奶牛生产瘫痪的诊治

1发病原因 1.1母牛分娩前后,大量钙质随乳汁排出,而此时从肠道吸收的钙量减少,机体动用的骨钙能力降低,排出的钙量超过了从胃肠道吸收的和动用骨钙的数量,致使血液中钙的含量急剧下降,造成奶牛急性钙代谢障碍。     

日粮阳阴离子负平衡对预防奶牛围产期产褥热的影响(英文)

奶牛在围产期需经历内分泌、营养、代谢及生理状态上的一系列变化以适应分娩及泌乳的起动.如果营养管理不能较好的满足这些变化,那么奶牛则面临着发生各种围产期疾病的威胁.产褥热是一种常见的营养代谢病,多发于高龄及高产奶牛.奶牛分娩和泌乳的起动造成低血钙症,而当从肠道吸收的和从骨骼中动用的钙不能完全补充从血液中动用的血钙量时,产褥热就会发生.而有效的预防措施是减少产褥热带来经济损失的最佳途径.其中最常用的有效预防方法之一是饲喂阴离子日粮,即使得日粮阳阴离子负平衡(DCAD).这主要是由于日粮负离子平衡引起奶牛轻微的代谢酸中毒,并激发对骨钙的动员和吸收.然而,饲喂阴离子日粮亦存在一些问题:主要是其适口性较差,故可能降低干物质采食量.因此对于阴离子日粮饲喂管理的监控则十分重要,而尿液pH提供了一种有效且相对准确的用来判定添加是否适当的标准.此外,还对近年来此领域相关的研究结果进行了论述和探讨,以便读者了解利用日粮负离子平衡预防围产期奶牛产褥热发生的相关知识.     

奶牛生产瘫痪诊治

正奶牛生产瘫痪又称低血糖症,是奶牛分娩前后易发的代谢性疾病,通常其主要发生于饲养良好的高产奶牛,病牛发病特征为全身无力、知觉丧失和四肢瘫痪。1病因干奶期母牛甲状旁腺分泌的甲状旁腺素减少,机体动用骨钙的能力降低,而另一方面由于妊娠期饲喂高钙日粮,奶牛血液中钙浓度增高,刺激了甲状腺大量分泌降钙素,抑制了甲状旁腺的分泌功能,造成机体动用骨钙的能力进一步降低,同时,由于泌乳的需要,大量血钙进入初乳,导致     

中西医结合治疗奶牛产后瘫痪

奶牛的产后瘫痪又称乳热、分娩低血钙症,是兽医临床常见的代谢疾病,以分娩前后突然发生肌肉松弛、昏迷和低血钙为特征.该病多发于高产或胎次较多的青壮年奶牛,而且出现于产奶量最高之时,初产奶牛几乎不发生此病.近年来,采用中西医结合的方法治疗效果较好,现报告如下. 1病因 1.1 分娩后血钙浓度急剧降低 分娩前后血钙进入初乳且动用骨钙的能力降低,是引起血钙浓度急剧下降的主要原因.干奶期中的母牛甲状旁腺的机能减退,分泌的甲状旁腺激素减少,因而动用骨钙的能力降低.怀孕末期如不更改饲料,特别是饲喂高钙日粮的母牛,血液中的钙浓度增高,刺激甲状腺分泌大量降钙素,导致动用骨钙的能力更加降低.因此,分娩后大量血钙进入初乳时,血液中流失的钙不能得到迅速的补充,致使血钙急剧下降而发病.     

