鹅掌楸属树种种源试验研究

以木兰科鹅掌楸属的2个种，即中国鹅掌楸和北美鹅掌楸的17个种源试验林为材料，分析了各种源12a生时的生长量。结果表明：生长量在两个种间差异明显，北美鹅掌楸明显优于中国鹅掌楸；同时，生长量在种内不同种源间也存在显著差异，而种源内个体间差异不显著。对中国鹅掌楸12个种源的生长量与地理、气候因子的相关分析结果表明中国鹅掌楸的生长量有从南至北逐渐增加的趋势，呈现出渐变群的地理变异模式；而生长量与气候因子相关不大。通过聚类分析，可将中国鹅掌楸12个种源分为两大类。     

The Impact of Hardwood Line-Planting on Tree and Amphibian Diversity in a Secondary Subtropical Wet Forest of Southeast Puerto Rico

The impact on tree and amphibian diversity of line-planting of tropical hardwoods—mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla × S. mahagoni) and mahoe (Hibiscus elatus)—was studied in a secondary subtropical wet forest of Puerto Rico. Common coqui (Eleutherodactylus coqui) and melodious coqui (E. wightmanae) are the most frequent frog species; forest coqui (E. portoricensis) is less abundant. Although relative abundance means were slightly greater in the undisturbed forest and during the wet season, differences were not statistically significant suggesting that line-planting did not significantly affect amphibian diversity. The line-planted areas had a slightly higher, but not statistically significant diversity, richness, and evenness of tree species than the unplanted forest. Multi-response permutation procedure (MRPP) showed statistically significant community composition differences between line-planting and control plot trees (T = ?5.89, A = .86; p < .001). But mean similarity among plots in both the line-planted and control plots was relatively low at less than 50% of shared species, indicating high diversity of vegetation in the overall forest area. Canopy cover by tree species greater than 3 cm in dbh was much higher in the undisturbed forest but this difference may be reduced as the young line-planted hardwoods mature. Forest enrichment through line-planting of valuable timber species in secondary subtropical wet forest does not significantly affect tree diversity.     

Tree Diseases,Canopy Structure,and Bird Distributions in Ponderosa Pine Forests

Abstract

We examined how canopy patterns at the landscape scale can influence bird community composition, abundance, or distribution. Our long-term goal is to determine how diseases and other small-scale disturbances that change canopy patterns influence bird distribution. Little is known about these relationships, partly because most measures of disturbance are based on timber production metrics. We developed a spatially dependent metric referred to as canopy closure roughness, which was significantly correlated to bird diversity on 4 ha sample plots, and used it to generate a spatial model showing the distribution of bird diversity at a resolution of 30 mover an area of 1 million acres (the entire Black Hills National Forest). Number of bird species per stand varied between 2 and 16. Number of species and bird diversity were positively related to intensity of tree cutting. Most common bird species were yellow-rumped warbler, dark-eyed junco, Townsend's solitaire, black-capped chickadee and red-breasted nuthatch. The spatial model of bird diversity showed clusters of high diversity at different locations within the forest. These methods may help lead to better tools for managing the linkages between specific disturbances and bird usage and enable more effective disturbance management by offering a platform for spatial planning.     

Productivity,nutrient cycling,and succession in single- and mixed-species plantations of Casuarina equisetifolia,Eucalyptus robusta,and Leucaena leucocephala in Puerto Rico

