草本花卉在南京城市道路花境中的应用调查

为了解草本花卉在南京市道路绿地花境中的应用情况,实地调查了南京市20条主要道路绿地花境中的草本花卉,分析了草本花卉的种类组成、使用频度、花色搭配及其生态适应性。结果表明:春夏季节南京市道路绿地花境主要应用的草本花卉有35科97属120种;应用频度较高的种类为石竹、四季海棠、三色堇;以紫色、红色、白色为主要的花色;生长情况优良的植物有103种。并对草本花卉在实际应用过程中存在的问题进行了探讨,提出了相应的建议,为南京市道路绿地花境的草本花卉的选择和合理应用提供参考。     

长春市露地草本花卉园林应用调查研究

以长春市主要公园及街道中的草本花卉作为调查对象,通过实地调查和数据统计分析,对长春市草本花卉的应用情况进行了深入的研究。结果表明:长春市城区主要公园、绿地及街路中应用的草本花卉有78种,隶属于39科,59属。其中颜色是粉色和紫色的花卉种类最多,各为22种,占总数的45.8%。同时,针对调查中存在的问题提出了相应的建议,为长春市城市绿化美化中草本花卉应用提供参考意见。     

郑州市公园绿地草本花卉应用现状调查与分析

对郑州市6个公园绿地中草本花卉应用的种类、花期、花色、频度和形式等进行实地调查,结果表明:郑州市公园绿地中草本花卉应用种类共计66种,隶属于33科60属,其中一二年生花卉29种、宿根花卉27种、球根花卉6种、水生花卉4种;应用频度达到50%及以上的种类有18种、占总数的28.79%,应用频度在50%以下的种类有48种、占总数的71.21%;花卉应用形式主要包括花坛、花境、花池、花丛、花台和垂直绿化等6类。针对郑州市公园绿地草本花卉的应用情况,建议多增加一些观赏效果好、抗性强、花期长的种类并注重丰富花卉的应用形式。     

庭院花境、花池、花坛的配置方法

在城市绿化中,常用各种草本花卉创造形形色色的花池、花坛、花境、花台、花箱等。它们是一种有生命的花卉群体装饰图案,多布置在公园、道路交叉口、广场、主要建筑物之前和林荫大道、滨河绿地等风景视线集中处,起装饰美化作用。     

“3S”技术在城市公共绿地调查中的作用

文章以成都市公共绿地及道路绿地调查为例,浅析了“3S”技术在城市公共绿地调查中的应用。本次调查以卫星遥感数据和地面调查数据作为数据源,通过应用RS数据解译绿地现状,结合地面调查,完成成都市公共绿地的绿地类型及用地性质的区划,其调查结果具有精高度、时相统一、效率高、调查全面等特点。     

浅谈园林绿化档案的价值

风景园林绿化档案是城市建设档案的重要组成部分。它真实地记录了城市风景园林绿化规划、设计、施工、管理和科学研究等活动过程,为城市建设、改造与发展提供了重要依据。园林绿化档案包括一个城市的公共绿地、专用绿地、生产绿地、防护绿地、城郊风景名胜区的规划、设计与施工、管理的年度或阶段记载。像城市的公园工程,绿地苗圃、名木古树、历年的城市绿化覆盖率、人均公共绿地面积、历年的植树造林面积、地点与成活率、覆盖率、病虫害的防治、珍贵花卉、珍贵树木、城市雕塑工程、基建工程等等,都蕴含大量的信息,是一种供人们研究、利用的…     

北京地区宿根花卉资源及园林应用

为迎2008年奥运会,为北京城市绿化选择合适的宿根花卉品种,开展了宿根花卉应用研究．筛选了近40个品种在城市绿地中,特别是在奥运环境建设项目和奥运会赛时花卉布置中进行推广应用．对其中表现良好的品种的生态习性、观赏特性,应用价值及关键养护技术进行了总结,并以南中轴北绿地奥运花卉布置为例．从应用原则、花材搭配、平立面设计、色彩设计等方面介绍了宿根花卉在城市绿地中的配置应用     

东北地区草本花卉常见病虫害防治

随着社会的发展和人们对生存环境质量要求的提高，草本花卉以其色艳花美在城市园林绿地中得到越来越广泛的应用。由于应用场所立地条件的多样性和复杂性，草本花卉的病虫害有逐年加重的趋势，防治不及时则会降低其经济价值和观赏价值．因此，草本花卉的病虫害防治工作成为花卉生产者和使用者一项重要工作内容。     

兰考县城道路绿地植物多样性调查研究

采取典型取样法,对兰考县城38条道路绿地布设40个样地进行现场调查,对道路断面形式、绿地植物种类、多样性、应用频率和季相观赏等特征进行分析.结果表明,其道路绿地断面形式以"一板两带式"和"三板四带式为主",占总数的89.5％;道路绿地中共有园林植物86种(含变种),隶属于38科67属;植物组成上,悬铃木和白蜡树为优势树...     

安阳市公共绿地春季观花木本植物特征分析及景观营造

木本植物具有植株高大、观赏期长、适应性强、养护成本低等优点。对安阳城区21个公共绿地(公园或公共游园、绿地)和15个城市主干道绿化带的春季观花木本植物的应用频度、花相、花色、花朵形态、开花时序等特征进行了调查与分析。调查显示安阳城市公园绿地中应用的春季观花木本植物涉及木兰科、腊梅科等19科共计98种(品种),通过具体分析,确定春季不同种类木本花卉在安阳市城市园林景观的影响力,分析春花景观的整体色彩构成,合理搭配不同类型植物,提出安阳市城区发展春季花卉群体景观的发展方向。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.