一种生物诱抗剂防治玉米圆斑病效果研究

利用实验室制备的一种生物诱抗剂(Biological resistance inducer,BRI)成功诱导玉米对圆斑病菌(Cochliobolus carbonum)的抗性,BRI对玉米圆斑病菌孢子萌发及菌丝生长无明显影响.温室接种试验结果表明,BRI浓度在10 ～ 100 μg/mL范围内,随着BRI浓度提高,其诱导玉米抗圆斑病的效果也相应提高.当BRI处理玉米后1h再接种玉米圆斑病菌,能诱导玉米产生抗性、减轻病害;随着病菌接种时间的推移,其诱导抗性逐渐加强,控病效果逐渐提高;在接种前5h喷施BRI,其防病效果达峰值(77.46％);接种前6h喷施BRI,防病效果缓慢下降.当接种孢子在1×103～5×104个/mL时,BRI防病效果达60.95％ ～ 71.46％;当接种孢子达1x105个/mL时,防病效果仅达18.08％.     

玉米苗枯病菌生物学特性及药剂防治研究

对引起玉米苗枯病的主要致病菌-串珠镰刀菌生物学特性进行了研究,并进行了药剂的初步筛选。结果表明,该菌菌丝生长的适宜温度范围在25～30℃,最适温度为30℃;分生孢子萌发的最适温度为30℃。菌丝生长的pH值适宜范围在6.5～12,以pH7.5时分生孢子萌发率最高。该菌在PDA、YA和PSA培养基上菌丝生长速率较快。病菌对麦芽糖、葡萄糖和对牛肉膏的利用好于其它碳源和氮源。供试的7种药剂中2.5%适乐时对玉米苗枯病菌菌丝生长抑制作用最强,盆栽防效试验以2.5%适乐时1∶350包衣效果最好。     

辽宁省玉米锈病病原菌鉴定及其生物学研究

根据玉米锈病田间症状和病原菌形态,鉴定确认辽宁省玉米锈病是由玉米柄锈菌(Pucciniasorghi Schw.)所致。病原菌生物学研究结果表明,夏孢子萌发温度为5℃～35℃,最适温度为25℃;最适湿度为100%;萌发pH为4～10,最适pH值为7。供试碳源对夏孢子萌发均有不同程度促进作用,最适碳源为蔗糖。供试氮源对夏孢子萌发有抑制作用,酪氨酸的抑制作用最大。夏孢子致死温度为47℃、10min;冬孢子致死温度为49℃、10min。冬孢子室内常温下越冬最多存活75d。     

芒果可可球二孢蒂腐病菌生物学培养特性

对芒果可可球二孢蒂腐病菌(Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat.)的生物学培养特性进行了研究.结果表明:菌丝生长最适温度30℃;孢子萌发最适温度30℃;菌丝生长最适pH值5～6,孢子萌发最适pH值7～10;菌丝生长的最佳碳源是棉子糖、葡萄糖,最佳氮源是牛肉浸膏、蛋白胨:光照及振荡培养对菌丝生长无显著影响;菌丝的致死温度为60℃,30 min或65℃,10 min,孢子的致死温度50℃,15min.     

剑麻茎腐病菌突变株的生物学特性研究

从感病剑麻植株中分离到了一株茎腐病茵的突变茵株,并对其形态特征和生物学特性进行了研究.与已报道的黑曲霉菌明显不同的是:该茵在PDA平板上茵丝丰富、白色、产孢速度慢,其分生孢子表面有瘤状突起.该茵茵落生长与产孢的温度范围为15 ℃～40℃,最适为35℃;菌落生长的最适pH值为9,各pH值条件下产孢无显著差异;全光照条件下茵落生长和产孢速度显著快于光暗交替和全黑暗条件.孢子萌发的温度为20℃～45℃,最适为35℃;pH值4～时,孢子萌发率最高;光照对孢子萌发没有明显的影响;分生孢子的致死温度为50℃,10min.     

山竹蒂腐病病菌鉴定及其生物学特性研究

鉴定山竹蒂腐病的病菌,并对该病菌的生物学特性进行研究。根据病菌的培养性状、形态特征、寄主范围和致病性等特性,认为引起山竹蒂腐病的病原菌为可可球二孢菌(Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat.)。该菌菌丝生长的温度范围为10～40℃,最适为28～32℃;孢子萌发的温度范围为5～40℃,最适为28～32℃;在pH值3～11该菌均能生长,最适pH值为5～7;在全光照条件下,该菌菌丝生长最快;在供试碳源中,仅D-木糖不利于该菌菌丝生长,其它7种碳源对菌丝生长的影响无显著差异;在供试氮源中,牛肉     

