微观结构的影响并探讨其变化机理。结果表明,添加4%丁香酚可优化蛋白膜的机械性能,提升膜的拉伸强度(TS)和断裂伸长率(EAB);添加丁香酚不影响蛋白膜的水蒸气透过系数(WVP),但略微提高了蛋白膜的溶解度;添加4%丁香酚可增加蛋白膜对紫外光和可见光的吸光度值,即增强膜的光阻隔性能。DSC测量显示,添加丁香酚后降低了高粱醇溶蛋白的玻璃态转变温度(Tg),表明丁香酚提高了丁香酚/高粱醇溶蛋白复合膜的延展性;FTIR分析结果表明,添加丁香酚后使得高粱醇溶蛋白二级结构中的α-螺旋、无规则卷曲转变为β-折叠、β-转角,表明丁香酚有助于提高丁香酚/高粱醇溶蛋白复合膜的机械性能;SEM结果显示,4%丁香酚与高粱醇溶蛋白的相容性良好,制备的复合膜截面光滑紧致。本研究结果为可降解、可食性膜新材料的研究及应用推广提供了理论参考。     

超声波微波协同改性乳清蛋白/壳聚糖可食膜工艺优化

为研究新型高性能可食膜及制备方法采用浓缩乳清蛋白(whey protein concentrate,WPC)和壳聚糖(chitosan,CS)为成膜基材,制备出可食膜,利用超声波微波协同作用对可食膜进行改性,试验结果表明超声波微波协同改性后的可食膜具有较低透气性;并研究成膜材料配比、山梨醇质量浓度、pH值和超声波微波协同作用时间对可食膜水蒸气透过系数(water vapor permeability,WVP)、氧气透过率(oxygen permeability,OP)抗拉强度(tensile strength,TS)、断裂伸长率(elongation,E)和透光率(transmittance,T)的影响。试验结果表明成膜材料配比WPC∶CS=5.8∶6.2、山梨醇质量浓度0.021 g/mL、pH值5.13、超声波微波协同作用5 min时,此时制备的可食膜透气性较低,且具有较好的物理性质,水蒸气透过系数为1.22×10-13 g/(cm·s·Pa),氧气透过率为1.29×10-5 cm3/(m2·d·Pa)。该文研究成果可为可食膜的研发提供新的参考。     

疏水增强型淀粉/PVA生物降解膜的性能

以烷基烯酮二聚体为疏水化组分,环氧改性聚酰胺为增强交联组分制备了疏水增强型淀粉/聚乙烯醇膜。动态接触角和吸水率测试表明,烷基烯酮二聚体能大幅度提高膜的疏水性能,较佳的烷基烯酮二聚体含量为3.30%,疏水增强型淀粉/聚乙烯醇膜接触角可达90°,吸水率低至15.44%。环氧改性聚酰胺能明显改善膜的拉伸强度,但环氧改性聚酰胺含量过高对断裂伸长率不利。X-射线衍射表明烷基烯酮二聚体的内增塑作用和环氧改性聚酰胺的交联特性可增加膜的相容性。生物降解测试显示,疏水增强型淀粉/聚乙烯醇膜具有一定的生物降解性,但环氧改性聚酰胺使膜的生物降解性能下降。     

葵花籽壳纳米纤维素/壳聚糖/大豆分离蛋白可食膜制备工艺优化

为了研究具有良好性能的可食膜及其制备方法,该文以大豆分离蛋白(soy protein isolate,SPI)为成膜基材,向其中添加葵花籽壳纳米纤维素(nano-crystalline cellulose,NCC)和壳聚糖(chitosan,CS)制备得到共混可食膜。通过研究成膜材料配比、pH值和丙三醇质量浓度对可食膜抗拉强度(tensile strength,TS)、断裂伸长率(elongarion,E)、水蒸气透过系数(water vapor permeability,WVP)和氧气透过率(oxygen permeability,OP)的影响,以可食膜综合性能为响应值,各因素为自变量,利用响应面法对工艺参数进行优化,并建立了二次多项式回归模型,通过对模型的分析得到各因素对可食膜性能综合分影响的大小顺序为pH值成膜材料配比丙三醇质量浓度。结果表明:成膜材料质量比NCC:CS:SPI为1.25:0.75:2,pH值为3.59,丙三醇质量浓度为0.02 g/m L时,可食膜性能(抗拉强度、断裂伸长率、水蒸气透过系数和氧气透过率)的综合分达到最高为0.63。红外和扫描电镜结果表明成膜材料间具有良好的相容性。研究结果可为可食膜的生产应用提供参考。     

