pH对褐牙鲆幼鱼血红蛋白含量和血中溶氧水平的影响

17±0．5℃及实验室条件下,研究了水体pH突变[pH8．0突变到6．0、8．0（对照）和9．0]对褐牙鲆Paralichthys olivaceus幼鱼血红蛋白含量和血中溶氧水平的影响。实验时间为12h。结果发现,实验期间褐牙鲆幼鱼的血红蛋白含量呈现波动变化,但方差分析显示,水体pH突变对实验鱼血红蛋白含量无显著影响（P〉0．05）。实验4h,水体pH由8．0突变到6．0和9．0均导致实验鱼血中溶氧水平的极显著下降（P〈0．01）。然而实验4—12h期间,水体pH突变处理组实验鱼的血中溶氧水平随实验时间的增加而上升。实验结果表明,与血红蛋白含量相比,褐牙鲆幼鱼血中溶氧水平对水体pH的变化反应更敏感。     

Dietary available phosphorus requirement for tambaqui,Colossoma macropomum,juveniles based on growth,haematology and bone mineralization

An economical and efficient approach to reduce the impact of P discharge by aquaculture industry is to adjust the P level in fish feeds to the precise nutrient requirement at different growth stages in a digestible nutrient basis. However, P requirement seems to be species specific and affected by several physiological, dietary and environmental factors. Based on the importance of tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) to Latin American aquaculture, we designed a 63‐day trial to evaluate the effect of available P (AP) levels on growth, nutrient digestibility, haematology and blood biochemical parameters, carcass proximate composition and bone mineralization. Quadruplicate groups of tambaqui juveniles (144 ± 2.0 g) were fed five isonitrogenous (278 g kg^?1 digestible protein) and isocaloric (13.5 Mj DE kg^?1) diets containing graded AP levels (3.0, 5.6, 7.5, 9.1 and 11.0 g kg^?1) following a completely randomized design. Dicalcium phosphate (DCP) was used as the main P source. No mortalities and signs of P deficiency were observed among the dietary treatments. A remarkably high P digestibility was observed in all plant‐based diets with a tendency of decreasing P digestibility with the increase in total P levels. Tambaqui seems to be able to grow well without inorganic P supplementation during the trials; however, this species required 7.0 g AP kg^?1 diet for proper bone mineralization. P supplementation had a limited effect on haematology and blood biochemistry of tambaqui. Ecological implications of natural feeding habit and evolutionary position of this species are further discussed, and new hypothesis are drawn based on our results.     

Detection of the first lectin with antimicrobial activity present in serum of the Amazonian fish tambaqui Colossoma macropomum

Tambaqui Colossoma macropomum is the most important Amazonian native species in South American aquaculture. Innate immunity at least partially depends on the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns by receptor-recognizing pathogens (PRRs). Some PRRs have been characterized in fishes, and several studies have focused on the role of lectins in the immune system of various fishes. Lectins are proteins that specifically recognize carbohydrates and which have important biological functions. Tambaqui serum lectin (ComaSeL), which was identified on the basis of its hemagglutinating activity, was pre-purified, biochemically characterized, and used in assays of antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria in freshwater fishes. A study of the seasonality of this lectin was performed. Comasel activity was stable at a pH between 4.0 and 9.0 and lost 100?% of its activity at 70?°C. It recognized the carbohydrates d-galactose, 1-O-methyl-d-galactopyranoside, and d-fucose, showing antibacterial activity for Gram-negative bacteria. Its activity showed significant differences between the summer and winter (p?<?0.05, Tukey test), thereby corroborating observations that tambaqui becomes more susceptible to mortality from diseases caused by bacteria and fungi during the winter. With this information, new tools may be developed for gaining a better understanding of the role of these proteins in the immune system of the tambaqui, ultimately resulting in the improved management of this fish by pisciculturists.     

