Transformation by oncogenes encoding protein kinases induces the metastatic phenotype

Oncogenes encoding serine/threonine or tyrosine kinases were introduced into the established rodent fibroblast cell line NIH 3T3 and tested for tumorigenic and metastatic behavior in T cell-deficient nude mice. Transforming oncogenes of the ras family were capable of converting fibroblast cell lines to fully metastatic tumors. Cell lines transformed by the kinase oncogenes mos, raf, src, fes, and fms formed experimental metastases and (in some cases) these genes were more efficient at metastatic conversion than a mutant ras gene. In contrast, cells transformed by either of two nuclear oncogenes, myc or p53, were tumorigenic when injected subcutaneously but were virtually nonmetastatic after intravenous injection. These data demonstrate that, in addition to ras, a structurally divergent group of kinase oncogenes can induce the metastatic phenotype.     

Oncogene-induced transformation of C3H 10T1/2 cells is enhanced by tumor promoters

The tumor promoters 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate and teleocidin markedly enhanced the transformation of C3H 10T1/2 mouse fibroblasts when these cells were transfected with the cloned human bladder cancer c-rasH oncogene. Transfection studies with the drug resistance marker gpt and time course studies indicate that this enhancement is not simply an effect on the process of DNA transfection. These findings, together with parallel studies with NIH 3T3 fibroblasts, also indicate that the competence of animal cells for DNA transfection is a function of the recipient cell line, the transfected marker, and the growth conditions. Our findings suggest that during multistage carcinogenesis tumor promoters may complement the function of activated cellular oncogenes.     

Independent molecular pathways in initiation and loss of hormone responsiveness of breast carcinomas

These studies were set up to determine whether those oncogenes participating in the initiation of mammary carcinogenesis (for example, ras oncogenes) play a direct role in the outcome of events associated with the late stages of tumor development such as loss of hormone dependency. Mammary carcinomas induced by a single carcinogenic insult in pubescent rats was selected as an in vivo model system with direct relevance to human breast cancer. Acquisition of hormone-independent growth in these carcinogen-induced tumors was found to be independent of the activation of ras oncogenes during the early stages of carcinogenesis. In agreement with these observations, introduction of a human ras oncogene into human MCF-7 breast carcinoma cells did not abrogate their hormonal dependency for growth in vivo. These findings suggest that those events responsible for the critical stages of breast cancer development occur independently and in an uncoordinated manner.     

A transforming ras gene in tumorigenic guinea pig cell lines initiated by diverse chemical carcinogens

Fetal guinea pig cells were transformed by treatment with four different chemical carcinogens including nitroso compounds and polycyclic hydrocarbons. As a consequence of this treatment, oncogenes capable of transforming NIH/3T3 cells became activated in each of five independently established clonal guinea pig cell lines. Molecular characterization of representative NIH/3T3 transformants revealed that the same oncogene was present in each of the cell lines tested. Moreover, detection of this transforming gene paralleled the acquisition of tumorigenic properties by these neoplastic cells.     

Voltage-sensitive calcium channels in normal and transformed 3T3 fibroblasts

Patch clamp recordings of whole-cell and single channel currents revealed the presence of two voltage-sensitive calcium channel types in the membrane of 3T3 fibroblasts. The two calcium channel types were identified by their unitary properties and pharmacological sensitivities. Both calcium channel types were present in all control 3T3 cells, but one type was selectively suppressed in 3T3 cells that had been transformed by activated c-H-ras, EJ-ras, v-fms, or polyoma middle T oncogenes. The presence of voltage-sensitive calcium channels in these nonexcitable cells and the control of their functional expression by transforming oncogenes raises questions about their role in the control of calcium-sensitive processes such as cell motility, cytoskeletal organization, and cell growth.     

Differentiation of 3T3-L1 fibroblasts to adipocytes induced by transfection of ras oncogenes.

Mammalian 3T3-L1 cells differentiate into adipocytes after continuous exposure to pharmacological doses of insulin or physiological doses of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-1). Expression of transfected ras oncogenes led to differentiation of these cells into adipocytes in the absence of externally added insulin or IGF-I. Cells transfected with normal ras genes or the tyrosine kinase trk oncogene did not differentiate. Transfection with a dominant inhibitory ras mutant resulted in inhibition of differentiation. Exposure of untransfected 3T3-L1 cells to insulin stimulated formation of the active Ras.GTP complex. These observations indicate that Ras proteins participate in signal transduction pathways initiated by insulin and IGF-I in these cells.     