超高压处理玉米醇溶蛋白的流变性和热特性分析

为了阐明超高压处理对玉米醇溶蛋白流变行为和热性能的影响及其作用规律,采用旋转黏度计测定了不同温度条件下超高压处理玉米醇溶蛋白溶液的流变特性参数,应用幂定律拟合了剪切应力(τ)与剪切速率(γ)的关系曲线,建立了黏度(η)和温度(T)的数学模型;利用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)测定了超高压处理前后玉米醇溶蛋白的结晶温度(Tc)、熔融温度(Tm)、结晶焓(ΔHm),并利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对其进行了表征。结果表明,超高压处理后玉米醇溶蛋白溶液逐渐偏离牛顿流体,具有假塑性流体特性。随着压力增大,黏度呈现先增加后减小再增加的趋势,当压力为400MPa时,黏度达到最高;随着温度升高,黏度开始下降,当温度为40℃时,黏度降到最低;而随着剪切速率的增大,黏度随之下降,但当剪切速率接近100s-1时,黏度变化不明显。超高压处理后玉米醇溶蛋白粉的熔融温度升高,结晶焓减小,DSC热特性曲线变性峰(Tm-Tc)有变宽的趋势。SEM显示超高压处理后部分玉米醇溶蛋白颗粒凝聚成环状或者链状结构。     

高压脉冲电场对大豆分离蛋白功能性质的影响

该文研究了高压脉冲电场对大豆分离蛋白功能性质的影响。结果表明：随着脉冲强度和脉冲处理时间的延长，大豆分离蛋白的溶解度、乳化性、起泡性及疏水性都增加。当脉冲强度或处理时间大于35 kV/cm或432 μs(溶解度)、30 kV/cm或144 μs(乳化性)、35 kV/cm或432 μs(起泡性)及30 kV/cm或288 μs(疏水性)时，由于蛋白质分子变性程度增加，分子发生聚集，功能性质反而下降。     

Properties of zein films coated with drying oils

Zein films prepared by resin were coated with either flax oil or tung oil and cured by UV- or gamma-radiation. Coated zein films were then evaluated for tensile and water barrier properties. Film microstructure was examined by transmitted light microscope. Tensile strength, elongation, and toughness of oil-coated samples increased substantially with respect to uncoated films. Flax oil coated samples showed an increase in elongation of 300%. It was suggested that oil coatings fill in pinholes and cracks existing in zein films, affecting their mechanical properties. Water vapor permeability also decreased statistically for coated film (except for tung oil coated-UV treated films), suggesting water vapor transfer was controlled by film hydrophobicity and microstructure. Moreover, the liquid water transmission rate of coated films was at least 10 times slower than for control films. Examination of film microstructure revealed that flax oil coatings had uniform coverage and smooth finish, which explained their high elongation, low water vapor permeability. Tung oil coatings cured under UV light showed patterns of intertwined dark and light regions, which may be caused by cross-linking and drying at different times. The oriented structures were found when tung oil coatings were cured by gamma-radiation.     

Development of highly ordered nanofillers in zein nanocomposites for improved tensile and barrier properties

It has been a long-lasting challenge to prepare highly ordered biopolymer nanocomposites to optimize or tune the desired mechanical and barrier properties of the nanocomposite film. In this study, we developed a simple and cost-effective method to synthesize highly ordered zein nanocomposites. The method involved the synthesis of magnetic iron oxide (Fe(3)O(4)) nanofiller and the preparation of a highly ordered structure by in situ nanofiller reorientation under an external magnetic field. The successful preparation of Fe(3)O(4) magnetic nanoplatelets together with exfoliated and highly ordered zein resin nanocomposites was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and a vibrating sample magnetometer. As a result, in comparison to zein resin film, the exfoliated zein nanocomposites (Fe-Zein) showed dramatic improvement on mechanical and barrier properties. The tensile strength, elongation, and Young's modulus of Fe-Zein were increased by 218, 48, and 264%, respectively, while the water vapor and oxygen permeability decreased by 68 and 29%. More importantly, the highly ordered zein nanocomposites (Fe-Zein-Mag) showed additional improvement on the mechanical and gas barrier properties. In comparison to Fe-Zein, the tensile strength and elongation of Fe-Zein-Mag were increased by 10 and 48%, respectively, and a 30% decrease in Young's Modulus was observed, indicating the Fe-Zein-Mag film was more elastic. Besides, the water vapor and oxygen permeability of Fe-Zein-Mag were also decreased by an additional 48 and 17%, respectively.     

Water Vapor Barrier Properties of Zein Films Plasticized with Oleic Acid

Water sorption, water vapor permeability, and tensile properties were evaluated for zein films plasticized with oleic acid. The effect of relative humidity on water vapor permeability and tensile properties of films was investigated. Samples were produced by two different methods: casting from a zein solution and stretching from a zein-fatty acid resin. Films were also coated with linseed oil. Results indicated that preparation method affected water sorption and permeability of zein films. Resin films showed lower water sorption than cast films, especially at high A_w values. Water vapor permeability was also lower for resin films. Coating with linseed oil further improved water vapor barrier ability of resin films. Permeability was affected by environmental relative humidity; higher relative humidity resulted in increased permeability. Environmental relative humidity also affected tensile properties of resin films. Toughness and elongation were improved when relative humidity increased from 50 to 85% rh. Tensile strength showed a maximum at 75% rh. Coating improved elongation and toughness of films. Maximum elongation and toughness were observed for coated samples at 85% rh. Zein resin films showed good tensile and water barrier properties that were maintained through environmental humidity levels from 50 to 98% rh.     

Effects of lamination and coating with drying oils on tensile and barrier properties of zein films.

