Dietary lysine requirement of juvenile gilthead seabream Sparus aurata L.*

The dietary lysine requirement of juvenile gilthead seabream was determined by the growth response of duplicate groups of fish (3.5 g initial weight) fed on six isonitrogenous (427 g kg^?1) and isolipidic (135 g kg^?1) diets containing graded levels of crystalline l ‐lysine HCl, with dietary lysine content ranging from 36.3 to 79.7 g kg^?1 of protein. The final indispensable amino acid profile of the diets except for lysine was formulated so as to resemble that of wild seabream whole body. Except for the reduced growth performance of fish groups fed the lysine‐deficient diets no other deficiency signs were apparent. Survival observed throughout the feeding period of 6 weeks was excellent. Weight gain (in %), specific growth rate, feed efficiency and daily protein deposition (DPD) were significantly improved in response to the increasing levels of dietary lysine up to 52.7 g kg^?1 of protein and remained nearly constant thereafter. Whole‐body protein content followed a similar pattern as growth parameters in relation to dietary lysine level. Non‐linear regression analysis of DPD against dietary lysine level using the four‐parameter saturation kinetic model indicated a lysine requirement of 50.4 g kg^?1 of protein for this species to support growth.     

Effects of protein level of the diet on digestibility and growth of gilthead sea bream, Sparus auratus L.

A feeding trial with a duration of 12 weeks was conducted to determine the effects of various protein levels, in relation to diet digestibility and growth of the gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata L. Four experimental fish meal/wheat meal based diets (A,B,C,D) containing 400, 450, 500 and 550 g kg^?1 protein, respectively, were tested. The increase of the fishmeal content of the diet led to an increment of dry matter digestibility. Apparent digestibility coefficients of protein and lipids were always very high (being near or even over 90%). Energy digestibility coefficients increased from diet A to diet D, which corresponds to a decrease in the wheat meal content of the diet. Voluntary feed intake increased with the decrease of protein content of the diet (from diet D to diet A). In the other sense, feed/gain ratio decreased regularly as protein percentage increased (from diet A to diet D). The most favourable feed/gain ratio, 1.07, was noted for the group receiving 55% protein (diet D). Fish on the lowest protein diet (Diet A) showed the highest protein efficiency ratio (PER) and the highest percentage retention of the digestible protein intake. Other than slight positive differences between fish fed diets with 500 and 550 g kg^?1 protein, no significant differences were observed for growth when dietary protein exceeded 450 g kg^?1. Beyond this level, no significant difference in final average individual weight was observed. Although it is generally considered that the dietary protein requirement for gilthead sea bream is 400 g kg^?1, our experiment demonstrates that to obtain high growth rates (>2.3% per day), a minimum of 450 g kg^?1 protein in the diet is necessary. However, the most favourable values for growth rates and feed/gain ratio are obtained with 550 g kg^?1 protein in diet, considering that no significant differences were observed for PER among diets B, C and D.     

Amino acid retention of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata,L.) fed with pea protein concentrate

A trial of 218 days of duration was carried out to assess the use of pea protein concentrate (PPC) as a substitute for fish meal in diets for juvenile gilthead sea bream (52 g average initial weight), using four diets (0, 16, 32 and 48) with PPC inclusion levels of 0, 162, 325 and 487 g kg^?1, respectively. At the end of the trial, the fish reached weights of 397, 385, 383 and 355 g for 0, 16, 32 and 48 diets, respectively; diet 48 gave the lowest specific growth rate (SGR, 0.88% per day) but 0%, 16% and 32% PPC did not present statistical differences. Feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and body composition were not affected by the diets. Digestible protein retention was significantly higher with the 0% diet, but no energy retention differences were observed. Retention rates of ingested and digestible amino acids were very similar; in general, the retention of essential amino acids decreased as dietary PPC increased, and lysine retention was the highest and phenylalanine retention was the lowest. From the results of this experiment, it may be concluded that fish meal can be replaced up to 32% by PPC in sea bream without negative effects on fish weight gain, FCR and PER.     

Effect of diet composition on nutrient digestibility and digestive enzyme levels of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.)