胃肠道恶性肿瘤中Runx3基因甲基化研究

目的：通过检测胃肠道恶性肿瘤细胞系中Runx3基因启动子区域甲基化状态及Runx3基因表达情况,探讨Runx3基因启动子区域甲基化及表达在胃肠道恶性肿瘤中发生和发展过程中的意义。方法：采用DNA甲基化特异性PCR（MSP）技术分别对9种胃癌细胞系和11种结直肠癌细胞系中Runx3基因启动子区域甲基化进行检测,同时采用逆转录一聚合酶链反应（RT—PCR）检测Runx3mRNA的表达情况。结果：在7种胃癌细胞系和6种结直肠癌细胞系中,Runx3基因启动子区域过度甲基化;RT—PCR结果显示,在20种胃肠道恶性肿瘤细胞系中有15种细胞系Runx3基因未表达。结论：Runx3基因启动子区域甲基化是导致Runx3基因失活的主要原因之一,与胃肠道恶性肿瘤的发生发展密切相关,可作为胃肠道恶性肿瘤早期诊断的分子标记物及分子治疗的靶点。     

Specific chromosome defect associated with human small-cell lung cancer; deletion 3p(14-23)

A specific, acquired chromosomal abnormality (deletion 3p) has been found in at least one chromosome 3 in 100 percent of the metaphases in 12 of 12 cell lines cultured from human small-cell lung cancer tissue and in 2-day tumor culture specimens from three patients. Analysis of the shortest region of overlap shows the deletion to be 3p(14-23). This specific change was not seen in five of five lung cancer cell lines other than small-cell lung cancer or in two lymphoblastoid lines cultured from cells of small-cell lung cancer patients whose tumors had the 3p deletion.     

Activated oncogenes in B6C3F1 mouse liver tumors: implications for risk assessment

The validity of mouse liver tumor end points in assessing the potential hazards of chemical exposure to humans is a controversial but important issue, since liver neoplasia in mice is the most frequent tumor target tissue end point in 2-year carcinogenicity studies. The ability to distinguish between promotion of background tumors versus a genotoxic mechanism of tumor initiation by chemical treatment would aid in the interpretation of rodent carcinogenesis data. Activated oncogenes in chemically induced and spontaneously occurring mouse liver tumors were examined and compared as one approach to determine the mechanism by which chemical treatment caused an increased incidence of mouse liver tumors. Data suggest that furan and furfural caused an increased incidence in mouse liver tumors at least in part by induction of novel weakly activating point mutations in ras genes even though both chemicals did not induce mutations in Salmonella assays. In addition to ras oncogenes, two activated raf genes and four non-ras transforming genes were detected. The B6C3F1 mouse liver may thus provide a sensitive assay system to detect various classes of proto-oncogenes that are susceptible to activation by carcinogenic insult. As illustrated with mouse liver tumors, analysis of activated oncogenes in spontaneously occurring and chemically induced rodent tumors will provide information at a molecular level to aid in the use of rodent carcinogenesis data for risk assessment.     

Synthesis and anticancer activity of (+)-nopinone-based 2-amino-3-cyanopyridines

Twelve (+)-nopinone-based 2-amino-3-cyanopyridines 4a–l were synthesized from (–)-β-pinene. The structures of these compounds were characterized by FT-IR, ¹H NMR, and ESI-MS. All the compounds were tested for their anticancer activity against lung cancer cell line A549, gastric cancer cell line MKN45 and breast cancer cell line MCF7 by MTT method, respectively. The results showed that compounds 4f, 4j and 4k had promising anticancer activity against these cancer cell lines, in particular, compound 4f exhibited broad-spectrum and highly efficient anticancer activity against cell lines A549, MKN45 and MCF7 with IC₅₀ of 23.78, 67.61 and 53.87 µmol·L⁻¹, respectively. The preliminary analysis of the structure activity relationship implied that the Br or Cl substituted group of the benzene ring in these derivatives significantly contributed to the anticancer activity.     

非小细胞肺癌中MAGE-3蛋白的Western Blot分析

目的：观察黑素瘤抗原-3(MAGE-3)蛋白在非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)中的表达。方法：用Western blot方法对3种人肺癌细胞系和56例NSCLC标本及相邻正常肺组织标本MAGE-3蛋白的表达情况进行研究。结果：3种人肺癌细胞系均表达MAGE-3蛋白;56例NSCLC标本中,28你表达MAGE-3蛋白,而相邻正常肺组织均不表达MAGE-3蛋白。结论：MAGE-3蛋白在NSCLC中有较高比率的表达．有望以该抗原作为适宜靶点对NSCLC患者进行免疫治疗。     

GPC3在肝癌患者血清、癌组织和肝癌细胞株中的表达

目的探讨GPC3在肝癌患者血清、组织和肝癌细胞株中的表达。方法荧光定量PCR检测GPC3基因在HepG2、Huh7、LM3肝癌细胞株及HL7702正常肝细胞株中的表达;免疫组化S-P法检测肝癌患者癌组织、癌旁组织及良性病变中Glypican-3蛋白的表达;Western blot检测肝癌、慢性肝炎患者和正常人血清中Glypican-3蛋白的表达。结果 GPC3基因在肝癌细胞系HepG2、Huh7、LM3中的表达分别为35.38、11.82、35.77,在正常肝细胞系HL7702中不表达;Glypican-3蛋白在肝癌组织、癌旁组织及良性病变中的表达率分别为72.9%、0%、0%;肝癌、慢性肝炎患者和正常人血清中Glypican-3蛋白阳性率分别为51.6%、0%、0%。结论 GPC3在肝癌患者血清、组织和肝癌细胞株中均呈高表达。     

