牛种布氏菌自然感染与19号苗免疫之间的血清学鉴别诊断

在间接酶联免疫吸附试验（ｉＥＬＩＳＡ）中，用牛种氏菌自然感染血清与布氏菌１９号苗免疫血清同时滴定强毒牛种布氏菌酶解抗原（ＰＫ抗原），选取最佳鉴别诊断抗原浓度建立了牛种布氏菌自然感染与１９号苗免疫血清学鉴别诊断方法，用该方法与常规抗原浓度ｉＥＬＩＳＡ补体结合试验（ＣＦＴ），试管凝集反应（ＳＡＴ）对６０份采自６头１９号苗免疫不同时期血清，１７５头份分离出牛种布氏菌牛血清进行了比较试验，证实本研究建立的     

布鲁氏菌病三种检测方法的敏感性研究

本试验采用三种布鲁氏菌病检测方法对3种阳性血清进行检测,研究三种方法的敏感性,结果表明:3种方法的敏感性均较高,敏感性从高到低依次为布鲁氏杆菌抗体快速检测卡布氏菌抗体检测试纸条布氏菌病虎红平板凝集试验。     

应用斑点酶联免疫试验快速检测绵羊布氏菌病

将斑点酶联免疫吸附试验(Dot-ELISA)用于检测Br.ovis感染并和常规ELISA、R-SAT、R-co-omb’s进行比较。结果在150份血清标本中:Dot-ELISA为65.3%;ELISA64.0%;R-SAT38.6%;R-coomb’s52.7%。并用50份S型布氏菌阳性血清和8份TB阳性血清进行了Dot-ELISA试验,结果全部阴性,未发生交叉反应。3次重复试验结果一致。结果证明本方法敏感性高,特异性强,操作简便快速易于基层推广使用。     

耶尔辛结肠炎9型菌与流产布氏菌感染动物之间区分的血清学试验

耶尔辛结肠炎菌在室温培养时产生与流产布氏菌交叉反应的O抗元和种特异性H抗元,这些特异和交叉反应抗元被免疫电泳所证实,它可能区分感染流产布氏菌的牛和感染耶尔辛结肠炎的牛,即用布氏菌与耶氏菌H凝集素在血清中的滴度作比较。而琼胶沉     

牛布氏杆菌病热酚法脂多糖抗原酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)的研究

采用世界动物卫生组织(OIE)推荐的热酚法提取的脂多糖(LPS)作为抗原，建立了牛布氏杆菌病的ELISA方法，对45份血清进行检测，证明本ELISA方法灵敏性较高，经阻断试验和交叉试验，证明特异性较好。同时对建立的ELISA方法进行了改进，使制备的牛布氏杆菌ELISA试验试剂盒能在4℃条件下长期保存，具有良好的稳定性和重复性。     

应用单克隆抗体探针检测IBDV病毒抗原

应用单克隆抗体２Ｅ６和２Ｇ１０对传染性法氏囊病病毒（ＩＢＤＶ）Ｐ３００９株作免疫斑点试验，检测细胞培养物法氏囊组织和脾组织中的ＩＢＤＶ抗原。这两株单克隆抗体探针测定病毒抗原的界限为４８ｎｇ。应用这两株探针检测出５株血清Ⅰ型和１株血清Ⅱ型的病毒，结果显示具有显著的特异性。这两种探针与来自７株其他非相关禽病病毒抗原不发生交叉反应。探针检测ＩＢＤＶ抗原，在接种后两天即可从小鸡囊和脾脏组织中检测到。用这两     

细胞壁抗原用于布氏杆菌病诊断试验的研究

用培养的布氏杆菌菌体，通过超声波裂解、反复离心制备出布氏杆菌细胞壁抗原。将细胞壁抗原作1：128稀释，用作牛种布氏杆菌酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA)的抗原；将布氏杆菌细胞壁抗原作1：32稀释，用作平板凝集试验抗原；把细胞壁抗原作1：16稀释用作试管凝集试验抗原，分别建立了牛布氏杆菌ELISA试验、平板凝集试验和试管凝集试验。用这3种方法，检测已知200份平板凝集试验阴性血清，5份平板凝集试验阳性血清。结果5份阳性血清在平板凝集试验、试管凝集试验和ELISA试验中均为阳性；200份阴性血清在平板凝集试验和试管凝集试验中均为阴性，在ELISA试验中有1份为阳性?试验证明，细胞壁抗原，既能用于传统的平板凝集试验和试管凝集试验，又能用于ELISA试验。     