大豆灰斑病菌(Cercospora sojina)生物学特性的研究

大豆灰斑病菌(Cercospora aojina)在大豆叶葡萄糖琼脂培养基上的生长速率较在PDA上快86％,在小白菜琼脂和番茄琼脂培养基上的产孢量分别约为PDA的8倍和6倍。此菌的生长发育温度最适为25—28℃,低于15℃或高于35℃均不适宜。黑暗条件较为有利。在pH4—9之间,均能生长和产孢,但以pH5生长最适,pH6—7产孢量最多。分生孢子在蒸馏水里亦萌发得很好,半小时就能萌发,经3—4小时后萌发率显著上升,5小时萌发率达90％以上。在10—40℃之间均能萌发,最适温度为28—30℃。以pH7萌发最好。黑暗条件有利萌发,阳光直射对孢子萌发有明显的抑制作用。     

玉米大斑病菌对广州地区甜玉米的致病性观测

通过对桂甜和华珍两个甜玉米品种的玉米大斑病病斑扩展速率及病情指数的研究结果表明,不同品种对玉米大斑病菌的抗性存在明显的差异;病斑的产孢特性显示,病斑首次产孢量显著高于再次产孢量。通过比较不同温度下的菌丝生长量,分析出广州地区玉米大斑病菌的主要构成属于高温型。     

顶孢霉菌代谢产物对玉米圆斑病菌生长和发育的影响

利用菌丝生长速率法和孢子萌发法研究顶孢霉代谢产物对玉米圆斑病菌生长的抑制能力。结果表明,顶孢霉发酵液对玉米圆斑病菌分生孢子萌发和菌丝生长均有抑制作用。菌丝生长速率测定表明,含有顶孢霉菌代谢产物的培养基（D+P）圆斑病菌菌丝的生长速率低于含有玉米圆斑病菌代谢产物的培养基（Y+P）和空白对照PDA的生长速率,菌丝生长速率分别为65.0、86.5、87.5 mm/d;以Y+P和PDA为对照,D+P对玉米圆斑病菌在第1天和第2天时抑制率最高,均达58%以上;在1 mL PDA体系中,顶孢霉发酵液添加量为0.5 mL时,抑制率可达100%,不同浓度处理间及其与对照处理间顶孢霉发酵液抑制率差异显著（P=0.05）;同一处理不同培养天数顶孢霉发酵液抑制率也有显著差异（P=0.05）。孢子萌发实验表明,经顶孢霉发酵液处理后的玉米圆斑孢子萌发率降低,在发酵液浓度为0.9 mL/mL时,萌发率仅为24%,抑制率可达66.67%, EC50约为68 mL/100 mL,且孢子经发酵液处理后产生畸形,不能正常发育。     

花生疮痂病菌生物学特性研究

由疮痂病菌（Elsinoë arachidis) 引起的花生疮痂病,近年来在辽宁省大面积发生,严重制约花生产业的健康发展。本文对花生疮痂病菌生物学特性开展了系统研究。结果表明,花生疮痂病菌在PSA上菌落褶皱、隆起,生长缓慢,在最适培养基PSA上培养30d菌落直径仅为28.1mm,最适碳氮源分别为半乳糖和酵母浸粉,最适温度25℃,pH4~6时菌丝长势良好,黑暗有利于该菌的生长,菌丝致死温度为48℃;分生孢子萌发最适pH值为5,最适温度为25℃,最适碳源为1%葡萄糖,最适氮源为1%丙氨酸和1%甘氨酸,光照对分生孢子萌发差异不显著,分生孢子致死温度为47℃。     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

先玉335、郑单958和京科968抗虫能力的比较研究

以先玉335、郑单958、京科968为材料,以玉米螟(Ostrinia furnacalis)、黏虫(Mythimna separata)和禾谷缢管蚜(Rhopalosiphum padi)为供试昆虫,探究玉米品系大喇叭口期对玉米螟和黏虫及抽雄期对禾谷缢管蚜抗性差异,测定其主要抗虫化合物丁布类物质的含量。结果发现,京科968对玉米螟及禾谷缢管蚜抗性均高于另外两个品系;对黏虫的抗性,郑单958和京科968高于先玉335。大喇叭口期京科968中丁布类物质含量最高,抽雄期郑单958和京科968中主要丁布成分含量均高于先玉335,上述组织中丁布合成相关基因在郑单958及京科968中的表达量也均高于先玉335。本研究揭示杂交玉米抗虫性与抗性相关化合物含量及其相关基因表达间存在正向相关关系,为抗虫玉米分子育种提供理论参考。     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Effect of a continuous hot water treatment of potato tubers on seed-borne fungal pathogens

