Induction of antibodies in mice by a recombinant baculovirus expressing pseudorabies virus glycoprotein B in mammalian cells.

The glycoprotein gB of pseudorabies virus (PrV) was expressed in various mammalian cells by a recombinant baculovirus carrying the PrV gB gene under the control of the CAG promoter. When the recombinant baculovirus was inoculated into the stable porcine kidney cell line CPK, expression of PrV gB was detected by immunofluorescent antibody analysis and a 155 kDa of protein, which has the same molecular mass as the native PrV gB, was detected by Western blotting. High levels of expression of PrV gB were observed in BHK-21, HmLu-1 and SK-H cell lines. Furthermore, anti-PrV gB-specific antibodies against PrV gB protein were detected by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in mice inoculated the recombinant baculovirus. The recombinant baculovirus containing the PrV glycoprotein gB gene under the CAG promoter could be a candidate for a pseudorabies vaccine.     

Characteristics of glycoprotein B of equine herpesvirus 1 expressed by a recombinant baculovirus.

A recombinant baculovirus (Bac-EgB) containing the complete open reading frame of equine herpesvirus 1 glycoprotein B (EHV-1 gB) expressed recombinant products of 107-133 kDa, 58-75 kDa and 53-57 kDa, corresponding to EHV-1 gB precursor, large and small subunits respectively. High molecular mass products (>200 kDa) in the Bac-EgB infected insect cells were consistent with oligomerisation of the recombinant EHV-1 gB products, and analysis with tunicamycin and endoglycosidases indicated that the baculovirus-expressed gB contained N-linked sugars with high mannose and hybrid chains. N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis of the gB forms revealed identical signal and endoproteolytic cleavage sites to those of gB in EHV-1 infected mammalian cells, and authenticity of processing and transport was supported by the presence of EHV-1 gB antigen at the surface of infected insect cells. Immunogold labelling and electron microscopy of recombinant baculovirus particles indicated that the recombinant gB was also present in baculovirus envelopes. Bac-EgB infected insect cells were able to induce low levels of complement dependent virus neutralising antibody, and have been shown to evoke protective immune responses in murine models of respiratory disease and abortion.     

传染性喉气管炎病毒王岗株糖蛋白gB基因在重组杆状病毒中的表达

将克隆到pUC119中的传染性喉气管炎病毒（ILTV）糖蛋白gB基因，通过EcoRI位点克隆至杆状态病毒转移载体pVL1393中，构建成重组杆状病毒转移载体rpVLgB，将rpVLgB转移载体质粒与杆状态病毒DNA（Bac-N-Blue DNA)共转染Sf9昆虫细胞，经3轮蚀斑纯化，获得重组病毒并命名为rpVL－ILTVgB。PCR方法鉴定证明gB基因正确插入到杆状病毒基因组中，直接免疫荧光试验和Dot－ELISA结果均表明gB基因在重组杆状病毒感染的Sf9昆虫细胞保获得表达，表达的gB蛋白将作为鸡传染性喉气管炎的亚单位疫苗和诊断抗原。     

Canine herpesvirus 47 kD and mutated 41 kD glycoproteins are responsible for hemagglutination

Monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) were used to identify the hemagglutinin of canine herpesvirus (CHV). The inhibition of viral hemagglutination (HA) activity was observed with MoAbs against 41 kD glycoprotein, while no hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) activity was observed with those against 145/112 kD and 80 kD glycoproteins, suggesting that the 41 kD glycoprotein is the hemagglutinin of plaque-selected virus of CHV YP11 strain used as immunogen for MoAb production. All of the HI MoAbs also showed HI activities against HA antigens which were prepared from cells infected with other CHV strains, namely, F-205 V and Glasgow CHV2 reference strains, eight Japanese isolates, and the original YP11 strain. However, on immunoblotting analysis, a 47 kD protein band was detected in these strains by the HI MoAbs. These data suggest that the 47 kD glycoprotein is the common molecule of the hemagglutinin among CHV strains and the plaque-selected virus of YP11 strain appears to be a mutant whose molecular weight of the hemagglutinin changed into 41 kD.     

