鸡呼吸系统疾病的预防措施

鸡的呼吸系统疾病常年均易发生,秋冬季节是呼吸系统疾病的高发季节,严重威害鸡群的健康生长和生产效益。鸡的呼吸系统疾病包括鼻腔疾病、气管疾病、支气管疾病、肺脏疾病、气囊炎病,造成这些疾病的原因有病毒因素、细菌因素及饲养管理方面的问题。1临床症状     

畜禽疾病防控的六要素

畜禽受环境因素、应激因素、营养因素以及有毒有害物质等的入侵致使动物机体的正常功能受损,动物就会发生疾病.畜禽疾病有两种类型,即传染性疾病和非传染性疾病,这两种类型对畜禽来讲都有伤害,其中传染性疾病伤害最大.畜禽疾病发生前后,对疾病的防控尤为重要,该文重点讲解畜禽疾病防控的六要素,以期为养殖行业对疾病的防控提供参考.     

季节性气候变化对猪疾病的影响及预防策略探讨

本文主要以季节性气候变化对猪疾病的影响及预防策略为重点进行阐述,首先分析季节性气候变化的特点,其次从增加生猪患病率、加强生猪疾病的发现以及治疗、健全生猪疾病预防体系、树立生猪疾病的防治意识、优化疾病预防方案几个方面深入说明并探讨预防生猪疾病的相关策略,最后阐述生猪疾病的基本防治思路,包含呼吸系统疾病的防治、消化系统疾病的防治、传染病治疗的防治,强化生猪疾病的控制和管理效率,目的是给相关研究带来条件支持。     

动物消化系统病理变化的特点

消化系统疾病与全身性疾病关系密切。消化系统疾病可有消化道外其他系统或全身表现,甚至在某个时期内会掩盖本系统的基本症状;而全身疾病常以消化系症状为其主要表现,或者消化道病变仅是全身疾病的组成部分之一。因此,消化疾病的诊治必     

鸡几种呼吸道疾病的临床鉴别诊断

鸡呼吸道疾病的病因复杂，它不是一种独立的疾病，而是一系列疾病的症候群。正确认识此类疾病，有助于对疾病的诊断和防治。现将发病的原因和诊断要点分述如下。     

治疗家禽疾病的用药原则

细节和原则是药物治疗家禽疾病的关键点。治疗家禽疾病应以现阶段药物治疗家禽疾病的实际为基础,结合近年来家禽疾病的特点,把握药物治疗家禽疾病的原则,优化治疗手段。     

奶牛临床用药存在的问题

为了解我国奶牛疾病治疗用药情况,我们通过现场与问卷结合的形式,在全国各个地区进行了相关调查.结果显示,各奶牛场均以消化道疾病、乳房炎、子宫疾病、卵巢疾病和肢蹄疾病为主要疾病.从单种疾病发生的频率看,乳房炎和子宫内膜炎发病率最高,前胃弛缓、肢蹄病、犊牛腹泻、卵巢疾病、胎衣不下、生产瘫痪、瘤胃积食、肺炎等为奶牛常发疾病.     

509例儿童肾活检病理及临床分析

目的 探讨儿童肾小球疾病病理特点及其与临床表现的关系.方法 回顾性分析2007年1月至2010年5月在重庆医科大学附属儿童医院进行肾活检的509例患儿病理及临床资料,比较原发性肾小球疾病和继发性肾小球疾病的病理和临床特征.结果 ①509例肾活检患儿中,原发性肾小球疾病315例,继发性肾小球疾病184例,遗传性肾小球疾病和肾血管疾病分别为6例、2例,肾小管间质性肾炎2例.②与原发性肾小球疾病组比较,继发性肾小球疾病组平均受检年龄大于原发性肾小球疾病组[(10.54±2.72)岁vs(8.62±3.28)岁],受检时平均病程较原发性肾小球疾病组短(30.00 d vs 60.00 d).③原发性肾小球疾病组最常见的临床表现和病理类型分别为肾病综合征、系膜增生性肾小球肾炎(MsPGN),继发性肾小球疾病组中分别为过敏性紫癜性肾炎和MsPGN.④近年来本院受检儿童肾小球疾病构成比发生变化.原发性肾小球疾病仍为最常见的肾小球疾病,最常见的病理类型是MsPGN和IgA肾病.孤立性血尿及狼疮性肾炎比例增加.结论 肾脏病理检查技术的开展促进了肾小球疾病诊疗水平的提高,同时该技术可能也直接影响肾小球疾病住院构成比的变化.     

鸡常见呼吸道疾病防制措施

鸡的呼吸道疾病在养鸡生产中是比较复杂的，疾病的种类也很多。有的是由病毒引起的，有的是由细菌和支原体引起的。因此，鸡的呼吸道疾病在养鸡生产中是不容忽视的一类疾病。预防和及时治疗呼吸道疾病之所以重要，一方面是由于这种疾病经常发生，各种日龄的鸡均可感染。另一方面是发病率高而且容易引起多种疾病的继发感染，     

浅析秋冬季节鸡的呼吸道疾病

鸡呼吸道疾病在养鸡生产中是不容忽视的一类疾病,秋冬季节是鸡呼吸道疾病高发期,许多传染病均可引起呼吸道症状,造成雏鸡生长发育迟缓,成年鸡产蛋下降和引起各种日龄的鸡死亡。引起呼吸道疾病的种类很多,无论哪种呼吸道疾病的发生都不是由单一的疾病引起,大多伴有几种疾病混合感染。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Evaluation of the Microbiological Status of Milk and Various Structures in Mammary Glands from Naturally Infected Dairy Cows

A knowledge of the microbiological status of milk and of the different structures in the mammary glands has great importance in elucidating the pathogenesis of mammary gland infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological status of various structures in the mammary glands from naturally infected dairy cows following slaughter. A total of 94 samples of milk, 184 samples of mammary parenchyma, 168 samples of gland cisterns, and 168 samples of teat cisterns were collected for microbiological examination. Microorganisms were detected in 59.9% of all samples, 67.0% of the milk samples, 70.1% of the mammary parenchymas, 55.9% of the gland cisterns and 48.8% of the teat cistern samples. When all samples were considered, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were the most prevalent (35.7%) followed by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (12.2%), Corynebacterium bovis (2.4%), Prototheca sp. (1.9%), and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (1.5%). There was a significantly higher occurrence of microorganisms in the milk and mammary parenchyma compared to the gland cisterns and teat cisterns. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Development and survival of free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats on pasture in the Nigerian derived savanna

Four grass plots were sequentially contaminated with goat faeces containing known numbers of unembryonated eggs of predominantly Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. between October 1982 and April 1983. Four other plots were similarly contaminated with sheep faeces between February and May 1987. An additional plot was repeatedly contaminated with sheep faeces from February to April 1987. Populations of free-living stages in faeces and of infective larvae (L₃) in the herbage were subsequently monitored until the end of April and June of 1983 and 1987 respectively. During February and May 1987 two control cultures of sheep faeces were incubated in the laboratory at 25°C–30°C and at a constant temperature of 50°C and the free-living development was also monitored. L₃ developed very readily in the faeces cultured at 25°C–30°C and in those spread on a grass plot in October, at the end of the wet season, but developed less on the plot contaminated in May at the start of the wet season. Worm eggs in faeces deposited on plots during the hot dry season (December to April) or incubated at 50°C died and disintegrated after 24–48 h exposure to the high environmental temperatures. The results indicate that it is unlikely that gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats can develop or survive on open pasture during the dry season in the Nigerian derived savanna zone.