浅谈缺硒对鸡组织损伤的研究

硒作为一种必需微量元素,在体内发挥着重要的生理作用,是构成体内抗氧化系统的必要成分.机体在代谢过程中会不断产生自由基,硒则通过形成抗氧化酶,与其他抗氧化物质构成氧化防御系统,减少活性氧和自由基的产生,使体内自由基水平不致升高,组织细胞中的不饱和脂肪酸及其他脂类不被氧化破坏.硒可以增强机体免疫功能,维护正常的神经内分泌.硒通过保护甲状腺结构和功能的完整性、参与脱碘酶合成来保护神经内分泌系统,研究显示硒能够明显提高基础代谢率,增强抗应激的能力.此外硒还在维护亚细胞结构和功能、保护心血管系统、促进繁殖、拮抗其他微量元素毒性等方面发挥着重要作用.     

谷氧还蛋白和硫氧还蛋白对动物抗氧化应激生物学效应的研究进展

谷氧还蛋白和硫氧还蛋白分别是动物机体抗氧化酶系统和抗氧化非酶系统的重要成员,具有多种生物学作用,在调节机体的氧化还原反应、抑制细胞凋亡和肠道保护方面起着重要作用.本文结合谷氧还蛋白和硫氧还蛋白的结构与功能、抗氧化机制及抑制细胞凋亡的最新研究近况,就谷氧还蛋白和硫氧还蛋白对动物抗氧化应激生物学效应的研究进行了综述.     

热休克蛋白在冷应激引起的炎症反应和氧化应激中的调节作用

冬季持续低温引起的冷应激是降低北方畜牧业经济效益和动物福利的重要因素,可诱导动物产生炎症反应和氧化应激危害机体健康。热休克蛋白作为体内重要的分子伴侣蛋白,在维持机体内环境稳态、帮助动物抵抗应激方面有重要作用,低温环境可激活热休克蛋白快速产生,以此在细胞内外对免疫和抗氧化系统发挥重要调节作用：在胞外,具有保护细胞、参与调节免疫细胞功能、激发免疫反应和提高抗氧化酶活性等作用;在胞内,可抑制NF-κB信号通路保护机体免受炎症损伤,上调Nrf2信号通路提高机体抗氧化功能,缓解冷应激对机体造成的负面影响。本文总结了国内外关于在冷应激状态下热休克蛋白对机体免疫和抗氧化功能的调节作用及其机制,并给出部分提高热休克蛋白表达水平的方法,以期为后续畜禽的冷应激理论研究提供参考。     

Antioxidation and Machnism of Lamiaceae species Extract in Monogastric Animals

动物在患病、应激或特殊生理条件下,机体内会大量产生自由基,自由基与机体内的脂质、DNA等产生反应,可对动物造成氧化损伤.唇形科植物提取物中的抗氧化物主要活性成分是酚类化合物,它和抗坏血酸及类胡萝卜素能够阻止自由基引发的氧化伤害.本文阐述了唇形科植物提取物对猪、鸡体外和体内抗氧化作用的实例与抗氧化功能,分析了其抗氧化作用机制.     

抗氧化性微量元素对反刍家畜免疫反应及乳房健康的影响

微量元素硒、锌与铜是动物体内抗氧化酶(如谷胱甘肽过氧化酶、超氧化物歧化酶)金属螯合物、金属氧化蛋白的组分,可间接发挥清除机体因细胞代谢及各种应激而产生自由基的功能.近些年活体及体外的研究结果表明,单独添加或共同使用这些抗氧化性微量元素还能增强机体的免疫反应,改善乳房的健康.动物对这些抗化性微量元素的需要量随其所受应激水平的增加而增加.抗氧化性微量元素在一定程度上是通过维持机体免疫细胞结构完整性和功能来增强动物的免疫力.本文主要论述这些抗氧化性微量元素在反刍家畜免疫反应和乳房健康中的应用效果.     

