福建沿海试养中间球海胆的初步研究

为探索中间球海胆(Strongylocentrotus intermedius)在福建沿海季节性养殖的可行性,于2018年11月开展了新品种中间球海胆"大金"南移福州海域养殖试验。试养海胆分为大(壳径3 cm)和小(壳径1 cm)两种规格。采用当地现有的鲍养殖海域和设施,定期投喂海带(Laminaria japonica)和龙须菜(Gracilaria lemaneiformis)。经过6个月的养殖,福州养殖的大规格海胆壳径达(55.90±2.63)mm,体质量(56.30±6.92)g,性腺指数15.02%±1.5%,海胆生殖腺发育处于成熟前期(Ⅲ期),性腺质量良好,且显著高于大连同期养殖的大规格海胆壳径(46.56±3.88)mm和体质量(39.07±5.05)g(P<0.05)。同时,福州养殖的小规格海胆壳径达(40.97±0.87)mm,体质量(23.18±0.37)g,性腺指数9.64%±1.00%。试养结果表明,冬春季中间球海胆可在福建沿海开展季节性养殖,采用现有海上设施和养殖笼,投喂鲜活大型藻类,海胆的生长速度显著优于同期大连养殖。中间球海胆福建沿海南移养殖是满足其日益增长的市场需求的重要途径。     

温度和盐度对中间球海胆胚胎发育早期进程联合效应

为探讨高温和低盐对中间球海胆(Strongylocentrotus intermedius)早期胚胎发育进程的影响, 本研究利用中心复合设计(CCD)和响应曲面分析法(RSM), 开展不同温度(12~26 ℃)和盐度(22~34)对中间球海胆胚胎发育早期进程的联合效应研究, 旨在建立温度和盐度对中间球海胆胚胎发育进程的定量关系模型, 并通过统计优化方法得出温度和盐度的最佳组合。结果显示, 在实验设定的温度和盐度范围内, 随着温度的升高, 中间球海胆早期胚胎发育时间呈现出先缩短后延长的趋势; 随着盐度的降低, 中间球海胆胚胎发育早期时间延长。温度的一次效应、二次效应和盐度的一次效应均显著影响(P<0.05)中间球海胆胚胎发育早期进程; 温度一次项系数的绝对值均大于盐度的一次项系数; 温盐的联合效应对中间球海胆胚胎发育早期进程的影响不显著(P>0.05)。实验建立的 2 细胞期、8 细胞期、16 细胞期、囊胚期、上浮期和四腕幼虫期发育进程模型方程决定系数分别为 0.9576、0.9508、0.9689、0.9932、 0.9681 和 0.9763。模型优化和验证试验得出, 温度 20.47 ℃和盐度 31.46 时, 中间球海胆 2 细胞期、8 细胞期、16 细胞期、囊胚期、上浮期、四腕幼虫期的发育时间最短, 分别为 1.28 h、2.07 h、3.31 h、4.14 h、11.28 h 和 47.31 h。 研究结果表明高温和低盐会延长中间球海胆早期胚胎发育时间。     

温度对不同规格中间球海胆存活、摄食和生长的影响综述

近年来,中间球海胆(Strongylocentrotus intermedius)作为国内以及国际市场上非常受欢迎的海产品,其需求量在大幅提升且不断增加。在我国辽宁大连和山东半岛等北方沿海地区,中间球海胆被广泛养殖。如果能掌握温度给海胆带来的影响规律,就能极大地提升养殖水平,为此本文总结了在不同温度条件的情况下,不同规格中间球海胆的存活率、摄食率以及生长情况受到的影响。     

几种饲料对中间球海胆稚胆生长及性腺发育的影响

为开发适合于中间球海胆稚胆的饲料,以9种饲料原料干粉和1种鲍用配合饲料饲喂中间球海胆稚胆,研究了蛋白饲料、能量饲料、青绿饲料、配合饲料等4种类型的饲料对中间球海胆稚胆生长及性腺发育的影响。结果表明:壳径11 mm时中间球海胆开始明显发育,壳径特定生长率开始降低;蛋白饲料可以促进海胆性腺发育,饲料中的蛋白含量对稚胆性腺蛋白含量影响不显著。根据试验结果,提出了海胆类发育分期的划分依据,总结了中间球海胆稚胆、幼胆、成胆的特点,并提出了稚、幼胆期的饲料策略。     