Tree growth, biomass productivity, litterfall mass and nutrient content, changes in soil chemical properties and understory forest succession were evaluated over a 8.5-year period in single- and mixed-species (50 : 50) plantations of two N₂-fixing species, Casuarina equisetifolia and Leucaena leucocephala, and a non-fixing species, Eucalyptus robusta. At the optimal harvest age for maximum biomass production (4 years), total aboveground biomass ranged from 63 Mg ha⁻¹ in the Eucalyptus monoculture to 124 Mg ha⁻¹ in the Casuarina/Leucaena mixture, and was generally greater in the mixed-species than in single-species treatments due to increased productivity of the N-fixing species in the mixed stands. Total litterfall varied from 5.3 to 10.0 Mg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ among treatments, or between 5.9% and 13.2% of net primary production. Litterfall production and rates of nutrient return for N, P, K, Ca and Mg were generally highest for Leucaena, intermediate for Casuarina and lowest for Eucalyptus. These rates were usually higher in the mixed-species than in monospecific stands due to differences in biomass productivity, but varied considerably depending on their species composition. Total system carbon and nutrient pools (in biomass plus soils to 40-cm depth) for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn at four years were consistently greater in the plantation treatments than in the unplanted control plots. Relative to the single-species plantations, these system pools were generally larger in the mixed-species plantations for C (−10% to +10%), N (+17% to +50%), P (−1% to +63%), K (−19% to +46%), Ca (−10% to +48%), Mg (+5% to +57%) and Mn (+19% to +86%). Whole-tree harvests at four years would result in substantial system carbon and nutrient losses, although these estimated losses would not exceed the estimated gains realized during the four-year period of tree growth at this site. At 7.5 years, soil organic matter and effective cation exchange capacity were reduced in all plantation treatments relative to the control. Changes in soil nutrient content from 0 to 7.5 years were highly variable and not significantly different among treatments, although stands containing Leucaena generally showed higher rates of nitrogen and phosphorus accretion in soils than those with Eucalyptus and/or Casuarina. Natural regeneration of secondary forest tree and shrub species increased over time in all plantation treatments. A total of 24 native or naturalized forest species were recorded in the plantations at 8.5 years. Woody species abundance at this age was significantly greater beneath Casuarina than either Eucalyptus or the Eucalyptus/Leucaena mixed stands. Species richness and diversity, however, were greatest beneath stands containing Eucalyptus and/or Leucaena than in stands with Casuarina.     

Allometry and partitioning of individual tree biomass and carbon of Abies nephrolepis Maxim in northeast China

Abies nephrolepis Maxim is an important commercial conifer species in northeastern China. In this study, we compared the partitioning and variations of biomass and carbon concentration for four tree components (i.e. stem, root, branch, and foliage). The results indicated that foliage had the largest carbon concentration, which was significantly different from other tree components. Above-ground biomass or carbon accounted for about 78% of the total tree biomass or carbon, whereas below-ground biomass or carbon corresponded to about 22%. The root-to-shoot ratio averaged .28 for biomass and .27 for carbon. We applied likelihood analysis to investigate the error structure of allometric relationship W?=?a·D^b and found that the multiplicative error structure was favored. Thus, the additive systems of biomass and carbon equations in a log-transformed scale were constructed using nonlinear seemly unrelated regression. The model fitting results showed that all biomass and carbon equations fitted the data well. Further, five approaches for calculating carbon stock of individual trees were evaluated and compared. The carbon allometric equations and the estimated biomass multiplied by weighted mean carbon concentration were more advantageous, whereas using the generic carbon concentration constants produced significant biases in estimating the carbon stock of individual trees.     

Structure and species composition of novel forests dominated by an introduced species in northcentral Puerto Rico

The African tulip tree, Spathodea campanulata Beauv., is an introduced species forming novel forest types in Puerto Rico. These forests develop naturally after deforestation, agricultural use and land abandonment, and there are many questions as to their ecological characteristics. We sampled structure and species composition of large, small, and juvenile trees (≥10, ≥2.5 to <10, and <2.5 cm diameter at breast height, respectively) in nine secondary forests dominated by S. campanulata on alluvial, karst, and volcanic substrates in northcentral Puerto Rico. No differences were found in S. campanulata forest structure between substrates. Of a total of 79 species found, 17 were introduced. Forests on karst and alluvium had the highest and lowest global species richness, respectively. Species richness increased from large to small to juvenile trees in most sites, but more so on karst. The percentage of introduced species was inversely related to species richness of tree size classes on all substrate types. The dominance of S. campanulata in the large tree size class was highest and lowest in alluvial and volcanic sites, respectively, and decreased from large to small to juvenile trees on all substrate types. Species richness of S. campanulata forests is lower than that of native forests on equivalent substrates. Although land use history affects composition, the juvenile tree species established in S. campanulata forests seems to correspond to the geological substrate were sites are found. This study shows S. campanulata restores forest structure and native tree species on abandoned agriculture and grazing lands in Puerto Rico. Management of these novel forests should consider them as resources were natural processes have the potential of making them more diverse.     