Effect of Dietary pH Adjustment on the Utilization of Supplemental Methionine and Lysine by Juvenile Common Carp,Cyprinus carpio

An 8‐wk feeding trial was conducted to compare the effect of dietary pH on the utilization of crystalline amino acid (CAA, 0.2% dl ‐methionine and 0.4% l ‐lysine·HCl) by juvenile common carp, Cyprinus carpio. A basal diet (diet C) with protein derived mostly from fish meal and soybean meal was supplemented with CAA without pH adjustment (diet CAA, pH 6.2) and with pH adjusted to 7.0 and 8.0 (diets CAA pH 7.0, CAA pH 8.0, respectively). Supplementation of CAA, regardless of dietary pH adjustment, significantly increased the feed intake and weight gain, and the latter was significantly higher in fish fed diets CAA pH 7.0 or CAA pH 8.0 compared to fish fed diet CAA. The intestinal protease activity was significantly higher in fish fed diets CAA pH 7.0 or CAA pH 8.0 compared to fish fed diet CAA. Apparent digestibility of dry matter and crude protein in diets CAA pH 7.0 and CAA pH 8.0 were significantly higher than those in diet C. Dietary supplementation of CAA generally decreased the plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities, but markedly increased the hepatic AST and ALT activities. Compared to fish fed diet CAA, fish fed diets CAA pH 7.0 or CAA pH 8.0 showed higher hepatic AST activity but slightly lower plasma ammonia level. These results indicate that adjusting the pH of CAA‐supplemented diets to neutral or slightly alkaline resulted in improving the CAA utilization by common carp.     

Effect of temperature on copper toxicity and hematological responses in the neotropical fish Prochilodus scrofa at low and high pH

Copper sulfate has been widely used to control algae and pathogens in fish culture ponds. However, its toxic effects on fish depend not only on its concentration in water but also on water quality. The susceptibility of the neotropical freshwater fish Prochilodus scrofa to copper was evaluated at two temperatures with low and high water pH. Juvenile fish were acclimated at 20 and 30 °C and exposed to copper (static bioassay system) in water with pH 4.5 and 8.0. The 96 h-LC₅₀ were determined at each temperature and pH, as were the hematological parameters. The 96 h-LC₅₀ for copper (98 and 88 μg Cu L^− 1 in water with pH 4.5 and 16 and 14 μg Cu L^− 1 in water with pH 8.0 for fish kept at 20 and 30 °C, respectively) was significantly dissimilar in pH 4.5 and 8.0, but no difference was found between 20 and 30 °C in the same water pH. At 20 °C, regardless of the water pH, the hematocrit (Hct) increased while the red blood cells (RBC) and hemoglobin (Hb) concentration decreased compared to control pH 7.0. Copper exposure in water pH 4.5 and 8.0 causes an increase on the Hct, RBC and Hb concentrations in relation to the controls pH 4.5 and 8.0. At 30 °C, the changes on the blood parameters depended on the water pH and, after copper exposure at low and high pH, the blood changes indicated more complex responses. The changes in hematological parameters of the fish, regardless of the pH and water temperature, indicate ionoregulatory or respiratory disturbances that imply an increase in energy consumption to restore homeostasis instead of other physiological functions such as weight gain and growth.     

Genetic basis of Colossoma macropomum broodstock: Perspectives for an improvement program

Tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum (CUVIER, 1818), is the most farmed fish in Brazil. Endemic to the Amazonas and Orinoco basins, it is currently raised in all Brazillian regions. The lack of basic genetic information on tambaqui broodstock has been one of the problems of improvement programs in the species. The goal of this study is to provide information on the genetic basis of tambaqui broodstock from six fish farms located in three different regions of Brazil for application in improvement programs. Thus, genetic analyses were conducted using 15 microsatellite loci. We observed that the broodstock of Biofish (NortB), Prosperidade (NortP), and Tajá (NortT) presented loss of genetic variability. However, their genetic diversity values are higher when compared with the broodstock from the AquaBrasil (improved, NortA) project, Brumado (SoutB), and Departamento Nacional de Obras Contra a Seca (DNOCS) (NorthD), respectively. Furthermore, the broodstock of DNOCS needs to be renovated or increased, and the AquaBrasil individuals need to be better evaluated to verify the improvement achieved in the improvement program. Thus, aimed at the improvement of tambaqui production in the fish farms analyzed, we recommend increasing the population size of the broodstock to avoid inbreeding.     

