干旱胁迫对苎麻叶绿素荧光特性的影响

以杂交苎麻品种川苎11号为材料,采用盆栽控水试验,设置正常供水（对照）、轻度干旱、中度干旱和重度干旱,研究了苎麻旺长期干旱胁迫持续18天对苎麻叶绿素荧光特性的影响。结果表明,干旱胁迫条件下苎麻光系统II （ PSII）最大光化学量子效率（ Fv/Fm）、 PSII有效光化学量子效率（ F’ v/F’ m）、 PSII光化学量子产量（φPSI ）、电子传递速率（ ETR）、光化学猝灭系数（ qP）降低,非光化学猝灭系数（ NPQ）提高;干旱条件下苎麻叶绿素荧光特性的变化与干旱胁迫程度密切相关,轻度干旱胁迫对苎麻叶绿素荧光特性影响小,中度、重度胁迫显著影响苎麻叶绿素荧光特性;苎麻能忍耐一定程度的水分胁迫,在苎麻生产中,旱情达到中度干旱时应及时采取抗旱措施,确保苎麻正常生长和发育。     

缺钾对越冬期油菜光合特性和叶绿体超微结构的影响

为了明晰缺钾胁迫下光合速率下降的主导因素及其作用机制,在田间条件下设置正常供钾处理(+K)和缺钾处理(–K),采用气体交换和叶绿素荧光联合测定技术以及透射电镜技术,研究缺钾胁迫时越冬期甘蓝型油菜品种浙油601的光合特性及叶绿体超微结构。结果表明,缺钾胁迫时叶片光合速率下降了45.1%。尽管缺钾胁迫下叶片气孔导度(gs)明显降低,但其胞间CO2浓度(Ci)增加了66μmol CO2·mol-1,气孔限制值(Ls)减小了45.7%,说明气孔因素并非缺钾胁迫下油菜叶片Pn下降的主要原因。进一步的叶绿素荧光参数测定结果表明,缺钾胁迫导致油菜越冬期叶片PSII潜在光化学效率(Fv/Fm)和实际光化学效率(ΦPSII)显著下降,说明光系统II反应中心受损;并且缺钾胁迫下油菜叶片叶绿体的长度降低了15.1%、叶绿体厚度增加了22.7%、叶绿体到细胞壁的距离增加了56.1%。由此可见,缺钾胁迫下越冬期油菜叶绿体结构改变及光系统反应中心受损等非气孔因素导致叶片光合速率下降。     

干旱胁迫下木薯叶片和离层内源乙烯含量变化

利用木薯光系统II(PSII)最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)量化木薯受到干旱胁迫的程度,并测量木薯叶片与离层的内源乙烯在不同程度干旱胁迫下的量,以探讨内源乙烯的产生、Fv/Fm的下降速度与木薯抗旱性之间的关系。结果表明,抗旱性越强的品种,Fv/Fm下降速度越慢,内源乙烯上升的时间也越靠后。     

镉胁迫对水稻光合、叶绿素荧光特性和能量分配的影响

 以浙农952为材料，用水培法研究了不同浓度镉（Cd）胁迫对水稻光合、叶绿素荧光特性和能量分配的影响。结果表明，低浓度Cd（0.1 mmol/L）胁迫下水稻净光合速率（Pn）、Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ和qN均略有上升，qP无显著变化，这说明在0.1 mmol/L浓度的Cd胁迫下水稻充分启动了能量耗散途径，耗散了过剩光能，使光合机构免受伤害。高浓度Cd（1.0 mmol/L）处理后Pn 、Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ均显著降低，qP和qN也大幅下降，在能量分配方面D和Ex显著上升，P显著下降，这说明在1.0 mmol/L浓度的Cd胁迫下，水稻PSⅡ受到伤害，某些能量耗散途径受阻，过剩的激发能不能及时耗散又导致活性氧的产生，最终引起抗氧化物酶活性的升高和叶绿体结构的破坏。     