双牌打鼓坪林场常绿阔叶林物种的多样性对比

植物群落的多样性研究是研究了解植物群落在组成、结构、功能和动态方面所表现出的不同差异,因此是群落生态学研究中十分重要的内容.对湖南双牌打鼓坪林场位于山坡和山谷的常绿阔叶林群落乔木层树种的多样性指数沿海拔梯度的变化进行了对比调查.结果表明：群落内有乔木树种67种,隶属35科55属;山谷地带常绿阔叶林群落多样性指数普遍高于山坡地带,说明一定程度的人为干扰会增加物种多样性,而高海拔地带的常绿阔叶林群落多样性指数有所增加,说明演替进入一定阶段,乔木层物种相对稳定.     

Tree mortality and biomass loss in drought-affected forests of East Texas,USA

Changes in tree mortality due to severe drought can alter forest structure,composition,dynamics,ecosystem services,carbon fluxes,and energy interactions between the atmosphere and land surfaces.We utilized long-term(2000-2017,3 full inventory cycles) Forest Inventory and Analysis(FIA) data to examine tree mortality and biomass loss in drought-affected forests for East Texas,USA.Plots that experienced six or more years of droughts during those censuses were selected based on 12-month moderate drought severity [Standardized Precipitation Evaporation Index(SPEI)-1.0].Plots that experienced other disturbances and inconsistent records were excluded from the analysis.In total,222 plots were retained from nearly 4000 plots.Generalized nonlinear mixed models(GNMMs) were used to examine the changes in tree mortality and recruitment rates for selected plots.The results showed that tree mortality rates and biomass loss to mortality increased overall,and across tree sizes,dominant genera,height classes,and ecoregions.An average mortality rate of 5.89% year~(-1) during the study period could be incited by water stress created by the regional prolonged and episodic drought events.The overall plot and species-group level recruitment rates decreased during the study period.Forest mortality showed mixed results regarding basal area and forest density using all plots together and when analyzed the plots by stand origin and ecoregion.Higher mortality rates of smaller trees were detected and were likely compounded by densitydependent factors.Comparative analysis of drought-induced tree mortality using hydro-meteorological data along with drought severity and length gradient is suggested to better understand the effects of drought on tree mortality and biomass loss around and beyond East Texas in the southeastern United States.     

Ecological rhythms and the management of humid tropical forests: Examples from the Caribbean National Forest,Puerto Rico

A common premise in modern forest management is that land management should operate over large enough spatial and temporal scales that common natural disturbances are present and implicitly considered. Less emphasis has been focused on managing humid tropical forest ecosystems with the periodic ecological processes that occur between disturbances. The central premise of this paper is that timing management activities to periodic ecological processes that occur between disturbances is an additional prerequisite for the effective management of humid tropical forests. Ecological rhythms are defined here as biological or biogeochemical processes that have definable periodicities and include phenological, circadian, biogeochemical, and behavioral processes. The paper documents the use of ecological rhythms in the management of endangered species and water resources in the Caribbean National Forest of Northeastern Puerto Rico. While this type of dynamic management has proven benefits, managers and regulatory agencies have been hesitant to utilize complex, ecologically based dynamic management schedules because they can be difficult to monitor and regulate. Fortunately, recent technological advantages greatly increase the ability to conduct complex real-time, spatially explicit management. Identifying important ecological rhythms and developing administrative structures that can integrate them into management will be a major challenge in both tropical and temperate environments in the coming decades.     