Eugenol as an efficacious anaesthetic for tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum (Cuvier)

Anaesthetics are important in fish culture to reduce handling stress and mortality. Eugenol is a promising anaesthetic because of its low cost, efficacy, safety margin for fish and lack of toxicity to humans. The goal of this study was to establish a protocol using eugenol as a fish anaesthetic for tambaqui Colossoma macropomum (Cuvier), and provide information for regulating authorities on establishing safety dosage protocols for its use. Juvenile and sub‐adult tambaqui were first individually exposed to doses of 35, 50, 65, 85, 100 or 135 mg L^?1 eugenol for 10 min. A second experiment examined the effect of the duration of exposure to eugenol on the time required for recovery and survival of tambaqui. A eugenol dose of 65 mg L^?1 was adequate to induce fish of both sizes into a surgical anaesthetic state, and recovery time was similar for dosages up to 100 mg L^?1. Exposure to the ideal dose (65 mg L^?1) for up to 30 min did not cause fish mortality. Fish blood glucose values were similar for all the tested eugenol doses as well as with the benzocaine control. The results show that eugenol is an efficient and safe anaesthetic for tambaqui.     

Effect of 17β‐oestradiol on the sex ratio of tambaqui,Colossoma macropomum

The tambaqui Colossoma macropomum is the most important native fish in Brazilian aquaculture. Females are almost 20% heavier than males and therefore are more profitable. Based on this information, we tested four different concentrations (20, 40, 80, and 120 mg/kg diet) of oestradiol (E₂) offered during 6 weeks to tambaqui larvae and analysed their efficiency in producing female monosex batches of the species. The study was performed in two independent tests, using different genetic backgrounds (broodstocks). All treatments increased the percentage of females in the population, but only the highest E₂ dose was “free” of males in both tests. All treated groups contained intersex individuals (when sex inversion is not complete). Plasmatic E₂ concentration was similar between treated and non‐treated fish 60 days after the treatment in fish treated with 20, 40, and 80 mg E₂/kg diet. However, tambaqui treated with a 120 mg E₂/kg diet showed lower E₂ plasma concentration in comparison with the control group. Last, we chlorinated the water to ensure the environmental integrity of the study. Three days after chlorination, the water was completely free of any oestradiol residue (analysed by high‐performance liquid chromatography).     

卵形鲳鲹消化酶活性的研究ⅢpH对幼鱼和成鱼消化酶活性的影响

研究了pH对卵形鲳鲹幼鱼和成鱼3种主要消化酶(蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶)活力的影响。实验用鱼暂养7 d后解剖取样,在设计的10个酶反应pH值(2.2,3.2,4.2,5.2,6.2,7.2,8.0,8.6,9.6,10.6)下测定消化酶活力。结果表明:卵形鲳鲹胃内pH为强酸性,幼鱼肠内为中性偏酸性,肝、幽门盲囊和成鱼肠内为中性偏弱碱性。胃蛋白酶的最适pH值幼鱼为2.2,成鱼为3.2;肝、幽门盲囊和肠的蛋白酶活性最适pH值幼鱼为7.2,成鱼为8.0。淀粉酶活性的最适pH值幼鱼为8.0,成鱼为8.6。脂肪酶活性的最适pH值均为弱酸性,幼鱼和成鱼均为6.2。卵形鲳鲹幼鱼和成鱼3种相同消化酶活性的变化趋势相似,并以胃蛋白酶、肠淀粉酶、肠脂肪酶的活力最高。     

Performance of the amazonian tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum, in pond polyculture