干旱和高温对油菜叶片光合作用和叶绿素荧光特性的影响

为研究干旱和高温胁迫对油菜光合作用的影响,利用甘蓝型快生油菜29005,于植物生长箱中进行干旱(保持6d不浇水,土壤相对含水量降至15%左右)和高温(处理7d:40℃,16h光照;35℃,8h黑暗)胁迫处理,分别测定了干旱和高温胁迫后油菜光合和叶绿素荧光特性以及光合作用关键酶的变化情况。结果表明:干旱和高温均抑制油菜的生长和光合作用,干旱胁迫下油菜叶片净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率等光合参数降低明显,而光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、最大电子传递速率(ETRmax)等叶绿素荧光参数降低较慢,经过3d的复水恢复后这些参数能够部分恢复;高温胁迫后叶片净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率等光合参数降低较为缓慢,而Fv/Fm、ETRmax等叶绿素荧光参数则迅速下降,且在胁迫解除后这些参数进一步降低。干旱胁迫后Rubisco活性未表现出显著变化,持续的高温对Rubisco有抑制作用。可见,干旱胁迫首先影响了油菜叶片光合作用的碳同化过程,对光反应系统破坏是可逆的,胁迫解除后对后期的生长发育影响小于高温影响,高温胁迫更容易造成油菜叶片PSⅡ不可逆破坏,进而对光合作用以及后期的生长发育产生难以恢复的影响。     

干旱及复水对油菜苗期光合及叶绿素荧光特性的影响

以西藏当地推广的油菜代表品种芥菜型油菜(Brassica juncea L.)年河1号、白菜型油菜（Brasscia rapa L.）青油17号和甘蓝型油菜（Brasscia napus L.)藏油5号为材料,设置持续干旱1周和2周的2个干旱处理及干旱后复水1周、2周、3周的3个时期,研究苗期干旱及复水对油菜光合及荧光特性的影响。结果表明：（1）干旱胁迫造成油菜实际光化学效率（ФPSⅡ）、表观光合电子传递速率（ETR）、光化学淬灭系数（qP）、净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）、胞间CO2浓度（Ci）、蒸腾速率（Tr）均下降,且随干旱时间延长而降低。PSⅡ反应中心完全关闭时荧光产量(Fm）、最小荧光（Fo）随干旱时间延长而升高。PSⅡ原初光能转化效率（Fv/Fm）、PSⅡ的潜在活性（Fv/Fo）相对变化小,下降不显著。（2）干旱后复水1～2周时,油菜气体交换参数较前期干旱处理均有升高,复水2周后升高幅度大于1周,尤其是干旱2周处理后复水时参数值大幅度升高;复水3周时,油菜气体交换参数呈下降趋势,净光合速率明显下降。（3）干旱后复水1～2周时,油菜PSⅡ、ETR、qP值较对照均有升高,复水1周后较2周后的升高幅度大,尤其是干旱2周处理后复水时,它们的升高幅度大于干旱1周处理后复水的情形;Fm、Fo较对照仍有升高,复水3周各荧光参数值下降。复水后Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo值变化相对较小。     

干旱对玉米自交系叶片叶绿素荧光特性的影响

以玉米自交系郑58(抗旱性强)和丹340(抗旱性弱)为材料,采用盆栽控水试验,设置中度干旱和正常灌水处理,研究干旱胁迫对玉米自交系苗期、抽雄吐丝期和灌浆期叶片叶绿素荧光指标的影响。结果表明,不同生育时期,玉米自交系叶片光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)的最大荧光(Fm)、原初最大光能利用效率(Fv/Fm)、潜在光化学效率(Fv/F0)、有效光化学量子产量(Fv’/Fm’)、实际光化学量子效率(ΦPSⅡ)和光化学猝灭系数(q P)均随干旱胁迫的加剧而下降;初始荧光(F0)和非光化学猝灭系数(q N)均随干旱胁迫的加剧而升高。与丹340相比,郑58的Fm、Fv/Fm、Fv/F0、Fv’/Fm’降幅均相对较小。不同时期干旱胁迫下,郑58的Fm、Fv/Fm、Fv/F0、Fv’/Fm’、ΦPSⅡ和q P均高于丹340。与丹340相比,干旱胁迫下,郑58光系统Ⅱ具有较高的光能转化和利用效率、实际光化学量子效率和有效光化学量子产量,通过调节碳同化能力和激发能利用效率,有效地耗散过剩光能减轻光抑制,保护光合机构,维持较高的光合性能。光系统Ⅱ中Fm、Fv/Fm和Fv/F0可以用来鉴定玉米自交系抗旱性。     