补体结合酶联免疫吸附试验方法的建立

为改进免疫学诊断技术的准确性,研究了一种基于补体结合的免疫学检测新技术———补体结合酶联免疫吸附试验（CF-ELISA）。CF-ELISA技术采用酶标记抗菊糖纯化豚鼠补体C3抗体及其酶显色系统作为补体参与反应的指示系统,用ELISA方法进行补体结合试验。经对布氏菌病抗体检测的初步试验结果显示,CF-ELISA技术可检测到0.01 IU的布氏菌病抗体,灵敏度与间接酶联免疫吸附试验（iELISA）相当,是虎红平板凝集试验（RBPT）试管凝集试验（SAT）的5 000倍、补体结合试验（CFT）的10 000倍。对349份确诊布氏菌病感染群牛、羊血清的检测结果显示,CF-ELISAi、ELISA、CFT、SAT、RBPT的阳性率分别为35.82%3、6.39%、31.81%、30.09%、36.1%,CF-ELISA与iELISA、CFT、SAT、RBPT的阳性符合率分别为：98.4%、88.8%、80.0%、90.6%。CF-ELISAi、ELISA、CFT、SAT、RBPT对490份布氏菌病阴性群牛、羊血清的阴性率分别为100%、99.6%、100%、99.4%、99.8%,CF-ELISA与iELISA、CFT、SAT、RBPT的阴性符合率分别为：99.6%1、00%、99.4%、99.8%。研究表明,CF-ELISA是具有高特异性和高敏感性的布氏菌病免疫学检测技术。     

牛支原体间接ELISA检测方法的建立

以牛支原体(Mycoplasma bovis)全菌蛋白经超声波裂解后的裂解物作为包被用抗原,建立检测牛支原体血清抗体的间接ELISA方法。通过棋盘滴定法确定抗原最适包被浓度、待检血清最佳稀释度,同时对抗原的包被方式、封闭剂和封闭时间、酶标二抗最佳工作浓度、一抗和二抗最佳作用时间、血清稀释液、底物显色时间进行优化。用该方法测定10份阴性血清的OD450值计算出阴性临界值,并对牛布氏杆菌病、牛病毒性腹泻黏膜病抗血清进行检测。结果:抗原最适包被浓度为200μg/mL,待检血清最佳稀释度为1∶100,阴性临界值为0.327。用该方法检测牛布氏杆菌病、牛病毒性腹泻黏膜病抗血清均无交叉反应,表明该间接ELISA具有很好的特异性。     

我国部分地区犬布氏杆菌感染流行病学调查

为了了解我国部分省市犬感染布氏杆菌的情况。用血清样品用虎红平板凝集试验(RBT)和OIE标准间接酶标试验(i-ELISA)初筛,初筛阳性样品用试管凝集试验(SAT)复核,对SAT判定为阳性血清所对应的脾脏或新鲜全血进行布氏杆菌分离与培养。结果显示,4 750份犬血清中60份为阳性(29份检测到粗糙型布氏杆菌抗体:牧区2份、农区4份、城区23份;31份检测到光滑型布氏杆菌抗体:牧区19份、农区2份、城区10份),个体阳性率为1.26%(牧区6.69%,农区1.53%,城区0.84%);3份脾脏和1份新鲜全血经接种培养后,从1份全血中分离到1株菌,经AMOS-PCR方法鉴定为犬布氏杆菌。试验结果表明,调查的部分省市均有犬感染布氏杆菌,牧区个体阳性率最高、农区居中、城区最低,且存在粗糙型和光滑型布氏杆菌混合感染的现象。     

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies against Escherichia coli: association between indirect hemagglutination test and survival

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was modified for detection of antibodies against the two main pathogenic serotypes of Escherichia coli: serotypes O78:K80 and O2:K1. The ELISA was a more sensitive and repeatable test than the indirect hemagglutination test (IHT), which is a common method for detecting antibodies against E. coli. Cross-reactivity between the two strains was measured by reacting antisera of each serotype against homologous and heterologous antigens. The results suggest that aside from similar determinants expressed by the two serotypes, serotype O2:K1 expresses more strain-specific determinants than does O78:K80. Comparison of mean antibody titers of immunized chicks by IHT and ELISA along the primary response revealed that during the first 15 days after immunization with inactivated E. coli, the titers in both tests were parallel. After 15 days post-immunization, antibody titers measured by IHT decreased rapidly, whereas titers measured by ELISA decreased only slightly. In addition, a higher correlation was found between titers detected by ELISA and survival through challenge with E. coli than between titers detected with IHT and survival through challenge. The results suggest that the ELISA is a better test for detection of antibody in flocks suspected of being infected with E. coli.     