Tambaqui (48%) was reared in polyculture with grass carp (27%) and curimbatá (25%) from 75 g mean weight for a period of 164 days. Ponds of 1200 m² were stocked at a total density of 12720 ha⁻¹. Fish were fed with an experimental diet made from soybean and maize at a daily rate calculated as 3% of the tambaqui biomass. Grass carp received chopped angola grass at a daily rate of 15% of live weight. Ponds were weekly manured with 120 kg of mixed cattle and goat manure. Tambaqui reached a final weight of 492 g. Survival rate was 83%. The experimental polyculture had a mean net yield of 7·5 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, with apparent conversion rates of 1·13, 5·5 and 7·7 kg kg⁻¹ of diet, grass and manure, respectively. All three species had a high growth rate (from 1·2 to 2·1 % day⁻¹). Tambaqui's growth was affected by the fall in water temperature in the second part of the experiment. Cost/benefit calculations proved the high profitability of the tested semi-intensive polyculture system.     

The effect of water pH on swimming performance in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri,Richardson)

A Brett-type respirometer was used to measure the effect of water pH on swimming performance of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Variations in water pH between 6 and 9 had no measurable effect on maximum aerobic swimming speed. At water pH 4, 5, and 10, however, the critical velocity was only 55, 67, and 61% respectively of that recorded for fish in water of pH 7. Exposure to acid conditions increased coughing and breathing frequency. Acid exposure resulted in a decrease whereas alkaline exposure resulted in an increase in both whole blood and red blood cell pH. Blood gas and acid-base characteristics showed little change during swimming at 2.0 BL/second, but exhaustive swimming resulted in a marked and immediate drop in blood pH in fish in acid, alkaline and neutral water. The blood acid-base status was restored to resting levels after exercise in neutral and alkaline water, but the acidosis was maintained following exercise in acid water. Fatigue occurred earlier and blood lactate levels increased to a higher level in fish swum to exhaustion in acid or alkaline water, compared with fish in neutral water.     

Tolerance response to water pH in larvae of two marine fish species, gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata (L.) and Senegal sole, Solea senegalensis (Kaup), during development

Gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata (L.) and Senegal sole, Solea senegalensis (Kaup) are two fish of primary importance in Mediterranean aquaculture. In the present study, the larvae of these species were exposed to different rearing‐water pH during 24 h to examine their tolerance. The 24‐h pHL50 values were calculated with low and high pH values at 7, 20 and 32 days after hatching (DAH) in S. senegalensis larvae, and 12, 20 and 52 DAH in S. aurata larvae. Low 24‐h pHL50 values ranged between 4.88 and 5.76, whereas high 24‐h pHL50 values ranged between 8.94 and 9.57 in S. senegalensis larvae. S. aurata larvae showed values of low 24‐h pHL50 that ranged between 4.82 and 5.55, whereas values of high 24‐h pHL50 ranged between 8.66 and 9.26. Both species showed similar tolerance response at all the tested ages. The high 24‐h pHL50 values found were close to pH values that eventually can be reached in the rearing tanks. The pH should be carefully controlled in rearing water during the first development stages of both species.     

Additional feeding of vitamin–mineral‐based nutraceutical to stress‐exposed rohu,Labeo rohita,enhances the IGF‐1 gene expression and growth

One thousand and eighty rohu fingerlings with an average size of 8.5 ± 0.5 g were randomly distributed in 6 distinct experimental groups in triplicates, where the first three groups were exposed to high stocking density (HSD; 20 nos/ 75 L water) with restricted feeding (RF), viz. THR0 (HSD, RF, 0% nutraceutical), THR1 (HSD, RF, 0.1% nutraceutical) and THR5 (HSD, RF, 0.5% nutraceutical), and second three groups were exposed to normal stocking density (NSD; 10 nos /75 L water) with satiation feeding (SF) and designated as TNS0 (NSD, SF, 0% nutraceutical), TNS1 (NSD, SF, 0.1% nutraceutical) and TNS5 (NSD, SF, 0.5% nutraceutical). The weight gain (WG) %, specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and IGF‐1 expression were significantly lower, whereas feed conversion ratio (FCR), serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activities were significantly higher in fish exposed to HSD with RF at monthly sampling. Feeding of 0.1% dietary nutraceutical resulted in a significantly higher WG%, SGR, PER and IGF‐1 expression and lower FCR, SOD and catalase activities at the end of the third and fourth month of feeding in HSD with RF groups. The present study concluded that 3‐month feeding of 0.1% nutraceutical could improve growth and reduce stress in fish.     