高产奶牛生产瘫痪的综合防治措施

奶牛生产瘫痪又称产后瘫痪或乳热症 ,是奶牛产后突然发生的一种严重的全身性代谢性疾病。该病发病率高、危害性大 ,给奶牛生产造成较大威胁。近年来笔者在临床上采用综合措施防治高产奶牛生产瘫痪 ,收到较好效果。1　发病规律及原因据统计 ,在我们治疗的 358例奶牛生产瘫痪中 ,以 5～ 8岁、3～ 6胎营养状况良好的高产奶牛发病率最高 ,占发病率的 62 % ,并大多在产后 1～ 3日内发病。引起生产瘫痪的主要原因归纳起来有以下几个方面 :1 .1　由于母牛产后泌乳 ,大量钙质进入初乳 ,超过了能从胃肠道吸收和能由骨骼中动用的钙数量 ,致使血液中钙…     

母牛生产瘫痪的防治

母牛生产瘫痪，是母牛在分娩后和泌乳开始，对钙的需求大量增加，通过肠道吸收和动用骨骼中的一钙不能满足奶牛需要而必须动用血钙而发生的急性营养代谢障碍疾病，母牛主要以低血钙为表现特征。     

奶牛产后瘫痪的诊断与治疗

产后瘫痪是奶牛分娩后突然发生的一种以体温下降、四肢麻痹、卧地不起、知觉丧失,并伴有咽舌及肠道麻痹等症状的代谢疾病,是奶牛特别是高产奶牛的一种常见病。1病因①饲料单一,缺乏青绿饲料,造成奶牛营养物质缺乏。②奶牛分娩后随着泌乳的开始,大量的钙通过乳汁而被排出,使血钙含量急剧下降,丧失的钙超过从肠道吸收和骨骼中动用的数量总和时引发该病。③该病多见于5～8岁高产奶牛,随着奶牛年龄的增长,胃肠钙的吸收明显下降,骨骼中的钙很难溶解,故导致血钙下降而发病。④缺硒也是诱发该病的主要原因之一。主要是土壤、饲料、饲草中缺硒严重引…     

奶牛产后瘫痪的防治及操作

1病因引起奶牛生产瘫痪的直接原因是血钙浓度剧烈降低,而使钙降低的原因有以下几种。1.1产后大量的钙质进入初乳,当血液丧失的钙量超过了它能从肠道吸收从骨骼动用的数量的总和就会发病。1.2在怀孕后期喂给高钙和高蛋白质饲料的母牛,甲状旁腺机能减退,分泌的甲状旁腺激素减少,因此,机体动用骨骼中钙储备的能力降低。1.3饲料中钙磷比例长期失调。1.4维生素D不足或缺乏时钙磷的吸收降低,使血液和骨骼中的钙量减少。2症状2.1典型病例;病初呈短暂的兴备不安,食欲减退或废绝,反刍、肠胃蠕动、排粪和排尿减少或停止;产奶量降低;体温正常或稍低;四…     

奶牛护蹄有三招

(一)合理配合日粮日粮中钙、磷的配比对奶牛蹄影响很大.奶牛日粮中低钙还是低磷,都会引起骨质疏松.高钙高磷会对锌等元素起拮抗作用,而缺锌等元素会影响蹄的角质化,容易发生腐蹄,所以高钙高磷也会引起奶牛蹄病.所以奶牛日粮中钙、磷比要合适(钙磷比为2:1至1.3:1为宜).日粮中缺乏维生素D等微量元素,也是引起发病的主要原因,所以要保证喂给优质的粗饲料.精料喂量过多,特别是碳水化合物过多,引起瘤胃酸度过高,是蹄叶炎发病的重要原因;如果精料少,蛋白质比例偏低会导致蹄生长异常进而发生蹄变形、蹄裂等蹄病.因此合理的精粗比也是关键,奶牛的精粗比是随着产奶的不同时期而定.一般成母牛精粗为30:70,泌乳前、中、后期的精粗比分别为60:40、50:50、40:60.     

博威钙预防奶牛产后低血钙的效果观察

高产奶牛产后亚临床低血钙的发病率40.74%,凭借自身钙调节能力无法在产后24h将血液离子钙恢复正常水平.博威钙对奶牛血液有轻微的酸化作用,可增强钙动员调节机制,奶牛在产后0h、12h两次投服博威钙,能明显提高血液中离子钙水平,对奶牛产后低血钙有很好的预防作用.     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.