马粪海胆筏式养殖技术

海胆属于棘皮动物门、海胆纲,广泛分布于全世界的海洋中,其垂直分布从潮间带一直到水深5000m的深海处,全世界现存的海胆大约有800多种,我国海胆的种类也有100多种,但真正可以食用的、具有较高经济价值的品种仅有光棘球海胆、马粪海胆和紫海胆等少数几个品种。近几年来,我国海胆育苗和人工增养殖技术发展迅猛,但养殖方法比较单一,主要为底播增殖和人工工厂化养殖模式。底播增殖因成活率、回收率低,效益不理想;工厂化养殖也因成本过高,管理中的环节过多,而效益普遍不高。山东省荣成市瓦屋石渔业公司充分利用当地的资源优势和生产潜力,应用马粪…     

3种饵料模式对中间球海胆生长、性腺产量和性腺品质的影响

研究了3种饵料模式对中间球海胆整个生长周期的生长速度及商品规格性腺产量和品质的影响。选取6月龄中间球海胆,以3种饵料模式海带(E1)、海带+贻贝(E2)、玉米+贻贝(E3)养殖至商品规格,期间每隔2个月对海胆的壳径和体质量进行测量,实验结束时,对海胆的性腺湿重、性腺水分和性腺颜色等进行测量和分析。结果显示:在海胆的各生长阶段,饵料模式对其壳径和体质量均具有极显著影响,3种模式下海胆的壳径和体质量均为E2>E1>E3。饵料模式对海胆大部分生长阶段壳径和体质量的特定生长率具有极显著影响,3种模式下海胆壳径和体质量的特定生长率均为E2≥E1>E3。饵料模式对商品规格海胆性腺产量和性腺品质具有显著或极显著影响,对于性腺湿重,E2模式[雌性:(7.58±1.21)g,雄性:(7.74±1.95)g]表现最优,其次是E1模式[雌性:(4.50±1.20)g,雄性:(4.87±1.02)g],最后为E3模式[雌性:(2.66±1.02)g,雄性:(2.32±0.75)g];对于性腺指数,E2模式(雌性:15.07%±1.84%,雄性:15.83%±3.01%)表现最优,其次为E1模式(雌性:10.49%±2.71%,雄性:11.27%±2.45%)和E3模式(雌性:12.48%±4.33%,雄性:12.78%±3.73%);对于性腺水分和性腺颜色,E2和E1模式表现最优,E3模式表现较差。饵料模式对不同性别海胆的影响差别较小。实验结果表明,单一投喂海带,中间球海胆即可获得较好的壳生长,而添加动物性蛋白可以明显的提高其体质量和性腺产量,海带+贻贝这一模式可应用于提高海胆养殖效率,而玉米对促进海胆的体生长和性腺产量和品质均无有益效果,即使添加动物性蛋白,玉米+贻贝这一模式也很难替代海带有效地养殖中间球海胆。     

用RAPD技术对5种经济海胆基因组DNA多态性的研究

利用随机扩增多态DNA技术对紫海胆(Anthocidaris crassispina)、海刺猬(Glyptocidaris crenularis)、马粪海胆(Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus)、光棘球海胆(Strongylocentrotus nudus)和中间球海胆(Strongylocentrotus intermedius)等我国最主要的5种经济类海胆基因组DNA的多态性进行初步研究一经20个随机引物扩增,共得到377条扩增片段．片段长度为200～1600bp。根据片段的共享度计算出平均遗传距离并采用CPTGMA和NJ两种聚类分析方法进行处理得到系统树。从聚类图得知长海胆科与疣海胆科有较近的亲缘关系,球海胆科的光棘球海胆与中间球海胆有较近的亲缘关系,其次是马粪海胆。本研究还讨沦了RAPD技术在海胆的遗传学研究中的广阔应用前景以及从分子生物学方法上为海胆传统分类方法提供科学依据。     