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary composition on apparent digestibility coefficients of protein, fat and carbohydrate of gilthead sea bream. In addition α‐amylase and proteolytic activities were measured in the digestive tract of fish, held at 20±1°C. Six experimental diets were formulated containing approximately 40%, 45% and 50% protein, 11% and 21% fat and a starch level which fluctuated from 14% to 36%. Fish having an average weight of 100–130 g were used, fed at 1.5% of their body weight daily, and digestibility was measured using an indirect method. Enzyme activities were measured in the digestive tract of fish, fed diets containing a combination of 40%, 50% protein with 11%, 21% fat at 0.5, 5, 10, 24 h after a single meal. Starch digestibility was reduced with its level in the diet. It also negatively affected fat digestibility as well as protein digestibility, the last only at the high fat level. Dietary fat level had a negative effect on starch and protein digestibility. Fat affected also strongly α‐amylase levels in the digestive tract, while its effect on protease activity was of smaller magnitude. These results indicate that digestive enzyme activities and nutrient digestibility values are affected by dietary composition, carbohydrates and fat indicating the strongest effect.     

Development of a reference diet for use in indispensable amino acid requirement studies of gilthead seabream Sparus aurata L.

The development of a test diet supporting good fish growth to be used in gilthead seabream indispensable amino acid (IAA) requirement studies based on dose–response relationship was the objective of the present study. Four isonitrogenous diets, one serving as control (diet C) based on fish meal LT, and three others in which the fish meal component was reduced to 45% and the rest of the nitrogen was provided by mixtures of crystalline AA were formulated. Diet S resembled the whole body IAA profile of wild seabream. Diet D was made deficient in all IAA and a 10% excess of IAA compared with diet S was used in diet E. Triplicate groups of fish were fed the diets to satiation for 6 weeks. Growth parameters and nutrient utilization efficiencies among diets C and S were similar, while excessive supplementation of IAA negatively affected most of them, compared with the control. Whole body composition was differentiated in relation to the diet fed. No significant differences were observed among groups fed the control and diet S. As shown by the results, the presence of crystalline AA in diet S does not significantly affect growth, and could therefore serve as control diet in IAA requirement studies of gilthead seabream.     

Towards an inert diet for first-feeding gilthead seabream Sparus aurata L. larvae

The development of an inert food to replace live prey during the early stages of marine fish larvae requires research in different fields and therefore a precise work strategy. Our research on this subject has been carried out in successive steps using the gilthead seabream Sparus aurata . The first step was the design of a food particle that would be well accepted and ingested by free-swimming marine larval fish during the first developmental stages. We chose microencapsulation by polymerization of the dietary protein as the most appropriate method for making the particles; different types of microcapsules were made using a basic diet containing only the major dietary components. In the second step, our aim was to keep the larvae alive in a routine rearing system in 300-L tanks, using exclusively this kind of food, long enough to detect any changes in growth, survival, or anatomical and histological status of the larvae, in order to verify whether the technological changes were positive. The third step focused on diet formulation and searching for clues to inefficient assimilation and growth. The use of ' in vitro ' digestibility techniques allowed us to detect the inhibitory effect of some diet ingredients on larval proteases and to determine more suitable sources of protein. We now have a microcapsule able to efficiently support growth and development of S. aurata larvae , at least during the first 2 weeks of life, although the larvae still need to feed on rotifers during the first 2–4 days of exogenous feeding. This microcapsule will make it possible to make advances in determining the specific nutritional requirements of larval fish.     

Pharmacokinetics of oxolinic acid in gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata L.

This is the first study on the pharmacokinetic parameters of oxolinic acid (OA) in gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata L. The kinetic profile of OA was studied after a single intravascular injection (20 mg kg⁻¹) in 100 g fish at 20 °C. The distribution half-life ( t _1/2α) and the elimination half-life ( t _1/2β) of the drug were found to be short (0.51 and 12.60 h, respectively). The drug penetration from the plasma to the tissues was adequate as the apparent volume of distribution of the drug at steady-state ( V _d(ss)) was found to be 2.11 L kg⁻¹. The mean residence time ( MRT ) of OA was short (14.25 h) and the total clearance rate ( Cl _T) of the drug was low (0.15 L kg⁻¹ h⁻¹). The bioavailability ( F %) of OA following oral administration (30 mg kg⁻¹) was also low (14%). Maximum values were observed for muscle at 0.5 h after injection, with levels declining as with subsequent sampling. At the first two time points (0.5 and 1 h) plasma levels of OA were higher than muscle, however, the reverse was evident for subsequent samples. Following oral administration, highest muscle levels were found at 16 h and, with the exception of the 24-h sampling, muscle OA concentrations were higher than plasma at all time points. The fast elimination of OA suggests short withdrawal times with reference to human consumption of treated fish.     