Protein display by bovine herpesvirus type 1 glycoprotein B

Glycoprotein B (gB) of bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1), a major component of the viral envelope, is essential for membrane fusion during entry and cell-to-cell spread. It is cleaved in the trans-Golgi network by the proprotein convertase furin. Integration of the open reading frame (ORF) encoding a mutated gB with a second furin cleavage site and mature boIFN-α as intervening peptide between the amino-terminal (NH₂) and carboxy-terminal (COOH) gB subunits yielded recombinant BHV-1/gB2FuIFN-α which, unexpectedly, express gB with an enlarged NH₂-subunit of 90 kDa. Here we show that boIFN-α-specific antibodies bind to the 90 kDa gB subunit and efficiently neutralize BHV-1/gB2FuIN-α infectivity. We also show that inactivated BHV-1/gB2FuIN-α virions induce an antiviral state in cells incubated with UV-inactivated particles. These results demonstrate that the 90 kDa protein is a NH₂-subunit/boIFN-α fusion protein whose boIFN-α domain is biologically active. To verify that BHV-1 gB is suitable for the display of (glyco)proteins on the surface of virions we constructed BHV-1 recombinants expressing within gB the first 273 amino acids of the NH₂-subunit (HA1) of avian influenza haemagglutinin, either flanked by two furin cleavage sites or with only one cleavage site between a gB/NH₂_HA1 fusion protein and the COOH subunit. The resulting recombinant BHV-1/gB2FuHA1 expressed gB from which 55 kDa HA1 was excised and secreted. In contrast, gB from BHV-1/gB_NH₂HA1 infected cells retained HA1 as fusion protein with the NH₂-subunit. Immunoblotting and neutralization analyses revealed that HA1 is incorporated into the envelope BHV-1/gB/NH₂_HA1 particles and exposed to the exterior of virions. Thus, this novel approach enables display of polypeptides and (glyco)proteins of at least 273 amino acids on viral particles which is of particular interest for development of novel diagnostics and vaccines as well as for, e.g. gene therapy applications especially when biologically active ligands need to be presented.     

禽马立克氏病毒糖蛋白B基因在家蚕中的表达

将马克克氏病毒（Marek'sdiseasevirus，MDV）糖蛋白B（gB）基因克隆入转移载体pBac－PAK8中，得到重组转移载体质粒pBacPAK（gB）。经限制性酶切图谱结合Southernblot分析鉴定表明，gB基因以正确方向插入转移载体，受多角体蛋白基因启动子控制。将此转移载体与经CvnI酶切线性化的亲本病毒Bm－BacPAK6DNA通过脂质体法共转梁家蚕细胞，只有发生重组的病毒才有复制增殖的能力。然后通过蓝白斑筛选、结合点杂交，纯化得到重组的空斑病毒vBM，用该重组病毒接种家蚕5龄幼虫，对表达产物进行SDS－PAGE分析，检测到gB基因在家蚕中高效表达，表达产物的分子量主要为97KD，表达量约为1mg／mL血淋巴。     

Investigation of pseudorabies virus latency in nervous tissues of seropositive pigs exposed to field strain

The prevalence and quantity of latent pseudorabies virus (PrV) in nervous tissues of pigs exposed to field strain in Korea was investigated by nested and real-time PCR. Nervous tissues including trigeminal ganglion (TG), olfactory bulb (OB), and brain stem (BS) were collected from 94 seropositive pigs. PrV latent infection in nervous tissues was initially investigated by nested PCR targeting three glycoprotein genes (gB, gE, and gG). Based on the obtained result, latent infection was detected in 95.7% of screened animals. Furthermore, it was revealed that the examined tissues harbored different copy numbers of latent PrV genome ranging from <10(2.0) to 10(7.1) copies per microgram of genomic DNA in real-time PCR analysis. These results show that under normal conditions, levels of latent PrV in the nervous tissues of pigs can vary across a wide range. Therefore, the data presented here provides information regarding control of the endemic state of PrV in Korea.     

Bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) recombinant expressing pseudorabies virus (PrV) glycoproteins B and C induces type 1 immune response in BALB/c mice

Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) attached poorly and penetrated into a mouse cell line, BALB 3T3/A31, but a recombinant BHV-1/TF7-6, which expresses pseudorabies virus (PrV) gB and gC genes, did attach and penetrated into cells more efficiently. In this study the gene green fluorescent protein (GFP) has been integrated into genome of BHV-1/TF7-6 and its parental line of BHV-1. When the mouse mesenteries were incubated in vitro and infected with BHV-1/TF7-6/GFP, strong fluorescence was observed while BHV-1/GFP infection hardly demonstrated fluorescence, suggesting that BHV-1 recombinant expressing PrV gB and gC can infect mouse tissue cells more efficiently than the parental BHV-1 does. When BALB/c mice were inoculated with purified BHV-1/TF7-6 or its parental BHV-1, the former induced lower level of anti-BHV-1 immunoglobulin G (IgG) than the latter did. When sub-classes of anti-BHV-1 IgG were analyzed, it was found that mice immunized with BHV-1/TF7-6 or the parental BHV-1 demonstrated the same level of IgG2a. Since anti-BHV-1 IgG1 level was lower in mice inoculated with BHV-1/TF7-6, the IgG2a:IgG1 ratio was higher in BHV-1/TF7-6 inoculated mice than in the parental BHV-1 inoculated ones. These results indicate that BHV-1/TF7-6 induces type 1 predominant immune to BALB/c mice.     

Mutations in the US2 and glycoprotein B genes of the equine herpesvirus 1 vaccine strain RacH have no effects on its attenuation]

The equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) modified live vaccine strain RacH is apathogenic for both laboratory animals and the natural host. The apathogenicity of RacH was caused by serial passages of the virus in heterologous cells. When compared to the virulent parental strain RacL11 several changes in the RacH genome occurred. Previous results have shown that the loss of the IR6 gene correlated with the loss of virulence. Additional important mutations were observed within the US2 gene which is directly adjacent to the IR6 gene and within the glycoprotein B (gB) gene. To answer the question whether these mutations contribute to the attenuation of RacH several recombinant EHV-1 were constructed: The mutated genes in RacH were replaced by the wild-type US2 gene or the wild-type gB gene, respectively. In addition, a RacL11 recombinant expressing the mutated (RacH) gB instead of the wild-type gene was generated. All recombinant viruses were tested for virulence using the EHV-1 mouse model. The results were as follows: i) The insertion of the RacL11 US2 gene into the RacH virus did not restore virulence and none of the infected mice showed typical signs of EHV-1-caused disease (symptoms and body weight loss). ii) Exchanging gB genes between RacL11 and RacH did not alter their virulence phenotypes remarkably either. Therefore, it is concluded that attenuation of the EHV-1 vaccine strain RacH is caused solely by the absence of the IR6 gene and protein.     

Immunogenic properties of a bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) recombinant expressing major pseudorabies virus (PrV) glycoproteins in combination

A recombinant bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1), designated BHV-1/TF17-1, which expresses pseudorabies virus (PrV) glycoproteins gB, gC, gD, gE and gI in combination was constructed. To test the protective immunity, 10 mice were inoculated with BHV-1/TF17-1 and three weeks later 10 mice were intraperitoneally (i.p.) challenged with 20 LD50 virulent PrV (YS-81). BHV-1/TF17-1 protected all the mice from the PrV lethal challenge while all the control mice died in around 3 days. Mice vaccinated with BHV-1/TF17-1 acquired high PrV-neutralizing antibody titers and demonstrated strong delayed type hypersensitivity responses and moderate in vitro lymphocyte proliferative responses to PrV antigen. Since the major PrV glycoproteins were integrated into virions (probably into viral envelope), BHV-1/17-1 was neutralized with anti-PrV antiserum. However, the susceptibility of BHV-1/TF17-1 to anti-PrV antiserum is 2- to 4-fold lower than that of PrV vaccine lines. Our results demonstrated the possibility of BHV-1/17-1 as a vaccine to protect piglets from Audjesky's disease where maternal antibodies against PrV interfere attenuated live PrV vaccines.     