Acidified seawater suppresses insulin‐like growth factor I mRNA expression and reduces growth rate of juvenile orange‐spotted groupers,Epinephelus coioides (Hamilton, 1822)

Ocean acidification, resulted from high level of carbon dioxide (CO₂) dissolved in seawater, may disturb the physiology of fish in many ways. However, it is unclear how acidification may impact the growth rate and/or growth hormones of marine fish. In this study, we exposed juvenile orange‐spotted groupers (Epinephelus coioides) to seawater of different levels of acidification: a condition predicted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (pH 7.8–8.0), and a more extreme condition (pH 7.4–7.6) that may occur in coastal waters in the near future. After 6 weeks of exposure, the growth rates of fish in pH 7.4–7.6 were less than those raised in control water (pH 8.1–8.3). Furthermore, exposure at pH 7.4–7.6 increased blood pCO₂ and HCO₃^? significantly; exposure at pH 7.8–8.0, meanwhile, did not affect acid–base chemistry. Moreover, exposure to pH 7.4–7.6 resulted in lower levels of hepatic igf1 (insulin‐like growth factor I) mRNA, but did not affect levels of pituitary gh (growth hormone) or hypothalamus psst2 and psst3 (prepro‐somatostatin II and III). The results show that highly acidified seawater suppresses growth of juvenile grouper, which may be a consequence of reduced levels of IGF‐1, but not due to diminished growth hormone release.     

pH对日本沼虾存活及肝功能相关酶活性的影响

为揭示日本沼虾(Macrobrachium nipponense)对水体pH的适应性,分析了不同pH胁迫下日本沼虾在不同时段的存活率以及96 h后蜕壳率,免疫、肝功能相关酶活性的变化。结果显示,pH胁迫处理96 h时,不同pH处理组日本沼虾的存活率显著低于对照组,除pH 7.0组的蜕壳率与对照组差异不显著外,其余pH处理组蜕壳率显著高于对照组;暴露在弱酸性水(pH 6.0)、弱碱性水(pH 8.0)、碱性水(PH9.0)中的成活率不同,其中PH6.0组虾的成活率在36 h时显著低于PH8.0组,24 h时显著低于pH 9.0组;pH 5.0酸性处理组日本沼虾在试验期间存活率始终最低,上述结果表明日本沼虾对碱性水体的适应性强于酸性水体。比较不同pH值对日本沼虾肝功能相关酶活性的影响程度时发现,日本沼虾T-SOD、ACP、GOT、T-AOC酶的耐受pH生态幅较窄,AKP酶的耐受pH生态幅较宽。通过96 h的pH值与相关酶回归分析得出,日本沼虾的最适pH值范围为7.3~7.6。     

General and specific combining ability in Serrasalmidae

This work was carried out to predict the combining abilities, both general and specific, for performance traits and bodily yields of Serrasalmidae. Ninety‐six 30‐day‐old juveniles were purchased from two commercial fish farms, 12 of each of the following eight genetic groups: pacu, pirapitinga, tambaqui, tambacu, tambatinga, patinga, paqui and piraqui. Six fish from each genetic group were grown in 500‐L fibreglass tanks (two tanks per genetic group) until they were 495 days old. At the end of the growth period fish were weighed, subjected to morphometric analysis and processed to obtain their bodily yields. Two nuclear markers and one mitochondrial marker were used to confirm the identity of the animals. Combining abilities were obtained using the method proposed by Griffing in 1956 (Australian Journal of Biological Science, 4, 463–493) adapted to a mixed models analysis, environmental effects were estimated by the empirical best linear unbiased estimator method and genetic effects (general and specific combining abilities) were estimated with the empirical best linear unbiased predictor. Predictions of the combining abilities of advanced hybrids were obtained by the mixed models mixture method with normal distributions. Tambaqui showed higher general and specific combining abilities than the other groups for most of the variables, making it the most important genetic group. General combining ability makes a greater contribution to phenotypic variance than specific combining ability for most variables, indicating a predominance of genes with an additive effect in the control of evaluated traits.     