胰腺癌细胞株Runx3基因启动子区CpG岛甲基化的检测

目的 探讨胰腺癌细胞株中Runx3基因启动子区CpG岛的甲基化水平.方法 应用甲基化特异性PCR方法检测Panc -1、BxPC-3、AsPC-1三种胰腺癌细胞株及正常胰腺组织RunX3基因启动子区CpG岛甲基化水平.结果 在Panc-1、BxPC-3、AsPC-1细胞株中Runx3基因启动子区CpG岛的甲基化引物均发...     

p53: a frequent target for genetic abnormalities in lung cancer

Allele loss is a hallmark of chromosome regions harboring recessive oncogenes. Lung cancer frequently demonstrates loss of heterozygosity on 17p. Recent evidence suggests that the p53 gene located on 17p13 has many features of such an antioncogene. The p53 gene was frequently mutated or inactivated in all types of human lung cancer. The genetic abnormalities of p53 include gross changes such as homozygous deletions and abnormally sized messenger RNAs along with a variety of point or small mutations, which map to the p53 open reading frame and change amino acid sequence in a region highly conserved between mouse and man. In addition, very low or absent expression of p53 messenger RNA in lung cancer cell lines compared to normal lung was seen. These findings, coupled with the previous demonstration of 17p allele loss in lung cancer, strongly implicate p53 as an anti-oncogene whose disruption is involved in the pathogenesis of human lung cancer.     

New method for detecting cellular transforming genes

Tumor induction in athymic nude mice can be used to detect dominant transforming genes in cellular DNA. Mouse NIH 3T3 cells freshly transfected with either cloned Moloney sarcoma proviral DNA or cellular DNA's derived from virally transformed cells induced tumors when injected into athymic nu/nu mice. Tumors were also induced by cells transfected with DNA from two tumor-derived and one chemically transformed human cell lines. The mouse tumors induced by human cell line DNA's contained human DNA sequences, and DNA derived from these tumors was capable of inducing both tumors and foci on subsequent transfection. Tumor induction in nude mice represents a useful new method for the detection and selection of cells transformed by cellular oncogenes.     

Site-specific integration of H-ras in transformed rat embryo cells

A karyotypic analysis was performed on seven independently derived clones of primary rat embryo cells transformed by the ras oncogene plus the cooperating oncogene myc. The transfected oncogenes were sometimes present in amplified copy number, with heterogeneity in the levels of amplification. Some chromosomal features, such as aberrantly banding regions and double-minute chromosomes, typical of cells carrying amplified genes, were also seen in three of the seven cell lines. Underlying this heterogeneity there was an unexpected finding. All seven lines showed a common integration site for ras on the q arm of rat chromosome 3 (3q12), though some lines also had other sites of integration. In four of the lines integration of ras was accompanied by deletion of the p arm of chromosome 3 or its possible translocation to chromosome 12.     

Antisense RNA-induced reduction in murine TIMP levels confers oncogenicity on Swiss 3T3 cells

Mouse 3T3 cell lines capable of constitutively synthesizing an RNA complementary to the messenger RNA encoding TIMP, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases, were constructed by transfection with appropriate plasmid constructs. Many of the lines were down-modulated for TIMP messenger RNA levels and secreted less TIMP into the culture medium. In comparison to noninvasive, nontumorigenic controls, these cells not only were invasive in a human amnion invasion assay, but also were tumorigenic and metastatic in athymic mice. These results indicate that TIMP suppresses oncogenicity, at least in immortal murine 3T3 cells.     

促肝细胞再生磷酸酶-3蛋白在5株癌细胞中的表达

目的研究促肝细胞再生磷酸酶-3(phosphatase of regenerating liver-3,PRL-3)在5株癌细胞(HO-8910PM、CNE-2Z、A549、JAR和BEL-7402)中的表达情况,为选择合适的细胞株克隆PRL-3基因奠定基础。方法用Western blot分析PRL-3在5株癌细胞(HO-8910PM、CNE-2Z、A549、JAR和BEL-7402)中的表达。结果PRL-3蛋白在5株癌细胞中都有表达:在HO-8910PM与CNE-2Z中呈高度表达,在A549和BEL-7402中呈中等程度表达,而在JAR中呈低度表达。结论PRL-3在5株癌细胞中均有表达,可选择高表达的HO-8910PM或CNE-2Z细胞克隆PRL-3基因。