四种海胆杂交的可行性及子代的早期发育

报道了中国北部沿海马粪海胆、海刺猬、光棘球海胆三种主要海胆与引自日本的中间球海胆四种海胆之间的不同组合的杂交试验及其子代浮游幼体及幼海胆的早期生长发育.结果表明,采用生殖调控可使不同海胆达到同步繁殖,在8～24℃下各种海胆杂交组合的受精率与亲本亲缘关系有关,同时受到双亲繁殖适宜温度的影响,受精率介于0～69.6%之间,均低于自交组.以马粪海胆和海刺猬为亲本的正反交、以马粪海胆和中间球海胆为亲本的正反交以及马粪海胆()×光棘球海胆()各组杂交胚胎均可发育至四腕幼虫,但畸形率较高,浮游时间比自交组延长3～10d,在其中的3个杂交组得到了幼海胆,经过14个月的室内培育,杂交组成活率低于自交组,壳直径达2.59～2.88cin.     

光棘球海胆(♀)×中间球海胆(♂)杂交育苗试验

以光棘球海胆为母本,中间球海胆为父本进行杂交试验及苗种培育.试验结果表明,通过筛选同时得到自然成熟的父母本精、卵,在比正常海胆自交精子量高40倍以上的精子作用下,杂交受精率为2.5%.在适宜的水温、光照及饵料等的培养条件下,杂交海胆能够生长附着变态,变态时间与母本相近.培育出的杂交海胆外部颜色及棘色、棘长介于两亲本之间.杂交海胆经过6～7个月的中间暂养,出苗量为0.6×10~4个/m~3,个体壳径3～30 mm,平均壳径8.8 mm.     

光棘球海胆的主要卵黄蛋白cDNA序列分析

提取成熟光棘球海胆(Strongylocentrotus nudus)性腺中的RNA做模板,根据NCBI数据库中已知海胆(编号:AB097218、AB192414、AY090112)主要卵黄蛋白MYP cDNA保守序列设计引物,用LA PCR方式分段扩增并测序得到了光棘球海胆MYP cDNA的全序列。扩增的cDNA全长4 061 bp,包含4 047 bp的开放阅读框,共编码1 349个氨基酸。用CluxtalX1.83对光棘球海胆与其他几种已知海胆MYP cDNA及推导的氨基酸序列进行比对,用Mega3.01计算遗传距离及构建进化树,结果表明,光棘球海胆与其他7种海胆的MYP具有高度的同源性。从氨基酸水平上看,光棘球海胆与红海胆(Pseudocentrotus depressus)亲缘关系最近,遗传距离为0.069±0.01;与同科的马粪海胆(Hemicentrotus pulcher-rimus)、紫球海胆(S.purpuratus)、中间球海胆(S.intermedius)的遗传距离分别是0.095±0.012、0.098±0.011和0.101±0.012;与白棘三列海胆(Tripneustes gratilla)、拟球海胆(Paracentrotus lividus)及绿海胆(Lytechinus variega-tus)亲缘关系相对较远,遗传距离分别是0.216±0.017、0.218±0.017和0.535±0.028。获得光棘球海胆MYP cDNA序列可为进一步研究MYP基因的功能和系统的进化分析奠定基础     

Anguilla huangi Teng, Lin, and Tzeng, 2009, is a junior synonym of Anguilla luzonensis Watanabe, Aoyama, and Tsukamoto, 2009