不同嫁接方式下大豆对干旱胁迫的响应

为明确大豆地上和地下部分对干旱胁迫的响应及对产量的影响,以用于大豆抗旱改良,利用耐旱型品种 辽豆14与干旱敏感型品种辽豆21进行相互嫁接,采用盆栽试验,在结荚期进行水分胁迫处理（土壤含水量保持在 田间持水量的50%）13 d后,测定大豆叶片相关生理指标和各器官生物量。结果表明,水分胁迫使辽豆21自身嫁接 植株叶片的叶色值、叶面积、PSII 系统光化学量子产量Y（II）,调节性能量热耗散Y（NPQ）、最大电子传递速率 ETRmax、半饱和光强下最小饱和光强Ik显著降低,非调节性能量热耗散Y（NO）显著提高。无论以哪个品种为砧木, 与辽豆21相比,辽豆14作为接穗始终具有较高的叶色值、叶面积、Y（II）,Y（NPQ）、ETRmax和Ik,从而获得较高的植 株生物量。另外,干旱条件下,辽豆14作为砧木具有较高的根系活力,能使辽豆21接穗的叶面积、Y（II）,Y（NPQ）、 ETRmax和Ik显著提高,最终获得荚重的增加。由此说明,大豆PSII性能和物质生产能力主要由地上部叶片特性决 定,但干旱下大豆的生长也会受到根系生理活性的影响。     

硅对干旱胁迫下花生幼苗生长和生理特性的影响

为探讨外源硅对干旱胁迫下花生生长的影响,以花育22为试验材料,研究外源硅对干旱胁迫下花生的营养生长及生理特性的影响。结果表明:花生幼苗期干旱7d显著抑制花生营养生长,花生净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO_2浓度(Ci)、实际光化学效率(Φ_(PSII))、最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)和光化学淬灭系数(qP)及抗氧化酶活性(CAT,SOD,POD)降低,花生叶片叶绿素含量、非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)和丙二醛(MDA)含量升高。与单独干旱胁迫相比,干旱胁迫下施硅处理后,花生幼苗的鲜干质量、Pn、Gs、Ci、ΦPSII、Fv/Fm和qP及抗氧化酶活性均显著升高,而叶绿素含量、MDA含量、Tr和NPQ显著下降,说明干旱胁迫下施硅后可以有效促进花生幼苗的生长,提高光能转化率和光合速率,提高叶片抗氧化酶活性,降低膜脂过氧化程度,增强花生的抗旱能力,缓解干旱胁迫对花生的伤害。     

冬小麦叶绿素荧光参数与品种抗旱性的关系

为了明确不同生态型小麦品种的光合抗旱特征,选取生态型相异的小麦品种在不同供水条件下种植,测定其旗叶的叶绿素荧光动力学参数,对其在干旱胁迫下的光合特性进行比较研究。结果表明,干旱胁迫使小麦Fo增加,Fm、Fv、Fv/Fm和Fv/Fo值均降低,但变化幅度因生态型而异,高水肥品种的荧光参数对干旱胁迫更为敏感,而旱肥型品种则表现出较强的光合稳定特性。干旱胁迫下,叶绿素荧光参数变化与品种抗旱性密切相关。利用不同生态型小麦品种叶绿素荧光对干旱胁迫的反应差异鉴定品种抗旱性是可行的。     