谷氨酰胺对热休克蛋白70的诱导及其抗应激作用

热休克蛋白是机体受到应激原的刺激后所产生的几高度保守的蛋白质,对维持细胞生存和内环境的稳定着重要作用。其中热休克蛋白70是最重要的一种,它大多数生物中含量最多,在细胞应激后生成最显著。休克蛋白具有多种生物学功能,包括分子伴侣功能、参与免疫反应、抗细胞凋亡功能、抗氧化功能、提高细胞的应激耐受性、促进细胞增殖、参与细胞骨架的形成和修复等等,     

热休克蛋白在细胞凋亡级联中的调控作用

机体在高温刺激下可诱导合成热应激相关蛋白,这些蛋白主要是热休克蛋白家族成员。热休克蛋白在信息传递、细胞代谢、生长及分化等过程中发挥着关键的调控作用,并在细胞凋亡过程中发挥着重要的调控作用,以最大限度地保护机体。热休克蛋白在线粒体信号通路和死亡受体信号通路的级联反应中通过削弱、阻断凋亡信号,或激活存活信号对凋亡进行负调控,从而减少细胞损伤,促进细胞存活。     

Nrf2通路对牛子宫内膜上皮细胞氧化损伤的保护作用研究

为探讨核因子E2相关因子(Nrf2)基因在牛子宫内膜上皮细胞抗氧化应激中的作用,本实验利用激动剂叔丁基对苯二酚(tBHQ)激活Nrf2,研究其对牛子宫内膜上皮细胞中血红素加氧酶-1(HO-1)和醌NADH脱氢酶1(NQO1)表达以及相关抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果显示:300μmol/L终浓度H_2O_2处理细胞4h,牛子宫内膜上皮细胞存活率为70%,活性氧(ROS)水平增加(P0.01)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)酶活性下降(P0.05)、丙二醛(MDA)含量上升(P0.05);用终浓度为30μmol/L的tBHQ预处理2 h可提高细胞中SOD和GSH-Px酶活性、降低ROS及MDA含量(P0.05)。氧化应激时Nrf2和NQO1的mRNA表达量上升(P0.05),HO-1的mRNA表达显著上升,tBHQ预处理可以显著增加HO-1和NQO1的mRNA的表达;在正常和氧化应激状态下,tBHQ均可显著增加牛子宫内膜上皮细胞Nrf2、HO-1及NQO1蛋白表达。综上可知,tBHQ通过激活Nrf2可提高相关抗氧化应激基因的表达,起到抗细胞损伤作用。     

党参的活性成分及其在畜禽生产中的应用

党参含有多糖、炔苷、总皂苷等活性成分。党参多糖具有提高机体免疫力、耐疲劳、抗应激、抗炎、抗氧化、改善胃肠功能等作用。党参炔苷能够有效保护胃黏膜免受损伤。党参总皂苷可以发挥抗炎、免疫等作用。目前，党参及其活性成分已作为饲料添加剂在畜禽饲料中应用。文章综述了党参及其活性成分在畜禽养殖中的研究成果，为党参及其活性成分在养殖业中的应用提供参考。     

天然提取物在影响动物氧化应激中的研究进展

氧化应激是指机体内抗氧化系统失衡。在氧化应激条件下,动物体内产生大量自由基,当自由基含量超过机体抗氧化系统清除能力时,就会引起自由基堆积,造成氧化损伤,使动物生产性能下降,器官功能受损。近年来,天然提取物在影响动物氧化应激方面的研究受到广泛关注。天然提取物作为一种潜在的动物抗氧化应激剂,具有抗氧化、抗炎和免疫调节等作用,可通过减少自由基生成和提高抗氧化酶活性保护细胞免受氧化应激的损伤,在维持动物正常生理活动和繁殖性能等方面具有积极作用。文章通过对天然植物提取物中抗氧化活性成分及其作用途径进行综述,以期为新型抗氧化剂的开发和应用提供参考。     

Perinatal piglets under sublethal concentrations of atmospheric carbon monoxide

Perinatal exposure to atmospheric carbon monoxide at sublethal concentrations affected neonatal piglets negatively. Low total hemoglobin concentration and oxyhemoglobin saturation ratio were present at birth in piglets farrowed by gilts that had been exposed to carbon monoxide at 250 ppm from gestation d 109 on, but stillbirth rate was only 4.8%. Carboxyhemoglobin saturation ratio increased from .0 to 19.8 and 22.4% as carbon monoxide concentration rose from background (less than 5 ppm) to 200 and 250 ppm. Carbon monoxide affected neonatal piglets' behavior. Piglets exposed to atmospheric carbon monoxide at 250 ppm perinatally took longer to nurse for the first time than did counterparts under background or 200-ppm concentrations. Those under carbon monoxide at 250 ppm had compromised performance in behavior tests that measured a piglet's ability to orient itself in, maneuver in and investigate its environment, respectively.     