Anguilla luzonensis and A. huangi were each described in 2009 using eels obtained from northern Luzon Island. We examined the taxonomic status of these two groups of eels using morphological and molecular genetic characters. There were no significant differences in two vertebrae counts between eels of A. luzonensis and A. huangi. Mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA and cytochrome b genes sequences were obtained and compared among 28 specimens of A. luzonensis, the holotypes of A. luzonensis and A. huangi, and one specimen of the other 15 anguillid species. The specimens of A. luzonensis exhibited almost identical sequences, including the holotype, with only a few site differences, and the genetic difference between the holotypes of A. luzonensis and A. huangi was within the range of differences of specimens of A. luzonensis. The other anguillid species were genetically very different from A. luzonensis and A. huangi, although A. interioris is a closely related species. It is clear that A. luzonensis and A. huangi are the same species, and according to the principle of priority in zoological nomenclature, A. luzonensis Watanabe, Aoyama, and Tsukamoto, 2009 is the valid species name, and A. huangi Teng, Lin, and Tzeng, 2009 is a junior synonym of A. luzonensis.     

Effect of Lead on Survival,Osmoregulation, and Histological Changes of the Gills of the White Shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei,Boone, 1931

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the acute toxicity of lead for different life stages of shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, and to determine the effect of its sublethal concentrations on osmoregulatory capacity (OC) as well as the possible histological alteration in the gills of juvenile shrimp. The 24‐, 48‐, and 96‐h LC₅₀ values for lead to L. vannamei increased progressively with increasing life stage, from nauplii < zoeae < mysis < postlarvae < juvenile. After 15‐d exposure to 3.25, 6.50, and 9.75 mg Pb/L, the OC values of exposed shrimp were reduced by 39, 73, and 157%, respectively compared to control animals. Compared to controls, the lead concentrations in gill tissues increased significantly by 127,500, 137,500, and 141,000% in shrimps exposed to 3.25, 6.50, and 9.75 mg Pb/L, respectively. After lead exposure, hemocytic congestion in efferent vessels and multiple hyperplasia were observed in gill filaments, resulting in narrowed hemolymphatic lacuna. The histopathological effects increased with increasing Pb concentration.     

Effects of Mosquitofish,Gambusia affinis,on Channel Catfish,Ictalurus puncatatus,Production Ponds

Mosquitofish, Gambusia sp., have been spread throughout the world to biologically control mosquitoes. However, the fish has gained a reputation as an invasive species and has been implicated in displacing native aquatic species. Gambusia affinis are native to the southeastern United States and commonly occur in commercial channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, production ponds. We investigated effects of mosquitofish presence on zooplankton populations, water quality, disease occurrence, and fish production in experimental ponds. There were no differences between ponds with or without mosquitofish in numbers of calanoid copepods, cyclopoid copepods, total copepods, Bosmina sp., Ceriodaphnia sp., Moina sp., Daphnia sp., or total cladocerans. There were also no differences in copepod and cladoceran sizes. Copepod nauplii were more numerous during the summer months in ponds with mosquitofish. There were no differences in water quality variables (soluble reactive phosphorus, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, pH) or phytoplankton density between ponds stocked with and without mosquitofish. Catfish production and disease occurrence were also similar between ponds with and without mosquitofish. Although mosquitofish may cause problems when stocked outside their native range, there does not appear to be any adverse effects of mosquitofish presence in catfish production ponds.     

Age,growth, maturity and the overfishing of the iconic sciaenid,Argyrosomus japonicus,in south-eastern,Australia

Mulloway (Argyrosomus japonicus) occur in estuarine and coastal waters surrounding Australia, Africa, India, Pakistan, China, Korea and Japan, where they are important in fisheries. This study identified that mulloway in south-eastern Australia had similar growth rates, but matured at smaller lengths and younger ages, to those in South Africa and Western Australia. Growth of both sexes was similar to about 5 years, after which females grew faster and attained a greater maximum length than males. Female mulloway matured at 4–5 years of age with a L₅₀ of 68 cm, whereas males matured at 2–3 years of age with a L₅₀ of 51 cm. The commercial fishery in New South Wales was characterised by declining catches and a reduction in the proportion of mulloway of mature lengths in landings. During 2002–2005 commercial landings were dominated (83%) by fish within 15 cm of the current minimum legal total length of 45 cm and aged 2 and 3 years (>80%), even though mulloway can attain lengths of 200 cm and live >30 years. Estimates of the rates of instantaneous total mortality ranged between 0.34 and 0.45, whilst the rate of instantaneous natural mortality (M) was estimated to be approximately 0.12. Yield-per-recruit analyses indicated that mulloway in New South Wales are being growth overfished and substantial increases in yield could be achieved by increasing the length at first harvest. Values of the spawning potential ratio were below 0.2 under a range of mortality estimates, suggesting that mulloway are at risk of recruitment overfishing. These results suggest that the spawning stock of mulloway in south-eastern Australia has been depleted and that remedial management action is required to protect this iconic species.     