Comparison of the swimming performance of farmed and wild gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata

Farmed gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata, frequently escape from the sea cages and interact with wild populations. The impact of these interactions on the wild populations will depend, in part, on differences in performance of the bream. This study compared the swimming performance of the wild and farmed fish in a current channel. The absolute critical swimming speed (U_crit) increased with increasing size while the relative U_crit decreased. Even at the same length there were noticeable performance differences between the individuals. The wild sea bream have significantly higher (P<0.05) absolute U_crit performance (0.86±0.01 m s⁻¹) than the farmed fish (0.79±0.01 m s⁻¹) and significantly higher (P<0.05) relative U_crit performance (4.52±0.05 BL s⁻¹) than the farmed fish (4.21±0.05 BL s⁻¹). The present study suggests that cultured sea bream may not have the ability to compete with wild sea bream in native seawaters.     

Evaluation of immunological parameters in farmed gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata L., before and during outbreaks of 'winter syndrome'

In recent years, 'winter syndrome' has caused severe economic losses in many marine farms in southern Europe. This study compared the activity of the immune system in healthy, asymptomatic and diseased gilthead sea bream. Serum protein and immunoglobulin content were evaluated as well as serum complement activity from these groups of fish. Differential leucocyte counts were also determined. Immunological assays were performed to determine intra- and extracellular 'respiratory burst' activity as non-specific immune response parameters. Diseased fish showed a significant reduction in haemolytic activity (90%), and in serum proteins and immunoglobulins in comparison with the other groups. A significant increase in the lymphocyte percentage (50%) and a decrease in the granulocyte percentage (over 70%) was found in asymptomatic fish. Respiratory burst activity was reduced in both the clinical and preclinical stages of the disease, compared with the controls. These observations confirm a severe immunodeficiency in diseased fish but also the presence of a cellular immune dysfunction in fish without clinical signs, before the onset of the disease.     

Energy and protein requirements for maintenance and growth in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.)

Factorial determinations of energy and protein requirements in growing Sparus aurata were carried out at 23–24°C. The energy content in the whole fish was dependent on fish weight and ranged from 5 to 11 MJ kg⁻¹ body mass for 1–250 g fish, whereas the protein content remained constant at 179 g kg⁻¹.
During starvation the fish lost 42.5 kJ body weight (BW) (kg)^−0.83 day⁻¹ and 0.42 g protein BW (kg)^−0.70 day⁻¹. The maintenance requirement for energy was calculated to be 55.8 kJ BW (kg)^−0.83 day⁻¹ and for protein 0.86 g BW (kg)^−0.70 day⁻¹. Utilization of digestible energy and digestible crude protein below and at maintenance was determined as 0.72 and 0.51, respectively. Utilization of digestible energy and digestible crude protein for growth above maintenance was determined as 0.46 and 0.28, respectively.
These values allow estimation of requirements for growing Sparus aurata .     

Enhancement of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) larval growth by dietary vitamin E in relation to two different levels of essential fatty acids

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of dietary vitamin E on gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) growth and survival, at two different highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs) levels. Eighteen days old gilthead seabream larvae were fed four formulated experimental diets combining two different dietary levels of HUFAs (M: medium 2.5 + 1.5, DHA + EPA, H: high 5 + 2.5 DHA + EPA g per 100 g) with two different levels of vitamin E (M: medium 540 mg kg^?1, H: high 2900 mg kg^?1): MM, MH, HM, HH (HUFA/vitamin E). After 2‐week feeding trial, the average survival rate was 52.6% and there were no significant differences found among treatments. Increase in vitamin E up to high level markedly improved larval growth, particularly when dietary HUFA levels were lower, suggesting a higher protection value when these fatty acids are more limiting. At medium dietary HUFA levels, increase in vitamin E from medium to high level enhanced larval growth performance in terms of total length. Moreover, increase in vit E enhanced HUFAs content in the larval polar lipids denoting the anti‐oxidative effect of vitamin E.     