Partial characterization of digestive proteases of the three‐spot cichlid Cichlasoma trimaculatum (Günter 1867)

Partial characterization of digestive proteases in the three‐spot cichlid Cichlasoma trimaculatum juveniles was conducted. It was determined that there is higher alkaline proteases activity (3.95 ± 0.32 IU mg^?1 protein) compared to acidic proteases (2.01 ± 0.57 IU mg^?1 protein). Optimal temperature for alkaline proteases is 60 °C which resulted in more thermostability to temperature changes. On the other hand, optimal temperature for acidic proteases is 50 °C. Optimal pH for acidic proteases was pH 2, while for alkaline proteases, it was pH 10, which resulted in more stability in relation to pH changes than acidic protease. The use of specific inhibitors and the SDS‐PAGE electrophoresis analysis revealed seven types of bands for alkaline proteases, which make evident the main presence of serine proteases. In acidic proteases, more than 98 g kg^?1 of the activity was inhibited with pepstatin A inhibitor. Therefore, it is evident that C. trimaculatum digestion is composed by acidic and alkaline proteases; thus, it should be considered an omnivorous fish.     

pH与氨氮对黄颡鱼幼鱼生长与肝脏超氧化物歧化酶的影响

为了解不同水体pH和氨氮组合对瓦氏黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus vachelli)特定生长率(SGR),饲料效率(FE)和肝脏超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力的影响。实验采用中心复合设计与响应曲面法分析方法,利用瓦氏黄颡鱼幼鱼开展试验,养殖周期为7周。结果表明,水体氨氮对SGR,FE和肝脏SOD活力有显著影响;pH对SGR有显著影响。pH对SGR,FE和SOD活力存在显著的二次效应。氨氮浓度小于1.7 mg/L时对黄颡鱼生长无抑制作用;高氨氮与高pH环境对幼鱼的生长、饲料利用与肝脏SOD活力有明显的抑制作用。水体pH和氨氮水平分别为7.5和1 mg/L时,SGR、FE和SOD同时最优,分别为1.47%/d、1.71和97.9 U/(mg.prot),优化的可信度为0.836。建议在黄颡鱼养殖中,将pH与水体氨氮维持在7.0~8.0与0.1~1.7 mg/L内,从而保证黄颡鱼的正常生长与较强的抗氧化活性。     

A Preliminary Study on the Effects on Growth,Condition, and Feeding Indexes in Channel Catfish,Ictalurus punctatus,after the Prophylactic Use of Potassium Permanganate and Oxytetracycline

The prophylactic use of potassium permanganate (KMnO₄) and oxytetracycline and its effects on catfish growth were assessed. For eleven weeks, healthy channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, juveniles were exposed to KMnO₄ and oxytetracycline. KMnO₄‐treated fish were exposed to 1 ppm twice a week for 1 h, while oxytetracycline‐treated fish received a 50 mg/kg dose in the feed (35 fish per tank, two tanks per treatment). Assessed parameters included body weight and length, specific growth rate (SGR), feed intake (FI), condition, and feed conversion index (FCI). Potassium permanganate did not have a suppressive effect on growth, while oxytetracycline significantly enhanced growth on channel catfish (weight and length), as they were heavier (12.5%) than KMnO₄‐treated fish and controls at the end of the trial. SGR (%/d), FI, and FCI were not significantly different (P > 0.05) among the three groups of fish. Condition index (K) was significantly higher (ANOVA, P < 0.05) in the oxytetracycline‐treated fish. The present study suggests that, at concentrations commonly used in aquaculture, exposure of healthy channel catfish to oxytetracycline enhanced growth, while KMnO₄ does not induce growth suppression.