Surface disinfection of Pacific threadfin, Polydactylus sexfilis, and amberjack, Seriola rivoliana, eggs

The effects of exposing the eggs of Pacific threadfin and amberjack eggs (AEs) to different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide for 5 min on hatch rate and survival were assessed in a series of experiments using a petri dish model rearing system. Despite significant inter‐batch variation in hatch rate, it was shown that eggs of both species could be safely exposed to up to 11 340 mg L⁻¹ H₂O₂ for 5 min. Exposure to 34 230 mg L⁻¹ H₂O₂ for 5 min was shown to be lethal to AEs at a late stage of development. In two further experiments, it was demonstrated that Pacific threadfin eggs were resistant to all tested concentrations of a range of polyvinylpyrrolidone iodine (PVP‐I) concentrations and contact times (up to 1000 mg L⁻¹ PVP‐I for 10 min). The level of bacteria adhering to the eggs of both species was highly variable. Where eggs were heavily colonized (>10⁴ cfu egg⁻¹), hydrogen peroxide concentrations of at least 11 340 mg L⁻¹, or PVP‐I concentrations higher than 500 mg L⁻¹ for 10 min, were required for effective sterilization. In less colonized batches, rinsing in sterile seawater or exposure to lower (550 mg L⁻¹) concentrations of H₂O₂ was sufficient to result in high apparent levels of surface sterility (<1 cfu egg⁻¹).     

驼背鲈(Chromileptes altivelis)的胚胎发育及仔、稚、幼鱼形态观察

对驼背鲈(Chromileptes altivelis)的胚胎发育及仔、稚、幼鱼的形态特征进行了详细的观察与研究,描述了从受精卵到仔、稚、幼鱼各发育期的时间和形态特征变化。结果表明,在水温25-26℃、盐度30的海水中,受精卵历时27 h 25 min完成整个胚胎发育过程,经历从卵裂、囊胚、原肠、神经胚到肌节形成、各器官的逐渐形成、变化、完善等一系列的胚胎发育和变化过程;根据其卵黄囊消长情况、鳞片的覆盖状态、体色发生的不同变化以及第二背鳍和腹鳍的消长,将胚后发育分为仔、稚、幼鱼3个阶段。在水温22-26℃、盐度29-31、DO≥5 mg/L的条件下,2-3 d仔鱼卵黄囊消失,开口摄食;生长发育至31 d,仔鱼已变态进入稚鱼期;培育至57 d,稚鱼完成变态,成为幼鱼。第二背鳍棘和腹鳍棘的生长与收缩等石斑鱼类早期发育的共性生长特征及其体表特性体色变化特征为驼背鲈胚后发育过程中最明显的特征。     

Effect of temperature,volume of ova batches,and addition of a diluent,an antibiotic,oxygen and a protein inhibitor on short-term storage capacities of turbot,Psetta maxima,ova