Chemiluminescent immunoassay in comparison with the indirect ELISA as reference method for detecting Salmonella antibodies in swine meat juice

The efficiency of chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA) in detecting Salmonella antibodies in the meat juice of slaughter swine was compared with the indirect ELISA (BgVV method). Based on the screening test results of 987 meat juice samples obtained from different laboratories in Germany, a good level of agreement between the two systems was obtained with a kappa value of 0.824 at 20% cut-off and 0.798 at 40% cut-off. At 20% and 40% cut-off levels, a sensitivity of 96.2% and 97.3%, respectively, and a specificity of 94.6% and 95.1%, respectively, were demonstrated between CLIA and ELISA. The detecting LPS antigen was tested for specificity and a cross-reaction with two E. coli and Yersinia strains was found when tested with ELISA. This reaction was not observed in CLIA, possibly because of the broader measurement spectrum of this test which allows a more distinctive definition of immunologic reactions. The same explanation can be given for the increased number of meat juice samples which were positively detected only in ELISA but not in CLIA. The positively classified samples in screening were further tested for reciprocal titers in both test systems, and a higher correlation between screening and titration results was obtained for CLIA. Towards the end of the study, a preliminary comparison of CLIA with two available commercial ELISA test kits was conducted and the same tendency was observed, namely, wider detection range of CLIA compared to the other tests. Based on the results of this study, CLIA can be used as a reference method in detecting Salmonella antibodies in the meat juice of slaughter pigs.     

Comparison of a newly developed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with complement fixation and neutralisation tests for serology of bovine respiratory syncytial virus infections

An indirect double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for the detection and titration of serum antibodies to bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV). The ELISA was compared with a complement fixation (CF) test and a test for virus neutralising antibody in serum (virus neutralisation [VN] test). Testing sera collected in dairy herds revealed the closest correlation between the results of the ELISA and the CF test with respect to BRSV antibody titres. The VN test detected BRSV antibodies in a higher percentage of acute phase sera compared to the other two tests in field samples and in early bleedings of experimentally infected calves. However, the VN test was less effective in making a diagnosis of BRSV infections on the basis of a significant titre increase in paired sera. For this purpose the ELISA was found to be the most sensitive test.     

Comparison of the Q-fever complement fixation test and two commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for the detection of serum antibodies against Coxiella burnetii (Q-fever) in ruminants: Recommendations for use of serological tests on imported animals in New Zealand

Abstract

AIM: To make valid recommendations on the use of serological test methods for the detection of serum antibodies in ruminants against Coxiella burnetii (Q-fever), by comparing the performance of the complement fixation test (CFT) and two ELISA, and by identifying reasons for discrepancies between the test methods.

METHODS: A total of 73 serum samples from infected cattle, 69 from infected goats, and 100 samples from non-infected cattle and 57 samples from non-infected sheep, as well as 95 samples from infected cattle herds (mix of seropositive and seronegative samples), were tested using the CFT, the IDEXX ELISA (I-ELISA) and the Pourquier ELISA (P-ELISA). A mixed panel of 12 serum samples from sheep from inter-laboratory proficiency testing (proficiency panel) was also tested using the CFT and both ELISA, and further investigated using IgG- and IgM-specific ELISA.

RESULTS: Generally, the two commercial ELISA were more sensitive than the CFT for the detection of infected ruminants. Good agreement between ELISA for positive and negative results was found for samples from the infected herd, while results for the positive panels varied between the two ELISA. For the total of the positive serum panels, the I-ELISA detected 95% of samples as positive or suspicious, while the P-ELISA detected only 81%. In the P-ELISA, more samples were considered suspicious (18%) than in the I-ELISA (14%). All sera from noninfected sheep and cattle tested negative in the serological test methods employed, except for one positive sample from a sheep in the P-ELISA. Further investigation revealed that a CFT-positive but ELISA-negative result was due to high IgM and low IgG reactivity.