Apparent digestibility coefficients of selected feed ingredients for dourado Salminus brasiliensis

The excellence of its flesh and fast growth makes the dourado, Salminus brasiliensis , a carnivorous fish native to the Prata basin, a potential candidate for intensive fish farming. This study evaluated the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of energy and nutrients of animal and plant protein sources for the carnivorous Characin dourado S. brasiliensis . Fish (19.5 ± 5.0 g) were stocked in plastic cages (80-L) and fed pelleted test diets containing 30% of the test ingredient [fish meal (FM), poultry by-product meal (PBM), soybean meal (SBM), and corn gluten meal (CGM) plus 70% of a reference diet (481.4 g kg⁻¹ of crude protein and 18.63 kJ of gross energy per gram]. After the last daily meal, cages were transferred to cylindrical, conical-bottomed aquarium (200-L) where faeces were collected by sedimentation in a refrigerated container. Except for ADC of protein and energy, all other ADC of nutrients showed significant differences ( P  < 0.01). ADC values were: 94.3%, 91.3%, 93.1%, and 93.5% for crude protein; 91.0%, 90.3%, 87.8%, and 88.8% for gross energy; 92.1%, 84.5%, 80.6%, and 79.3% for ash; 83.9%, 80.3%, 84.3%, and 84.6% for dry matter; 97.4%, 96.7%, 93.3%, and 91.5% for lipid for FM, PBM, SBM, and CGM, respectively. The average amino acid ADC was: 93.6%, 90.0%, 92.1%, and 92.5% of FM, PBM, SBM, and CGM, respectively. All test ingredients were efficiently used and can partially replace FM in diets for carnivorous dourado.     

Effects of chronic confinement on physiological responses of juvenile gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata L., to acute handling

Understanding how gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata L., an important Mediterranean Sea species for aquaculture, respond physiologically to stressors commonly encountered in intensive rearing is important for effective production, as managing for stress is a major factor in maintaining healthy fish stocks. Our objective was to determine whether holding juvenile gilthead sea bream at a high density (HD), as a chronic stressor, would affect their physiological responses to a subsequent acute handling stressor. After acclimation at a low density (LD) of 6 kg m^?3 in 200‐L circular tanks containing 33–36 g L^?1 recirculating seawater at 19°C under a normal photoperiod, juvenile 37‐g gilthead sea bream were confined for 14 days at a HD of 26 kg m^?3 and then subjected to 30‐s aerial emersion in a dipnet. Plasma levels of cortisol, glucose, lactate, osmolality and chloride were determined in fish held in separate lots during LD (control) and HD confinement at 0, 1, 2, 7 and 14 days, and then after handling at 0, 1, 2, 4 and 8 h. Although plasma cortisol levels were similar in LD and HD fish groups after 14 d of confinement (15 and 23 ng mL^?1, respectively), the cortisol response in fish from the HD treatment at 1 and 2 h following acute handling (70 and 37 ng mL^?1, respectively) was only about half of that measured in the control group (139 and 102 ng mL^?1); plasma cortisol was similar in both groups by 4 and 8 h. In contrast, plasma glucose elevations in response to handling were higher at 4 and 8 h in the HD‐held fish (94 and 72 mg dL^?1, respectively) than in those from the LD treatment (59 and 51 mg dL^?1); glucose responses were similar in both groups at 1 and 2 h after handling and throughout confinement. Plasma lactate levels were higher in LD fish than in the HD group at the beginning of the experiment but were similar after 14 d confinement and responses to handling were similar (e.g. 33 and 35 mg dL^?1 at 1 h). Plasma osmolality showed increases during the first 2 h after acute handling but no differences were evident between the two density treatments at any time during confinement or posthandling. Plasma chloride levels did not change throughout the experiment. The reduced plasma cortisol response to acute handling likely resulted from negative feedback of mildly but chronically elevated circulating cortisol caused by the confinement stressor on the hypothalamic–pituitary–interrenal axis. While other post‐handling physiological changes also showed differences between treatment groups, the suppressed cortisol response in the HD‐held fish suggests a reduction in the gilthead sea bream's normal capacity to respond to an acute stressor.     

Fatty acid digestibility in gilthead sea bream fed diets containing native,re‐esterified or acid vegetable oils

Re‐esterified vegetable oils are obtained from a chemical esterification reaction between vegetable acid oils and glycerol. Due to their properties, it is expected that they have a higher nutritive value than their corresponding acid oils and a better digestibility than their native counterparts. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of re‐esterified oils with a different monoacylglycerol (MAG) and diacylglycerol (DAG) content, produced from palm or rapeseed, on fatty acid digestibility in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). Triplicate groups of fish were fed nine experimental diets containing different oils during 28 days. For each source, four different types of oil were used: native, re‐esterified low or high in MAG and DAG and acid. A commercial fish oil was used for the control diet. Diets containing re‐esterified oils had better apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of total fatty acids than acid oil diets. Re‐esterified oils do not negatively affect apparent digestibility coefficients of fatty acids when compared to their corresponding native oils and could be incorporated as a source of energy in diets for gilthead sea bream. An improvement in digestibility compared to the native oil diet was only obtained in palm re‐esterified oil high in MAG and DAG.     