The effect of different parameters on short-term storage capacity of turbot ova was assessed over a 45-h period after ova collection for fertilization rates and over a 9-h period after ova collection for hatching rates. Increasing the volume of ova sampling from 0.5 to 2.5 mL, as well as adding an antibiotic–antimicotic solution or oxygen did not significantly change the storage capacity of ova. Regarding the hatching rates, a higher storage ability was recorded at 8 and 13 °C, compared to 3 °C. The mean composition of the ovarian fluid was determined (n = 57 spawns). Use of a diluent mimicking the ovarian fluid significantly decreased the storage ability as assessed by the fertilization rates but did not modify the hatching rates. Diluting ova in an artificial ovarian fluid deprived of calcium significantly decreased the fertilization and hatching rates during the storage period. Furthermore, addition or not of soybean trypsin inhibitor (Sigma T 9003) to the artificial ovarian fluid deprived of calcium did not significantly change the results. Storage capacity of control batches of ova was low: at 13 °C, without any diluent and when ova were fertilized 3 h after stripping, the hatching rate was lowered to 62.4 ± 29.4 % (mean ± SD) of the initial value.     

Effect of Temperature on Growth,Energy Budget,and Physiological Performance of Green,White, and Purple Color Morphs of Sea Cucumber,Apostichopus japonicus

As an intertidal species, Apostichopus japonicus is subject to diel and seasonal temperature fluctuations. Color variation is a distinct characteristic of A. japonicus, and a new color morph, purple A. japonicus, was recently found on the coast of Rushan, Weihai City. This study was conducted to compare the performance of green, white, and purple color morphs of A. japonicus at different water temperatures to help improving aquaculture technology and management. In this study, green, white, and purple color morphs of juvenile A. japonicus (1.5 ± 0.1 g) were cultured at 10, 14, 18, 22, and 26 C for 60 d, according to the suitable temperature range for sea cucumber growth. Temperature was shown to have a significant effect on growth, energy budget, and physiology of sea cucumbers (P < 0.05). Specific growth rates, feed conversion efficiencies, and the proportion of energy allocated to growth of all three color morphs were optimal at 18 C. Activities of the enzymes related with oxidative stress, immune response, and digestion were determined. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and trypsin activities generally reached a maximum in all three color morphs at 18 C. The purple color morph of A. japonicus was higher in growth rate, food conversion efficiency, and proportion of energy allocated to growth than green and white color morphs at 18 and 22 C, consistent with its higher trypsin and SOD activity, indicating the mutual effect of growth and physiology. At 18, 22, and 26 C, the green color morph had the highest level of lysozyme activity and purple color morph had the lowest, indicating possible infection by external pathogens of green color morph, which might be caused by high temperature. These results suggested that the optimum temperature for culture of the three color morphs was approximately 18 C, the purple had a better adaption to high temperature, and the green and white color morphs may be more susceptible to thermal stress than the purple color morph.     

Effects of Carbohydrate‐Rich Alternative Feedstuffs on Growth,Survival, Body Composition,Hematology, and Nonspecific Immune Response of Black Pacu,Colossoma macropomum,and Red Pacu,Piaractus brachypomus

To facilitate economical culture of black pacu, Colossoma macropomum, and red pacu, Piaractus brachypomus, in the Amazon region of South America, we assessed locally available alternative energy sources for practical diets. We tested the effects of control diets (containing wheat products) versus diets with different Amazonian feedstuffs (yucca, Manihot sculenta, plantain, Musa paradisiaca, or pijuayo, Bactris gasipaes) on the performance of the pacus in three feeding trials. Black pacu (22.5 ± 0.03 g; Trial 1) or red pacu (2.56 ± 0.01 g; Trial 2) were fed diets containing 30% wheat bran (control) or cooked or uncooked yucca, plantain, or pijuayo for 12 wk. In Trial 3, larger black pacu (86.9 ± 6.4 g) were grown to market size in 24 wk on similar diets. Weight gain, feed conversion, survival, alternative complement activity, and lysozyme were similar among diets. Hepatosomatic index, liver glycogen, and dry matter were affected by diet in Trials 1 and 2, but effects were not consistent among trials. In Trial 3, protein efficiency ratio was lower in fish fed the diet containing wheat middlings. However, relative to wheat bran or wheat middlings, all feedstuffs tested were effective energy sources for juvenile black pacu and red pacu.