Resilience of oilseed rape plants to drought stress after exogenous application of AM1, an ABA-mimicking ligand

AM1 (ABA-mimicking ligand) is a newly identified signaling molecule for plants during drought tolerance. To investigate the potential role of AM1 in response of rapeseed to drought stress, we conducted experiments by growing rapeseed plants under different levels of drought stress with or without applying AM1 or ABA in a rain shelter. The results indicated that drought significantly inhibited rapeseed growth by damaging the photosynthesis system, increasing active oxygen accumulation, destroying the oxidative system, and worsening membrane lipid peroxidation. Exogenously applied AM1 and ABA both relieved the damage to rapeseed that was induced by drought stress. Compared with the drought-treated rapeseed, the AM1 treatment significantly improved plant height, number of green leaves, root collar thickness, leaf area, dry matter weight, and root cap ratios of rapeseed. In addition, Pn, Gs, Ci, Tr were significantly increased by the AM1 treatment. The AM1 treatment also alleviated the drought-induced reductions in Fv/Fm, ΦPSII, qN and ETR; induced an increase in NPQ; and resulted in decreased active oxygen accumulation and membrane lipid peroxidation. Although the ABA treatment relieved photosynthetic fluorescence and antioxidation system parameters to some extent, the effect was inferior to AM1 treatment. Yield under AM1 treatment was higher than that under ABA treatment but was still far lower than that of normal water supply control. In summary, AM1 is functionally similar to ABA in terms of drought relief and regulation, moreover has a better effect.     

Comparative Effects of Salt Stress and Extreme pH Stress Combined on Glycinebetaine Accumulation, Photosynthetic Abilities and Growth Characters of Two Rice Genotypes

Glycinebetaine (Glybet) accumulation, photosynthetic efficiency and growth performance in indica rice cultivated under salt stress and extreme pH stress were investigated. Betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) activity and Glybet accumulation in the seedlings of salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive rice varieties grown under saline and acidic conditions peaked after treatment for 72 h and 96 h, respectively, and were higher than those grown under neutral pH and alkaline salt stress. A positive correlation was found between BADH activity and Glybet content in both salt-tolerant (r2=0.71) and salt-sensitive (r2=0.86) genotypes. The chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and total carotenoids contents in the stressed seedlings significantly decreased under both acidic and alkaline stresses, especially in the salt-sensitive genotype. Similarly, the maximum quantum yield of PSII (Fv/Fm), photon yield of PSII ((PSII), non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) and net photosynthetic rate (Pn) in the stressed seedlings were inhibited, leading to overall growth reduction. The positive correlations between chlorophyll a content and Fv/Fm, total chlorophyll content and (PSII, (PSII and Pn as well as Pn and leaf area in both salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive genotypes were found. Saline acidic and saline alkaline soils may play a key role affecting vegetative growth prior to the reproductive stage in rice plants.     

腐植酸对干旱胁迫下燕麦叶片碳同化酶活性及产量的影响

为明确腐植酸对干旱胁迫下燕麦叶片碳同化酶活性和产量的影响,以燕麦品种燕科2号为试验材料,采用盆栽方式,分别在正常供水(田间最大持水量75％)、中度和重度干旱胁迫(分别为田间最大持水量45％和30％)3个水分条件下喷施腐植酸(HA)和等量清水(CK),分析了不同处理下燕麦叶片中碳同化酶活性、干物质积累量和籽粒产量.结果表...     

低温与光照对茶树叶片叶绿素荧光参数的影响

为了揭示低温与光照对茶树叶片发生光抑制的影响,本文采用人工控制温度及光照的方法,以茶苗适宜生长温度(25℃)为对照,研究了茶苗在低温(0、5、10、15℃)、光照(3、4、6、10、15.5klx)条件下叶绿素荧光参数的变化,结果表明:在25℃和光照3～15.5klx条件下,茶苗叶片的叶绿素荧光参数值均保持稳定水平,无...     