Premedication of dogs with acepromazine or pentazocine before euthanasia with carbon monoxide.

Euthanasia of unwanted or sick animals should always be done in a humane manner. This study involving two groups of 12 dogs evaluated a two step method of euthanasia using first acepromazine or pentazocine then inhalation of carbon monoxide. During the experiment, behavioral reactions (anxiety, agitation, vocalization and sphincter relaxation) and physiological parameters (electro-encephalogram, electrocardiogram, arterial blood pressure, respiratory and heart rates and serum cortisol) were monitored. The results showed that both drugs modified many behavioral reactions and physiological changes associated with administration of carbon monoxide. Acepromazine and pentazocine reduced by 25% and 20% respectively the number of dogs that showed vocalization and agitation. In acepromazine premedicated dogs, the duration of these signs was significantly diminished and sphincter relaxation did not occur in more than 50% of cases. Furthermore, with the use of acepromazine, no significant peaks or drastic drops were noticed in the heart and respiratory rates and in the arterial blood pressure. These manifestations are usually related to stress. In light of these results, it is recommended to premedicate dogs with acepromazine before submitting them to euthanasia by carbon monoxide inhalation.     

Slaughter of poultry during the epidemic of avian influenza in the Netherlands in 2003

During an outbreak of avian influenza in the Netherlands in spring 2003, the disease was controlled by destroying all the poultry on the infected farms and on all the farms within a radius of 3 km. In total, 30 million birds were killed on 1242 farms and in more than 8000 hobby flocks, by using mobile containers filled with carbon dioxide, mobile electrocution lines and by gassing whole poultry houses with carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide. Observations of these methods were used to compare their effectiveness and capacity, and their effects on the welfare of the birds. Gassing whole poultry houses had a much greater capacity than mobile equipment, and catching live birds to bring them to a mobile killing device caused extra stress and could cause pain due to injuries inflicted when catching and handling them. Gassing whole poultry houses with carbon monoxide requires strict safety regulations and, therefore, gassing with carbon dioxide was considered preferable. However, this method is not suited to all types of housing, and in these circumstances mobile killing devices were a useful alternative.     

Increased incidence of still birth in piglets associated with levels of atmospheric carbon monoxide.

Raised levels of atmospheric carbon monoxide, associated with malfunctioning gas-fired creep heaters and inadequate ventilation, appeared responsible for an increased incidence of stillbirths in two herds. In one, a concentration of 180 to 200 ppm of carbon monoxide was readily produced. Both problems resolved when the ventilation and heating were improved, the incidence of stillbirths in one herd falling from 28 to 6.7 per cent. It is suggested that similar incidents may have occurred during cold weather but have been ascribed to other causes.     

禾谷类作物种子糊粉层细胞程序性死亡

细胞程序性死亡(PCD)是一种由特定基因控制的、主动的、有序的细胞自发死亡过程。通过研究禾谷类作物糊粉层在种子萌发过程中的变化,可以证明糊粉层PCD是禾谷类种子萌发过程的一个关键性事件。本文从禾谷类作物糊粉层PCD的特征、植物激素与禾谷类作物糊粉层PCD的关系、活性氧协同激素在糊粉层PCD过程中的作用及NO、CO气体信号分子对延迟糊粉层细胞死亡的效应等方面对禾谷类作物糊粉层PCD的研究进展进行综述。     

Effect of rapid decompression and associated hypoxic phenomena in euthanasia of animals: a review.