伪狂犬病病毒(PrV)糖蛋白gE基因在重组杆状病毒中的表达

应用ＰＣＲ方法扩增出１．８Ｋｂ的伪狂犬病毒糖蛋白ｇＥ基因,克隆到ｐＵＣ１１９中形成重组质粒ｐＲＺＥ。经测序鉴定后再将ｇＥ基因定向亚克隆到杆状病毒转移载体ｐＶＬ１３９２中,形成重组质粒ｐＶＬｇＥ。将ｐＶＬｇＥ与杆状病毒线性ＤＮＡ（ＢＡＣ－Ｎ－Ｂｌｕｅ ＤＮＡ）共转染Ｓｆ９昆虫细胞,经三轮蚀斑纯化,获得重组病毒ｒｐＶＬｇＥ。通过ＰＣＲ方法鉴定证明ｇＥ基因正确插入到杆状病毒基因组中,直接免疫荧光试验和Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ Ｂｌｏｔ结果表明ｇＥ基因在重组杆状病毒感染的Ｓｆ９昆虫细胞中获得高效表达。表达的ｇＥ蛋白将作为伪狂犬病强毒的ｇＥ基因缺失弱毒疫苗鉴别诊断ＥＬＩＳＡ方法的抗原,为进一步扑灭伪狂犬病发挥重要作用。     

Restriction endonuclease analysis of canine herpesviruses isolated in Japan

Eighteen canine herpesvirus (CHV) isolates from Japan and two reference strains were compared by restriction endonuclease analysis technique using total DNA extracts from cells infected with the viruses. In order to select the suitable restriction endonucleases for differentiation of CHV isolates, ten enzymes were used and three of them, HindIII, XbaI, and PvuII, were found to be useful for strain differentiation. With these enzymes, CHV isolates from unrelated individuals were readily differentiated from each other. In contrast, all the isolates derived from the same litter were not distinguishable on the basis of restriction cleavage patterns. However, slight mobility shifts were observed among the isolates from the same litter or the same individual. The results showed that this method provides a powerful tool for epidemiological surveys of CHV infection.     

A virus vector based on Canine Herpesvirus for vaccine applications in canids

Canine Herpesvirus (CHV) is being developed as a virus vector for the vaccination of European red foxes. However, initial studies using recombinant CHV vaccines in foxes revealed viral attenuation and lack of antibody response to inserted foreign antigens. These findings were attributed both to inactivation of the thymidine kinase (TK) gene and excess foreign genetic material in the recombinant viral genome. In this study, we report an improved CHV-bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) vector system designed to overcome attenuation in foxes. A non-essential region was identified in the CHV genome as an alternative insertion site for foreign genes. Replacement of a guanine/cytosine (GC)-rich intergenic region between UL21 and UL22 of CHV with a marker gene did not change growth behaviour in vitro, showing that this region is not essential for virus growth in cell culture. We subsequently produced a CHV-BAC vector with an intact TK gene in which the bacterial genes and the antigen expression cassette were inserted into this GC-rich locus. Unlike earlier constructs, the new CHV-BAC allowed self-excision of the bacterial genes via homologous recombination after transfection of BACs into cell culture. The BAC-CHV system was used to produce a recombinant virus that constitutively expressed porcine zona pellucida subunit C protein between the UL21 and UL22 genes of CHV. Complete self-excision of the bacterial genes from CHV was achieved within one round of replication whilst retaining antigen gene expression.     