不同温度、时间层积处理对北美鹅掌楸种子发芽影响

通过7种不同温度、不同时间的层积处理研究其对北美鹅掌楸种子发芽的影响。结果表明：低温层积处理能显著促进北关鹅掌楸的种子萌发。在2℃、层积处理时间为60d的条件下种子发芽效果最好，种子绝对发芽率为86．84％，发芽速度最快；在2～12℃变温层积处理56d的条件下，种子绝对发芽率为80.71％，种子发芽较快。在7℃，层积处理时间为30d的条件下种子发芽效果最差，种子绝对发芽率为62．29％。     

海南尖峰岭热带林乔灌木层物种多样性沿海拔梯度分布格局

沿海南尖峰岭林区海拔梯度设立164块25 m×25 m样地,分析乔灌木层物种多样性沿海拔梯度的变化规律,同时分析森林采伐对这种分布格局的影响.结果表明:尖峰岭物种丰富,164块625 m2样地共记录植株65 144个,分属84科253属596种;原始林的物种丰富度沿海拔梯度呈现双峰型的分布格局,主要受尖峰岭地区水热、光照、群落特性等因素控制;径级择伐后森林物种丰富度沿海拔梯度波动上升;皆伐后森林物种丰富度随着海拔梯度剧烈波动;原始林的Simpson物种多样性指数随海拔增高而缓慢上升;径级择伐森林Simpson物种多样性指数首先随海拔增高而平缓上升,海拔800 m处最高,之后缓慢下降;皆伐林中Simpson物种多样性指数随海拔增高先上升,海拔680m处达到一个峰值,然后下降,海拔850 m处又开始继续上升;和原始林相比较,径级择伐森林总体而言沿海拔梯度的Simpson物种多样性指数有所上升,而皆伐森林的Simpson物种多样性指数有所下降.     

湖南通道县侗族村寨风水林树种资源调查

指出了侗族先民们把聚居村寨周围的古树林木封为“风水林”,风水林内任何人都不许砍伐林木,不许开垦,不许放牧,这种保护风水林中古树林木的习俗一直流传至今。对保存较完整的几片风水林中的树种资源进行了调查,发现风水林中的树种资源较丰富,有些属国家重点保护的珍稀濒危树种,对于保护和研究珍稀树种具有较大价值。     

南岭森林3种常见树种光合-蒸腾作用特性

应用便携式光合作用系统Licor-6400对南岭森林3个常见树种的光合和蒸腾作用日进程进行了测定.结果表明:(1)藜蒴Castanopsis fissa日均光合速率为(4.33±0.17)μmol·m-2 s-1,日均蒸腾速率为1.57 mmol·m-2s-1,日均水分利用效率(WUE)为(3.02±0.07)μmol/mmol;羊角杜鹃Strophanthus divaricatus日均光合速率为(6.41±0.20)μmol·m-2s-1,日均蒸腾速率为(2.36±0.16)mmol·m-2s-1,日均水分利用效率为(2.74±0.06)μmol/mmol,香樟Cinnamomum camphora日均光合速率为(9.28±0.39)μmol·m-2s-1.日均蒸腾速率为(3.15±0.16)mmol·m-2s-1,日均水分利用效率为(3.18±0.07)μmol/mmol.(2)日光合速率峰值出现时间因树种与林冠位置而异,藜蒴顶部在9:22左右出现,中部在10:30左右,下部在11:40左右;羊角杜鹃顶部在10:30左右出现,中部在11:30左右,下部在14:40左右;香樟顶部在10:22左右出现,中部在10:30左右,下部在13:30左右.(3)蒸腾速率日变化典型"双峰"曲线峰值出现时间因树种、林冠位置而略有差异,藜蒴下部第一峰值出现在11:40左右·第二峰值在13:30左右;羊角杜鹃顶部第一峰值出现在10:30左右,第二峰值在14:30左右;香樟顶部第一峰值出现在10:30左右,第二峰值在12:30左右.(4)水分利用效率因不同树种而异,同一树种水分利用效率因叶片所处林冠不同位置而异.     