Mono- and duoculture of juvenile sharpsnout seabream Diplodus puntazzo (Cetti) and gilthead seabream Sparus aurata L. in a recirculated water system

Although the growth of intensively reared sharpsnout seabream Diplodus puntazzo (DP) has been suggested to improve in duoculture with gilthead seabream Sparus aurata (SA), the stocking ratio for most effective duoculture rearing has not been investigated. For this purpose, juvenile D. puntazzo (1.68±0.011 g) and S. aurata (1.43±0.007 g) were reared in duplicated groups of 165 specimens each, in two monoculture (100% DP, 100% SA) and four duoculture combinations (80% DP–20% SA, 60% DP–40% SA, 40% DP–60% SA, 20% DP–80% SA) for 96 days under recirculated water system conditions. Both species exhibited the highest growth when stocked at 20% and the poorest growth when stocked at 80%. For each species, no major differences for coefficient of weight variation and carcass proximate composition were detected. As the percentage of stocked S. aurata increased, D. puntazzo aggressiveness and weight variability of whole population were reduced, while total biomass, food consumption and food conversion ratio were increased. The results obtained are discussed in relation to fish behaviour and social interactions. From the fish farming point of view, it is indicated that under the present experimental conditions, juvenile S. aurata should be reared in monoculture and D. puntazzo in duoculture 40% DP–60% SA.     

Optimum krill phospholipids content in microdiets for gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) larvae

The aim of the present study was to determine the optimum dietary levels of krill phospholipids (KPL) for sea bream (Sparus aurata) larvae, and its influence on larval development and digestive enzymes activity. Larvae were fed five formulated microdiets with five different levels of KPL. Complete replacement of live preys with the experimental microdiets for seabream larvae produced high survival and growth rates, particularly in fish fed the highest levels of KPL. In the present study, increase in dietary KPL up to 120 g kg^?1 (100 g kg^?1 total PL) significantly improved larval survival and growth, whereas further increase did not improve those parameters. An increase in alkaline phosphatase, trypsin and lipase activity with the elevation of KPL up to 120 g kg^?1 was also found denoting a better functioning of digestive system. Besides, there was a linear substrate stimulatory effect of dietary KPL on phospholipase A2 activity. Finally, increasing dietary KPL lead to better assimilation of n‐3 HUFA especially eicosapentaenoic acid, reflected in the higher content of these fatty acids in both neutral and polar lipids of the larvae. In summary, KPL were found to be an excellent source of lipids for seabream larvae. Optimum inclusion levels of this ingredient in microdiets to completely substitute live preys at this larval age were found to be 120 g kg^?1 KPL.     

草鱼对27种饲料原料中氨基酸的表观消化率

本试验以0.5％Cr2O3为指示物,按照“70％基础饲料 30％试验原料“的饲料配制方法,在可控条件的室内循环养殖系统中用2龄草鱼种（体重150-200g）对常用的饲料原料的氨基酸表观消化率进行测定。试验选用了进口鱼粉、国产鱼粉、蟹粉、肉粉、肠衣粉、酵母、菜饼、黄菜粕、菜粕、双低菜籽粕、豆粕、膨化大豆、芝麻饼、棉粕、玉米胚芽粕、玉米蛋白粉和酒糟粉共17种商品蛋白质饲料原料,玉米、麦麸、次粉、米糠、标粉、小麦、大麦、玉米糟、稻谷、药渣共10种能量饲料原料,得到了每种原料的16种氨基酸的表观消化率。表观消化率主要规律表现为：草鱼对原料蛋白质消化率高时对氨基酸的总消化率也高,如对鱼粉、豆粕的消化率高;对玉米类原料如玉米蛋白粉、玉米渣、玉米的氨基酸消化率较低,而对小麦类原料如小麦粉、麦麸、次粉等的消化率相对较高;在植物饼粕类中,草鱼对豆粕和菜粕的消化率较高,而对棉粕的消化率则相对较低;对同种原料的16种不同的氨基酸的表观消化率也有很大的差异,这种差异的规律性较差。     