猪伪狂犬病毒囊膜糖蛋白gB主要抗原表位区基因的克隆及原核表达

参照GenBank发表的猪伪狂犬病毒囊膜糖蛋白gB主要抗原表位的编码区基因序列,设计一对引物,通过PCR扩增后,将约为600bp的目的片段克隆到pGEM-T载体上,酶切后插入原核表达载体pET-32(a)的T7启动子下游,构建的重组质粒pET-gB经IPTG诱导,在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中获得了高效表达。SDS-PAGE结果显示,表达产物分子量约为42.4KDa,主要以包涵体形式存在。BandScan分析表明,表达量约占菌体蛋白的60.5%。利用His亲和层析方法得到了纯化的表达产物。Western blotting结果显示,重组蛋白能与阳性血清发生特异性反应,具有较好的抗原反应原性,可以作为检测用抗原。     

Expression of late viral proteins is restricted in nasal mucosal leucocytes but not in epithelial cells during early-stage equine herpes virus-1 infection

Equine herpes virus (EHV)-1 replicates in the epithelial cells of the upper respiratory tract and reaches the lamina propria and bloodstream in infected mononuclear cells. This study evaluated expression of the late viral proteins gB, gC, gD and gM in respiratory epithelial and mononuclear cells using: (1) epithelial-like rabbit kidney cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells infected with EHV-1 in vitro; (2) an equine ex vivo nasal explant system; and (3) nasal mucosa tissue of ponies infected in vivo. The viral proteins were expressed in all late-infected epithelial cells, whereas expression was not observed in infected leucocytes where proteins gB and gM were expressed in 60-90%, and proteins gC and gD in only 20% of infected cells, respectively. The results indicate that expression of these viral proteins during early-stage EHV-1 infection is highly dependent on the cell type infected.     

马疱疹病毒1型gB糖蛋白线性B细胞表位的预测与鉴定

试验旨在应用生物信息学技术综合分析马疱疹病毒1型（equine herpesvirus 1,EHV-1） gB糖蛋白,预测B细胞表位,筛选出具有潜在诊断价值的线性B细胞表位。将EHV-1 gB糖蛋白的基因序列输入DNAStar软件中的Protean工作区中,经参数综合比较分析筛选潜在的B细胞表位,克隆、表达预测表位的基因片段,利用表达的融合蛋白作为抗原与马疱疹病毒阳性血清反应。经预测分析,gB糖蛋白的B细胞表位可能位于第6-10、23-32、53-65、72-98、111-120、152-166和173-180位氨基酸区域。本试验成功构建并原核表达含7个潜在B细胞表位的融合蛋白。Western blotting试验结果显示,其中5个融合蛋白能被马疱疹病毒阳性血清识别。本试验利用生物信息学技术结合分子生物学技术成功筛选到5个潜在的B细胞表位,为EHV-1表位诊断、表位疫苗抗原的设计奠定了技术基础。     

Prediction and Identification of Linear B-cell Epitopes in gB Glycoprotein of Equine Herpesvirus Type 1

The study was aimed to predict B cell epitopes in gB glycoprotein of equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) with bioinformatics, and select epitopes which had potential diagnostic value. The DNA fragments of gB glycoprotein were predicted by protean of DNAStar software. Screening potential B cell epitopes after parameter comparison, the target B cell epitopes were selected, cloned and expressed. The expressed fusion proteins serviced as an antigen were used to react with equine herpesvirus positive serum to screen and identify antigenic epitopes. The results showed that according to predictive and analysis, the areas of amino acid from 6 to 10, 23 to 32, 53 to 65, 72 to 98, 111 to 120, 152 to 166, 173 to 180 might be gB glycoprotein B cell epitopes. Seven epitopes were successfully cloned into a prokaryotic expression vector, and confirmed by DNA sequencing. After expression and purification, Western blotting was performed to detect the antigen, which could be recognized by equine herpesvirus positive sera. Bioinformatics technology and molecular biology techniques were used to successfully screen five potential B cell epitopes, which provided the foundation for the diagnosis of EHV-1 and design of the epitope vaccine.     