Analysis of the potential of small-scale enterprises of artisans and sawyers as instruments for sustainable forest management in Puerto Rico

Small-scale forest enterprises have been recognized as a potential instrument for sustainable development. In particular, the production of handicrafts is a major form of cultural expression and a significant source of income in several developing countries. In this study, we characterize the local handicraft sector in Puerto Rico to identify essential elements for fostering small-scale forest enterprises. Artisans and sawyers were home-based microenterprises that harvested, processed, and traded a wide variety of local forest products, including 125 types of wood and several non-wood forest products. Nonetheless, severe competition from cheaper imported crafts, low demand, and high product variability hamper the development of the local handicraft sector. Despite globalization, sawyers and artisans in Puerto Rico, as part of the U.S., have access to the largest markets of tropical woods and home accessories in the world. But, to participate in these markets, they must increase competitiveness. Lack of institutional effectiveness is a major constraint for the success of the artisan development program in Puerto Rico. Therefore, cooperation and linkages between all support organizations, including government agencies, non-governmental organizations, and associations of artisans, need to be enhanced to provide effective technical assistance, marketing, and financial services to artisans.     

Diversity and composition of tropical secondary forests recovering from large-scale clearing: results from the 1990 inventory in Puerto Rico

The extensive recovery from agricultural clearing of Puerto Rican forests over the past half-century provides a good opportunity to study tropical forest recovery on a landscape scale. Using ordination and regression techniques, we analyzed forest inventory data from across Puerto Rico’s moist and wet secondary forests to evaluate their species composition and whether the landscape structure of older forest affected tree species composition of recovering forests at this scale. Our results support conclusions from studies conducted in Puerto Rico at smaller scales and temperate forests at larger scales that timing of abandonment and land use history are of overwhelming importance in determining the species composition of recovering forests. Forest recovery is recent enough in Puerto Rico that previous land use is clearly evident in current species composition, and creates new forest communities. As demonstrated in other work, physical factors such as elevation and substrate co-vary with land use history, so that the species composition of the forest landscape results from the interplay between biophysical and socioeconomic forces over time. Our results also indicate that increasing the distance to the largest forest patches occurring in the landscape 12 years previous had a small negative impact on species richness but not species diversity or community composition. We conclude that land use history has as much influence in species composition as biophysical variables and that, at the scale of this study, there is no large influence of forest landscape structure on species diversity or composition.     

Tree Species Diversity in Community Managed and National Park Forests in the Mid-Hills of Central Nepal

Community forestry is expanding in developing countries but there is limited knowledge of, and contradictory findings about, its contribution to biodiversity conservation. This study aims at increasing the understanding of tree species diversity in community forests compared to National Parks. A forest inventory was carried out in four community forests and one National Park in the mid-hills of central Nepal. The study found that community forestry has contributed to high tree species diversity where forest management communities have interests in multiple species, but most community forests are moving toward promoting limited timber yielding species that have high economic value. Linking community forestry with economic incentives for conserving multiple tree species could therefore be a strategy to conserve biodiversity outside of protected areas.     

Sustainable Management of Conurbation Forestsin Northern Hesse （FRG）

1 FORESTS IN HESSEThe state of Hesse is located in the centre of the FederalRepublic of Germany. Forty-two percent (9 000 km2)of the area is covered with forests. Forty percent ofthe forests are owned by the state, 35% by communities(inter alia municipalities of Frankfurt, Kassel andWiesbaden) and 25% by private forest owners. Sinceseveral years, the forest area has slightly increased dueto the fact that the number of farms is decreasing.The forests in Hesse are characterised by a hig…