盐度对2种半红树植物生长及叶绿素荧光特性的影响

采用盆栽方法研究10个不同盐度水平下的海芒果、黄槿实生苗生长特性、叶绿素含量及叶绿素荧光参数变化情况。结果表明：随着盐度的增加,2种半红树植物的苗高、地径、根、茎、叶干重均逐渐变小;叶绿素含量呈波动式变化;除处理2的黄槿苗木(盐度为0.2%)外,叶绿素荧光参数PSII原初光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)和PSII的潜在活性(Fv/Fo)值均低于ck(清水)。以Fv/Fm作为判断植株是否受胁迫的重要指标来看,黄槿在土壤盐度低于0.6%、海芒果在低于1.2%时表现出较好的耐受性。     

根际促生细菌对干旱胁迫下水稻生理特性的影响

【目的】本研究旨在探究植物根际促生菌蜡状芽孢杆菌F06菌株对不同干旱胁迫下水稻汕优63生理特性的影响。【方法】在盆栽试验条件下,以水稻汕优63为种植材料,研究了轻度(LD)、中度(MD)、重度(SD)3个干旱强度下接种蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)F06对水稻生理特征的影响。【结果】与正常水分管理相比,干旱胁迫(DS)下水稻叶片光合速率(P_n)和气孔导度(g_s)逐渐降低;而干旱胁迫下接种F06可显著减缓P_n和g_s下降,与不接种(NP)处理相比,P_n和g_s分别增加7.67%、12.97%、18.14%和11.51%、16.63%、17.07%,且呈现出随着干旱胁迫程度的提高,增幅增大的趋势。干旱胁迫下水稻叶片初始荧光(F_o)、非荧光淬灭系数(NPQ)显著上升,最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、光化学猝灭系数(q_P)显著下降;而干旱胁迫下接种F06可显著抑制F_o、NPQ升高和F_v/F_m、q_P降低,明显改善水稻叶片光能转换效率。干旱胁迫下接种F06虽然不能改变叶片水势、相对含水量和相对电导率的变化趋势,但可以有效降低其变幅。正常水分处理下接种F06虽然没有增加光合色素含量,但干旱环境下显著抑制了光合色素的分解或降低。干旱显著降低了水稻叶片和根系细胞分裂素(CTK)含量,增加了叶片中脱落酸(ABA)的含量;在干旱胁迫下,接种F06可显著提高叶片和根系中CTK的含量。【结论】由此可见,干旱生境下接种F06,可调节植物体内的激素含量,减少干旱胁迫下光合色素的分解或流失,提高光合速率,增强水稻在干旱环境中的适应能力。     

Physiological responses of Brassica napus to fulvic acid under water stress: Chlorophyll a fluorescence and antioxidant enzyme activity

The ameliorative effect of fulvic acid(0, 300, and 600 mg L-1) on photosystem II and antioxidant enzyme activity of the rapeseed(Brassica napus L.) plant under water stress(60, 100, and 140 mm evaporation from class A pan) was studied using split plots in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Results indicated that application of fulvic acid(FA) improved the maximum quantum efficiency of PSII(Fv/Fm)and performance index(PI) of plants under both well-watered and limited-water conditions. The time span from Foto Fmand the energy necessary for the closure of all reaction centers was significantly increased, but the size of the plastoquinone pool was reduced with increasing water stress levels. Plants treated with FA had higher peroxidase and catalase activities under all irrigation conditions. Activities of ascorbate peroxidase and superoxide dismutase in plants increased with increasing water stress. Malondialdehyde increased under severe water stress, but application of FA significantly decreased lipid peroxidation. Production of reactive oxygen species(ROS) is a common phenomenon in plants under stress. Under this condition, the balance between the production of ROS and the quenching activity of antioxidants is upset, often resulting in oxidative damage. In this study, application of FA significantly increased fluorescence of chlorophyll a, inhibiting ROS production and enhancing antioxidant enzymes activity that destroyed ROS. Thus, ROS in plant cells was reduced under water stress by application of FA and consequently lipid peroxidation was reduced.