乳牛精子细胞核可被精确地分成类似于X,Y精子的两个群体

由于哺乳动物雄性配子(精子)有性染色体的差异,使哺乳动物X、Y精子在质量或密度上存在着微小的差别。因此,长期以来人们试图将两性精子分开,以人的意志控制动物性别,按人类的需要进行畜牧业生产。但是由于精于之间发育上的差异所引起的质量差掩盖了染色质的微弱差异,从而难以达到理想的分离效果。本实验先将两性精子共有的顶体和尾部去掉,以突出X、Y染色质的质量差异,再将精子细胞核在氯化铯密度梯度离心下分成两个核群区带。该实验为X、Y精于分离效果的鉴定提供了一种有效的方法。     

鲇精子超微结构及pH、温度对其精子活力的影响

为了解鲇Silurus asotus精子的结构特征,应用扫描电镜和透射电镜技术,对体质量为320~550 g的鲇成熟精子结构进行了观察。结果表明:鲇精子由头和尾两部分组成,无明显颈部;精子头部近球形,直径为1.85~2.51μm,头部无顶体,头部内有高度密集的细胞核染色质,头部后方凹陷形成植入窝,植入窝内有近端中心粒和远端中心粒,细胞核后方与质膜的间隙较大(称袖套),其内富含细胞质、线粒体和囊泡等细胞器;尾部细长,无主段和尾段之分,长为44.3~50.7μm,横切面呈圆形,直径为0.269~0.308μm,透过横断面可见,鲇精子尾部由轴丝和附属纤维构成,外有一层质膜包裹,轴丝与远端中心粒形成"9+2"微管结构。研究表明,精子活力的适宜pH为7.0~8.5,适宜温度为25~29℃,当pH为8.0、温度为28℃时,精子活力最强。     

流式细胞仪在猪性别控制中的应用初探

在国内首次报道使用流式细胞仪对猪进行性别控制研究。猪精液通过流式细胞仪进行X、Y精子分离,分离精子经过数小时保存后,用于陆川母猪输卵管授精,最后产出健康仔猪。试验结果表明:①第1次(2005-10-14)精子分离的纯度为:X88%、Y83%;活力为X35%、Y21%。第2次(2006-01-13)纯度为:X70%,Y68%;活力为:X52%,Y36%。②该试验中母猪受孕率为25%,未受孕者仍然可在生产条件下继续繁殖。③受孕母猪(1头)产出健康仔猪5头,出生成活率100%,大小均匀,活力良好,哺乳期(28 d断奶)平均日增重与生产群极为接近(151.43 g1、48.93 g),但产活仔数低(生产群为8.4头/窝)。④仔猪雌性率为60%。试验结果初步表明:在该实验室现有条件下,使用流式细胞仪分离的X、Y精子,母猪通过输卵管受精可以产出健康仔猪;精子分离对仔猪哺乳期生长无明显影响;对性别比例有一定调控作用。     

Cloning of human androgen receptor complementary DNA and localization to the X chromosome

The androgen receptor (AR) mediates the actions of male sex steroids. Human AR genomic DNA was cloned from a flow-sorted human X chromosome library by using a consensus nucleotide sequence from the DNA-binding domain of the family of nuclear receptors. The AR gene was localized on the human X chromosome between the centromere and q13. Cloned complementary DNA, selected with an AR-specific oligonucleotide probe, was expressed in monkey kidney (COS) cells and yielded a high-affinity androgen-binding protein with steroid-binding specificity corresponding to that of native AR. A predominant messenger RNA species of 9.6 kilobases was identified in human, rat, and mouse tissues known to contain AR and was undetectable in tissues lacking AR androgen-binding activity, including kidney and liver from androgen-insensitive mice. The deduced amino acid sequence of AR within the DNA-binding domain has highest sequence identity with the progesterone receptor.     

金鳟伪雄鱼的制备及全雌三倍体的诱导

以4龄金鳟Oncorhynchus mykiss为试验鱼（雄、雌性平均体重分别为1．7、2．2kg）,采用人工诱导雌核发育技术灭活金鳟精子,对受精卵进行热休克处理后正常孵化,获得初孵仔鱼;再用雄性激素诱导全雌二倍体,得到性逆转雄鱼（伪雄鱼）;培育至性成熟后进行人工繁殖,采用热休克法对受精卵进行处理获得全雌三倍体鱼类。结果表明：金鳟全雌二倍体的诱导出现率为80％,金鳟伪雄鱼获取成功率为75％;用不同pH人工精浆激活伪雄鱼精巢精子,高pH（9—10）的人工精浆激活受精卵的效果最好,金鳟三倍体的出现率为75％-80％,其中还有一定比率的嵌合体出现。     