CONCLUSIONS: The two commercial ELISA were more sensitive than the CFT in all panels from infected ruminants. However, they could only detect IgG. The I-ELISA should be the serological test method of choice for cattle, sheep and goats for import testing of animals into New Zealand because it was more sensitive than the P-ELISA and was equally specific to the PELISA and the CFT. For other animal species, such as deer and camelids, the CFT should still be used since none of the ELISA has been evaluated for these species. This study has shown that the two commercial ELISA will detect the majority of infected ruminants but may miss animals that have not developed an IgG response.     

Evaluation of a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of allergen-specific IgE antibodies in dogs

Twenty-eight atopic dogs, 22 pruritic, non-atopic dogs and 10 healthy dogs were ELISA tested. For calculations of diagnostic specificity and sensitivity, positive ELISA test results in non-atopic dogs were considered false positive results. The absence of any positive results in the atopic dogs was considered false negative results. The atopic dogs were tested both with ELISA and an intradermal test, utilising allergen extracts from the same manufacturer, to determine the frequency of positive allergen reactions in the ELISA test compared with the intradermal test. The Prausnitz-Küstner test was performed to evaluate the significance of a positive ELISA test result. Based on cross-tabulations with clinically defined atopic dermatitis, the ELISA test showed a sensitivity of 53.6% and a specificity of 84.4%. The correlation between the ELISA and the intradermal test was poor. Positive Prausnitz-Küstner tests were not obtained using sera from dogs that were intradermal test negative for the tested allergens, even though sera had high levels of IgE as measured by the ELISA. These findings question the significance of a positive ELISA test result and indicate that the test is not measuring functional allergen-specific IgE.     

Comparison of egg yolk and serum for the detection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and M. synoviae antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

Egg yolk was evaluated in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) as an alternative source of antibodies for detection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and M. synoviae (MS) infections in chickens. There was no statistically significant difference (P greater than 0.05) between the ELISA geometric mean titers (GMTs) of saline-diluted egg yolk and chloroform-extracted egg yolk, and both preparations had a high correlation coefficient (0.87 for MG; 0.97 for MS). The saline-diluted and chloroform-extracted yolk had a relative sensitivity of 90% and specificity of 98% in the MG ELISA; in MS ELISA they were 100% and 96%, respectively. Hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) results with chloroform-extracted samples were satisfactory, but those with saline-diluted samples were not. Neither preparation was satisfactory for use in the rapid plate agglutination (RPA) test. A 1-ml sample of yolk was compared with the whole-yolk method. The chloroform-extracted whole yolk yielded a significantly higher (P less than 0.05) GMT in the MG ELISA; however, there was no statistically significant difference (P greater than 0.05) between GMTs yielded by the two procedures in the MS ELISA. The correlation coefficients for the two sampling methods were 0.73 for MG ELISA and 0.63 for MS ELISA. ELISA detected no statistically significant difference (P greater than 0.05) between GMTs of serum and chloroform-extracted yolk from individual birds. Results with the HI test were comparable to those with ELISA on the same samples. The RPA test yielded comparable results on the serum samples. No statistically significant differences (P greater than 0.05) were observed in HI or ELISA antibody levels between egg-yolk samples and sera on random samples collected from nine flocks that were MG- and MS-free or were infected with MG, MS, or both; however, egg-yolk samples tended to have slightly higher titers than sera in both tests. The optimum screening dilution of chloroform-extracted yolk for detecting MG and MS antibodies by ELISA was 1:800.     

Chemiluminescent immunoassay as a microtiter system for the detection of Salmonella antibodies in the meat juice of slaughter pigs

Chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA) was applied in the screening of swine meat juice samples obtained from different laboratories in Germany, using the indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) as test for comparison. Out of the 1350 samples tested, 987 were found acceptable for validation of results. A good level of agreement between the two tests was obtained with a kappa value of 0.824 at 20% cut-off and 0.798 at 40% cut-off. At 20% and 40% cut-off levels, a sensitivity of 96.2% and 97.3%, respectively, and a specificity of 94.6% and 95.1%, respectively, were demonstrated between CLIA and ELISA. The detecting lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antigen was tested for specificity and a cross-reaction with two Escherichia coli and Yersinia strains was found when tested with ELISA. This reaction was not observed in CLIA, possibly because of the broader measurement spectrum of this test, which allows a more distinctive definition of immunologic reactions. The same explanation can be given for the increased number of meat juice samples which were positively detected only in ELISA but not in CLIA. Because of the wide detection range in CLIA, a normalization scheme was necessary to obtain reproducible results in this test system. The samples positively classified in screening were further tested for reciprocal titres in both test systems, and a higher correlation between screening and titration results was obtained for CLIA. Based on the results of this study, CLIA can be used as a reference method in detecting Salmonella antibodies in the meat juice of slaughter pigs.     