Summary The viability of five pathogens was decreased by treatment with hot water when tested in vitro.Polyscytalum pustulans was most sensitive andRhizoctonia solani least sensitive. Potato tubers were exposed to 55°C for 5 min in a commercial continuous hot water treatment plant using naturally contaminated seed tubers and tubers which had been inoculated by dipping in comminuted cultures. The frequency of eyes colonised byP. pustulans, Helminthosporium solani, andR. solani was reduced to virtually zero and the effect persisted on tubers subsequently stored at 4°C and at 15°C for up to 16 wk. Results withColletotrichum coccodes were inconclusive. Treatment suppressedPenicillium spp. which, however, rapidly recolonised the eyes during storage, leading to higher contamination levels in the treated than in the untreated tubers. With tubers inoculated withPhoma foveata, good control was achieved when the incubation period before treatment was 10 d but not when the period was 42 d.     

Evaluation of fungicides to control Petri disease pathogens in the grapevine propagation process

The efficacy of fourteen selected fungicides against Phaeomoniella chlamydospora and Phaeoacremonium aleophilum was evaluated in vitro by mycelial growth and conidial germination assays. Azoxystrobin, carbendazim and tebuconazole were the most effective fungicides against P. chlamydospora, while carbendazim and didecyldimethylammonium chloride were the most effective against P. aleophilum. An assay was also conducted with cubiet, hydroxyquinoline sulphate and didecyldimethylammonium chloride to determine their potential to prevent infections caused by these pathogens during the hydration stage in grapevine propagation. The results of this experiment demonstrated that P. chlamydospora and P. aleophilum were able to infect healthy cuttings during the hydration stage and showed that didecyldimethylammonium chloride was consistently the best treatment as a disinfectant soak for grapevine cuttings. Additionally, semi-commercial trials were conducted in two grapevine nurseries to evaluate the effectiveness of several strategies with carbendazim, flusilazole and hydroxyquinoline sulphate at different nursery stages. Soaking planting material in carbendazim during the hydration stage was the most effective treatment since neither P. chlamydospora nor P. aleophilum were isolated from planting material in either nursery.     

Screening for resistance to early blight (Alternaria solani) in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) using toxic metabolites produced by the fungus

Summary The phytotoxic components of the culture filtrate of the fungusAlternaria solani Sor, which causes early blight in potato, were used in this study to differentiate between resistant and susceptible genotypes selected to represent a range of reactions when screened in the field. Detached leaflet assays, using spores and toxic metabolites from the culture filtrate, were compared with field ratings and a whole-plant glasshouse test. Rank correlations between several detached leaflet tests were highly significant (P<0.01) but the correlations between these tests and the glasshouse and field tests were poor. The disease ratings obtained in the various tests were clustered into four groups and assigned to resistance classes. For many of the genotypes there was a good correspondence between resistance classes for all test methods. Divergent results between tests were associated with foliage maturity characteristics of the genotypes. Contribution no. 3879050 of the Lethbridge Research Station.     

B9601-Y2溶磷解钾固氮能力及促玉米生长效果研究

为了明确淀粉芽孢杆菌B9601-Y2(Y2)的促生长机制,通过摇瓶培养,检测其溶磷解钾固氮活性;通过盆栽试验,探索Y2对玉米生长量和溶磷解钾量的影响。结果表明,在第7天时,Y2固氮量为2.9 mg/L,解钾量为13.5μg/mL;在第4天时,溶磷量达732μg/mL。与空白对照相比,Y2发酵液能增加玉米株高28.29%,根长27.21%,叶宽18.56%,鲜重80.93%,干重66.67%;提高土壤中速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量分别为20.42%、111.01%和17.24%,提高植株氮、磷、钾含量45.46%、120.17%、68.45%。研究结果表明,Y2活化土壤中难溶性磷、钾和具有固氮能力,并能促进植株对氮、磷、钾营养的吸收利用。     

Evaluation of diploid potato clones for resistance to tuber soft rot induced by strains ofErwinia carotovora subsp.atroseptica,E. carotovora subsp.carotovora andE. chrysanthemi

Summary Tubers of clones from a diploid hybrid population ofSolanum phureja andS. stenotomum were screened for resistance to tuber soft rot caused by strains ofErwinia carotovora subsp.atroseptica (Eca),E. carotovora subsp.carotovora (Ecc) andE. chrysanthemi (Ech). Significant, positive correlations between resistance to the different strains and species were observed, indicating that screening for resistance to tuber soft rot could be accomplished by using just one of the three pathogens. Strains of Ecc and Ech were found to be much more virulent than strains of Eca. Inoculating with Ecc and Ech resulted in more distinct differences among susceptible, moderately resistant and resistant clones than inoculating with Eca.