Potency of an experimental DNA vaccine against Aujeszky's disease in pigs

Intradermal vaccination with plasmid DNA encoding envelope glycoprotein C (gC) of pseudorabies virus (PrV) conferred protection of pigs against Aujeszky's disease when challenged with strain 75V19, but proved to be inadequate for protection against the highly virulent strain NIA-3. To improve the performance of the DNA vaccine, animals were vaccinated intradermally with a combination of plasmids expressing PrV glycoproteins gB, gC, gD, or gE under control of the major immediate-early promotor/enhancer of human cytomegalovirus. 12.5 microg per plasmid were used per immunization of 5-week old piglets which were injected three times at biweekly intervals. Five out of six animals survived a lethal challenge with strain NIA-3 without exhibiting central nervous signs, whereas all the control animals succumbed to the disease. This result shows the increased protection afforded by administration of the plasmid mixture over vaccination with a gC expressing plasmid alone. A comparative trial was performed using commercially available inactivated and modified-live vaccines and a mixture of plasmids expressing gB, gC, and gD. gE was omitted to conform with current eradication strategies based on gE-deleted vaccines. All six animals vaccinated with the live vaccine survived the lethal NIA-3 challenge without showing severe clinical signs. In contrast, five of six animals immunized with the inactivated vaccine died, as did two non-vaccinated controls. In this test, three of six animals vaccinated with the DNA vaccine survived without severe clinical signs, whereas three succumbed to the disease. Comparing weight reduction and virus excretion, the DNA vaccine also ranged between the inactivated and modified-live vaccines. Thus, administration of DNA constructs expressing different PrV glycoproteins was superior to an adjuvanted inactivated vaccine but less effective than an attenuated live vaccine in protection of pigs against PrV infection. Our data suggest a potential use of DNA vaccination in circumstances which do not allow administration of live attenuated vaccines.     

Serodiagnosis of canine herpesvirus infection--development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and its comparison with two improved methods of serum neutralization test

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the diagnosis of canine herpesvirus (CHV) infection using antigen prepared by solubilizing infected cells was developed. The ELISA and two improved methods of serum neutralization test, the microplate serum neutralization test (MSNT) with complement and the 50% plaque reduction (PR) assay with complement, were compared for the results of antibody detection from a total of 557 field canine sera. Of 529 sample sera that were negative in the MSNT with complement, 119 were ELISA positive, and this result together with time course of serum antibody detection in a dog experimentally infected with CHV strongly suggested that the MSNT with complement is less sensitive for the detection of antibody in CHV infected dogs, especially those in early stages of infection. A correlation was found between the titers measured by the ELISA and 50% PR assay with complement, however, for field use, the ELISA is recommended as a highly sensitive test method of serodiagnosis of CHV infection adequate for dealing with a large number of samples with less demand on time and effort.     

Immunogenic and antigenic properties of recombinant soluble glycoprotein of rabies virus

Rabies virus glycoprotein is a type I transmembrane protein exposed on the surface on the mature virus particle that induces virus neutralizing antibodies. In the present study, 60 amino acid C-terminal hydrophobic anchor (transmembrane) and cytoplasmic domains of glycoprotein were deleted from full-length glycoprotein and fused with polyhistidine tag. The N-terminal viral signal peptide was also replaced with CD33 signal peptide for efficient secretion in mammalian cells. Following transfection of Madin Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells with plasmid encoding this soluble form of glycoprotein, polyclonal populations of stably transfected resistant cells were obtained after G418 selection. The protein was expressed as a glycosylated protein and secreted outside the cells utilizing N-terminal CD33 signal peptide. The secreted soluble glycoprotein was purified from cell culture supernatant by Ni--agarose affinity chromatography utilizing C-terminal polyhistidine tag. Like full-length glycoprotein, the expressed recombinant soluble glycoprotein was found to be immunogenic when injected in rabbits. In this study, we have assessed the potential of recombinant soluble glycoprotein as diagnostic antigen in ELISA and found that this recombinant protein can be used as diagnostic antigen in ELISA for detecting anti-glycoprotein antibodies in immunized host.