Zein films plasticized with oleic acid have been considered potentially useful for biodegradable packaging applications. However, moisture was found to affect their tensile and gas barrier properties. We investigated the effects of two converting processes, fusion lamination and coating with drying oils, on tensile properties and gas permeability of zein films. Zein films were laminated to 4-ply sheets in a Carver press and coated with tung oil, linseed oil, or a mixture of tung and soybean oils. Tensile properties and permeability to water vapor, oxygen, and carbon dioxide were measured according to ASTM methods. Laminated films were clearer, tougher, and more flexible, and had a smoother finish than nontreated sheets. Lamination decreased O(2) and CO(2) permeability by filling in voids and pinholes in the film structure. Coating increased tensile strength and elongation and decreased water vapor permeability. Coatings acted as a composite layer preventing crack propagation and increasing film strength. They also formed a highly hydrophobic surface that prevented film wetting.     

Development and characterization of biodegradable films made from wheat gluten protein fractions

Gliadins and glutenins were extracted from commercial wheat gluten on the basis of their extractability in ethanol and used to produce film-forming solutions. Films cast using these gliadin- and glutenin-rich solutions were characterized. Glycerol was used as a plasticizer, and its effect on the films was also studied. Films obtained from the glutenin fraction presented higher tensile strength values and lower elongation at break and water vapor permeability values than gliadin films. Gliadin films disintegrated when immersed in water. The GAB isotherm model was used to describe the equilibrium moisture sorption of the films. The glycerol concentration largely modified mechanical and water vapor barrier properties of both film types.     

Reducing the brittleness of zein films through chemical modification

Zein protein is a major coproduct of biofuel from corn. To reduce the brittleness of zein films, a new type of zein-based biomaterial, was synthesized by chemical modification of zein with lauryl chloride through an acylation reaction. The final products were confirmed by (1)H NMR, FT-IR analysis, and SDS-PAGE. Thermal analysis detected no microphase separation in the synthesized polymer matrix. As the content of lauryl moiety increased, the glass transition temperatures of modified zein decreased by as large as 25.8 °C due to the plasticization effect of the lauryl moiety. In addition, mechanical and surface properties of cast films from acylated zein were also investigated. The elongation at break of modified zein sheet was increased by about 7-fold at the high modification level with some loss of mechanical strength. The surfaces of modified zein films were as uniform as unmodified zein film but more hydrophobic, further suggesting that no microphase separation happened during the film formation process. This work indicated the potential of these new biomaterials in the development of biodegradable food packaging materials and delivery systems.     

Development and characterization of films based on chemically cross-linked gliadins

The aim of the present work has been to study the possibility of obtaining modified gliadin films with improved water resistance and mechanical properties by means of promoting intermolecular covalent bonds between polypeptide chains. Prior to casting films, formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, and glyoxal were used to cross-link proteins at concentrations ranging from 1% to 4% (grams per 100 g of protein). Mechanical properties (tensile strength and elongation at break), water vapor permeability, moisture sorption isotherms, and optical properties of the films produced were evaluated as a function of the cross-linker used. Experimental results showed that some properties of gliadin films were considerably modified. Cross-linking improved the water resistance of films, avoiding their disintegration. Their water barrier properties were also enhanced, but their moisture sorption properties remained unchanged. Formaldehyde imparted greater mechanical strength to films than glutaraldehyde or glyoxal, increasing tensile strength values 10-fold. Addition of the cross-linkers at concentrations in excess of 2.5% did not further improve the mechanical or barrier properties. However, modification with glutaraldehyde or glyoxal imparted an increasingly yellowish tint to the films.     

天然花青素提取物与壳聚糖明胶复合膜的制备和表征

为了开发天然的抗氧化活性包装材料,以紫甘蓝、黑米、玫瑰、蓝莓为原料制备天然花青素提取物与壳聚糖明胶的复合膜,比较分析了不同天然花青素提取物对复合膜的物理、机械、抗氧化活性及形貌结构的影响。结果表明：天然花青素提取物的加入,增加了膜的厚度,显著（P<0.05）影响膜的含水率、水溶性及外观形貌。壳聚糖明胶复合膜的水蒸汽透过率（water vapor permeability,WVP）为10.69×10-11 g/(m·s·Pa)。玫瑰花青素提取物的加入使得WVP值降低,而其他花青素提取物的加入使得WVP值增大。玫瑰复合膜的拉伸强度最大,达到27.03 MPa,断裂伸长率最小,黑米花青素提取物可增加复合膜的延展性,断裂伸长率最大为57.67%。傅里叶红外光谱表明天然花青素提取物的羟基基团与壳聚糖的氨基基团产生相互作用。扫描电镜结果表明花青素提取物影响微观结构,而且生物相容性较好。加入天然花青素提取物后,复合膜抗氧化活性均显著（P<0.05）提高,且玫瑰复合膜有着较高的抗氧化活性,1,1-二苯基-2-苦基肼（DPPH）自由基清除能力达到95.47%。结果表明：玫瑰花青素提取物更有利于开发阻湿性能好,水溶性低,抗拉伸和抗氧化活性高的包装材料,具有良好的应用前景。