Preliminary evaluation of pea seed meal in diets for gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) juveniles

Juvenile gilthead sea bream with a mean initial body weight of 5 g were fed for 12 weeks with experimental diets containing 10% and 20% fishmeal protein (sole protein source in the control diet) replaced by processed pea seed meals. The processed pea seed meals were dehulled, defibred, extruded and microground pea seed meal (PSM1) or whole pea treated by infrared radiation and ground (PSM2). Apparent digestibility coefficients of the experimental diets were determined in a separate trial. At the end of the growth trial there were no significant differences in growth performance, feed utilization or whole-body composition among experimental groups. There were no differences in apparent protein digestibility among experimental groups (except for fish fed PSM1 at the lowest inclusion level). Both dry matter and energy digestibility of the diets, including PSM2 and with the highest inclusion level of PSM1, were significantly lower than those of the control diet. The results of this study suggest that pea seed meal may replace up to 20% fishmeal protein in diets for gilthead sea bream juveniles without affecting fish performance. Further studies should focus on technological treatments to increase utilization of pea seed meal carbohydrate, as both apparent dry matter and energy digestibility were affected by dietary inclusion level and by pea seed meal processing method.     

Cottonseed oil as a complementary lipid source in diets for gilthead seabream Sparus aurata juveniles

The efficacy of using cottonseed oil (CSO) as a fish oil (FO) substitute in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) juveniles feed was evaluated. Fish (BW_i 4.0 ± 2.9 g) were fed one of four isoproteic (~48% CP) and isolipidic (~18% L) diets for 9 weeks. Added oil was either FO (control diet, CTRL) or CSO, replacing 50% (CSO50 diet), 60% (CSO60 diet) and 70% (CSO70 diet) of dietary FO. Results indicated that FO replacement by CSO up to 60% level had no detrimental effects on growth or nutritive utilization and composition in fish muscles. Higher CSO intake (CSO70 diet, 56 g kg^?1) led to a 16% reduction in weight gain, 14% in feed utilization (FCR) and 57% in muscle n‐3 long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (lc PUFA) as compared with CTRL and to abundant accumulation of lipid within the hepatocytes. Use of CSO altered fatty acid (FA) profiles of muscle and liver. Data suggested utilization of linoleic acid (LOA) by fish and retain of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in muscles. Therefore, limits of CSO inclusion as the main source of supplementary dietary lipid, with no negative effects on fish performance or nutritive composition and utilization in muscles, are: 40–48 g kg^?1 feed for gilthead seabream juveniles.     

金头鲷的形态学及框架结构的研究

从初孵仔鱼培育到17月龄鱼种中,检测50尾鱼(鱼龄17个月)的体重(g)、体长(cm)、全长(cm)、尾叉长(cm)、体高(cm)、体宽(cm)、头长(cm)、吻长(cm)、眼后头长(cm)、眼径(cm)、尾柄长(cm)和尾柄高(cm)等的平均值及标准差分别为241·11±49·56、18·72±1·30、24·15±1·39、22·02±1·23、8·20±0·63、3·18±0·31、5·56±0·36、1·98±0·28、2·47±0·21、1·52±0·09、2·56±0·45、1·96±0·17;体长/体高、体长/头长、体长/尾柄长、体长/眼径、头长/眼径、头长/尾柄长、头长/尾柄高、尾柄长/尾柄高、头长/眼后头长和体高/体厚等的平均值分别为2·29±0·10、3·33±0·18、7·49±1·25、12·37±1·12、3·72±0·30、2·26±0·43、2·88±0·25、1·31±0·21、2·29±0·16和2·59±0·22。其可数性状:背鳍、胸鳍、腹鳍、臀鳍等的鳍式为D.Ⅺ-12~14、P1.5 (9~10)、P2.Ⅰ-1 4、A.Ⅲ-11;侧线鳞为56~69枚、侧线上鳞为6~8枚;脊椎骨数为9~10(胸骨) 13~14(尾骨)根;上颌齿式为:1~5 7~10、2~13、4~9、0~9/0~7、3~10、3~15、4~11 1~4;下颌齿式为:1~2 6~15、4~10、0~8/0~7、4~9、6~12 1~2。通过观察,运用传统测量法对其外观的可数、可量性状进行测量与分析,并结合Humphsies,Bookstein和Bookstein等提出的框架法(Truss)思路来构建金头鲷的框架结构图,几何地描述金头鲷的体形特征,可为研究金头鲷的种质提供科学依据。