Documentation in the literature indicates that death is as painless following the induction of hypoxia by rapid decompression as by other methods that lead to hypoxia, such as exposure to high altitude, carbon monoxide, and inert gases (nitrogen, xenon, and krypton). Many of the signs and symptoms of hypoxia are the same as those for alcoholic intoxication and inert gas narcosis. Moreover, there is good evidence that analogous relationships or mechanisms may exist for hypoxia, inert gas narcosis, and anesthesia.     

Pulmonary metastatectomy in the management of four dogs with hypertrophic osteopathy

The efficacy and outcome of pulmonary metastatectomy in the management of hypertrophic osteopathy (HO) secondary to metastatic osteosarcoma was retrospectively evaluated in four dogs. Metastatectomy was performed by subpleural enucleation, partial lung lobectomy or complete lung lobectomy through either a median sternotomy or thoracoscopically. Perioperative morbidity was minimal. Clinical signs associated with HO resolved within 24 h of pulmonary metastatectomy in all dogs. Durable remission of symptomatic HO was achieved in all dogs (range, 50–294 days), although recurrence of HO was noted in one dog, 246 days postmetastatectomy due to metastasis to the lungs and chest wall. Pulmonary metastatectomy resulted in a rapid and prolonged resolution of HO, and the clinical benefits of metastatectomy potentially exceed the morbidity associated with the surgical procedure.     

Inadvertent severe hypercarbia associated with anesthesia machine malfunction in one cat and two dogs.

Severe acute hypercarbia occurred in a cat and 2 dogs as a result of anesthesia machine malfunction. In each case, the anesthesia machine had been checked by the anesthesia technician and clinician, and no problems were found. After it was noticed that the same machine had been used on each animal, further investigation revealed an expiration valve that was functional with large breaths or positive pressure ventilation but was not functional with small breaths with low peak inspiratory flow. Rebreathing of expired carbon dioxide occurred, and the patients subsequently became severely hypercarbic. Recovery from anesthesia was prolonged in 2 animals, and cardiac and respiratory arrest occurred in the third. Hypercarbia from rebreathing can be detected through the use of blood gas analysis or end-tidal carbon monoxide monitoring.     

Evaluation of manufacturing variability, diffusion of filling solutions, and long-term maintenance of occlusion in silicone hydraulic occluders

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate manufacturing variability, diffusion of filling solutions, and maintenance of occlusion over time in 3 sizes of silicone hydraulic occluders (HOs). SAMPLE POPULATION: 2-, 5-, and 20-mm HOs (HO2, HO5, and HO20, respectively). PROCEDURES: Manufacturing variability was analyzed by comparing variation in internal luminal areas and filling volumes within each size group. Occluders were filled to 100% occlusion with air (n = 4), saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (4), or sodium hyaluronate (4) and submerged in simulated body fluid. Changes in luminal area and weight were recorded for 133 days to evaluate maintenance of occlusion. RESULTS: Considerable variability in uninflated luminal area and fill volumes was observed among the 3 sizes of HOs. Loss of occlusion developed in the first 12 hours in all air-filled HOs. Fluid-filled occluders were reliable in maintenance of occlusion after 133 days (99.99% for HO20, 99.59% for HO5, and 90.40% for HO2), although diffusion of saline solution and hyaluronate from all HOs was confirmed by detection of significant decreases in weight over time. There was no significant difference in weight loss between HOs filled with saline solution and HOs filled with sodium hyaluronate. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Saline solution or sodium hyaluronate may be used as a filling solution in the HOs tested. Maintenance of occlusion was best in the larger sizes. Saline solution or sodium hyaluronate should be used in future clinical investigations of HOs. Retrograde filling to remove air should be used when filling HOs with fluid.     

Leukoencephalomalacia and laminar neuronal necrosis following smoke inhalation in a dog

Acute respiratory and neurologic disease after smoke inhalation are well documented, but human patients may also develop delayed-onset neurologic symptoms associated with leukoencephalomalacia after exposure to smoke or carbon monoxide. In this case, a dog developed progressive neurologic signs 6 days after rescue from an apartment fire. At necropsy 9 days after smoke inhalation, leukoencephalomalacia of the central cerebral white matter was accompanied by laminar necrosis of cerebrocortical neurons. This is the first report of delayed posthypoxic leukoencephalopathy in a nonhuman animal.