Serological diagnosis of enzootic pneumonia of swine by a double-sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using a monoclonal antibody and recombinant antigen (P46) of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae

To facilitate the control of enzootic pneumonia (EP) of swine caused by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, the complement fixation (CF) test has been used for the detection of M. hyopneumoniae antibodies. However, the CF test is a cumbersome and time-consuming technique and cross-reactivity are major drawbacks associated with this method. To circumvent these drawbacks, we have developed a double-sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), consisting of purified monoclonal antibody (Mab) against the 46 kDa surface antigen (P46) of M. hyopneumoniae and recombinant P46 protein expressed in Escherichia coli, for the detection of antibodies to M. hyopneumoniae in serum samples from pigs experimentally inoculated with M. hyopneumoniae and from naturally infected pigs, and compared the practical usefulness of ELISA using the CF test. In experimentally inoculated pigs, the CF and ELISA antibodies were detected at almost the same time, and a good correlation was demonstrated between the CF test and the ELISA. In a survey conducted on field samples, the seropositivity by ELISA in pigs of age 2-6 months was increased. At the time of slaughter, approximately 80% of the animals were seropositive for ELISA. However, a gradual decrease in the prevalence of ELISA positive samples was observed in sows with increasing parity. No correlation was seen between the results obtained with the two methods in the clinical samples. The CF test appears to have limited value for the diagnosis of EP in conventional herds because nonspecific reactions were frequently observed. Therefore, this ELISA is a useful alternative to the CF test currently used for the diagnosis of EP.     

Comparison of milk and serum enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for diagnosis of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection in dairy cattle.

Milk and serum samples from 35 dairy herds in 17 states were evaluated for cow- and herd-level Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) antibody test agreement. Evaluation of 6,349 samples suggested moderate agreement between milk and serum enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) results, with a kappa value of 0.50. Cow-level sensitivity (Se) for 18 dairy operations with 1,921 animals was evaluated relative to fecal culture results. At the cow level, the milk ELISA relative Se was not significantly different from that of the serum ELISA (21.2 and 23.5%, respectively). Logistic regression models revealed a positive association between lactation number and milk ELISA status. Non-Holstein cows were more likely to test milk ELISA positive than Holstein cows. Cows in the first 2 weeks of lactation and after week 45 of lactation were more likely to test milk ELISA positive than cows between 3 and 12 weeks of lactation. Milk production > 80% of herd average was negatively associated with testing milk ELISA positive. Animals in the West and Midwest regions were less likely than animals in the Southeast region to test ELISA positive by either test. Estimates for herd-level sensitivity for the milk and serum ELISA, relative to fecal culture results, ranged from 56 to 83%. At the cow and herd levels, milk ELISA performed equivalent to serum ELISA using fecal culture as a reference for MAP infection and has the advantage of decreased labor costs on farms that use Dairy Herd Improvement Association testing.     

Development of an antibody-detection ELISA for Fasciola hepatica and its evaluation against a commercially available test

An ELISA was developed for the detection of Fasciola hepatica antibody in serum of cattle. The assay was applied to sera from 258 naturally infected cattle, 256 non-infected cattle and six calves experimentally infected with F. hepatica. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the ELISA test was 98% (95% confidence intervals, 96-100%) and 96% (95% confidence intervals, 93-98%) respectively at a cut-off value of 15% positivity. The results using sera from the experimentally infected calves showed that antibodies were first detected 2-4 weeks after infection. The ELISA test was also compared to the commercially available Bio-X bovine F. hepatica ELISA kit. A subset of 39 positive sera and 47 negative sera were selected from the samples used to evaluate the in-house test. The results indicated that the agreement between the two tests was almost perfect (k statistic=0.82).