A "selfish" B chromosome that enhances its transmission by eliminating the paternal genome

In the parasitic wasp, Nasonia vitripennis, males are haploid and usually develop from unfertilized eggs, whereas females are diploid and develop from fertilized eggs. Some individuals in this species carry a genetic element, termed psr (paternal sex ratio), which is transmitted through sperm and causes condensation and subsequent loss of paternal chromosomes in fertilized eggs, thus converting diploid females into haploid males. In this report the psr trait was shown to be caused by a supernumerary chromosome. This B chromosome contains at least three repetitive DNA sequences that do not cross-hybridize to each other or to the host genome. The psr chromosome apparently produces a trans-acting product responsible for condensation of the paternal chromosomes, but is itself insensitive to the effect. Because the psr chromosome enhances its transmission by eliminating the rest of the genome, it can be considered the most "selfish" genetic element yet described.     

Postfertilization autophagy of sperm organelles prevents paternal mitochondrial DNA transmission

In sexual reproduction of most animals, the spermatozoon provides DNA and centrioles, together with some cytoplasm and organelles, to the oocyte that is being fertilized. Paternal mitochondria and their genomes are generally eliminated in the embryo by an unknown degradation mechanism. We show that, upon fertilization, a Caenorhabditis elegans spermatozoon triggers the recruitment of autophagosomes within minutes and subsequent paternal mitochondria degradation. Whereas the nematode-specific sperm membranous organelles are ubiquitinated before autophagosome formation, the mitochondria are not. The degradation of both paternal structures and mitochondrial DNA requires an LC3-dependent autophagy. Analysis of fertilized mouse embryos shows the localization of autophagy markers, which suggests that this autophagy event is evolutionarily conserved to prevent both the transmission of paternal mitochondrial DNA to the offspring and the establishment of heteroplasmy.     

巢式PCR扩增SRY基因序列鉴定牛胚胎性别的研究

源于牛X和Y染色体同源区的1对外引物P1、P2及其各自特异区的2对内引物P3、P4和P5、P6进行巢式PCR反应,对中国荷斯坦公、母牛静脉血样及牛胚胎样进行特异性条带鉴定。结果表明,中国荷斯坦公牛出现178bp和262bp2条带,而母牛仅出现262bp1条带;静脉血样与实际性别相符率为100%;巢式PCR胚胎性别鉴定技术方法准确、简便,具有很高的灵敏性及稳定性。     

嵌套式PCR扩增SRY基因序列鉴定牛胚胎性别体系的建立

应用源自牛X和Y染色体同源区的1对外引物P1、P2及其各自特异区的2对内引物P3、P4和P5、P6,进行嵌套式PCR反应,对中国荷斯坦公、母牛静脉血样DNA及牛胚胎样DNA进行特异性条带的嵌套式PCR扩增,并对外、内嵌套式引物的PCR反应体系进行了优化,以准确鉴定牛早期胚胎性别.结果表明,在优化了的PCR反应体系下,中国荷斯坦公牛DNA样品得到178bp和262bp的两个条带,而母牛仅得到262bp的1个条带;静脉血样DNA性别鉴定结果与实际性别相符率为100%,表明本试验建立的体系完全可以用于牛早期的胚胎性别鉴定.     

霪雨天幼兔批量死亡原因的调查分析

１９９８年５月份,洛阳市一些地区幼兔大量不明原因死亡。通过调查分析,确认引起幼免批量死亡的原因是恶劣气候条件下,幼兔疲于应激低抗力下降,导致条件性致病因子－－巴氏杆菌和球虫混合感染所致。同时,还发现了这种混合感染引发幼兔死亡的三个规律。     

中间球海胆雌核发育单倍体胚胎的初步研究

采用不同剂量(30～330mJ／cm^2)的紫外线对中间球海胆Strongylocentrotus intermedius精子进行照射失活,获得了雌核发育的单倍体胚胎。测定了照射组与对照组的受精率、单倍体诱导率、2～4细胞期的畸形率和破膜囊胚成活率,探明了精子灭活的紫外线适宜剂量为270mJ／cm^2;并进行了早期胚胎地衣红压片观察和早期囊胚染色体数分析,观察到照射组早期胚胎的精核具有DCB小体,对照组早期囊胚的染色体数为2n=42,照射组雌核发育单倍体胚胎的染色体数为n=21。     

鬼鮋人工育苗技术研究

研究了鬼人工催产、受精卵孵化、饵料系列的选择以及仔、稚、幼鱼的生态习性,并对其胚胎发育进行了连续观察。使用激素LRH A3和HCG的人工催产、人为条件下的受精卵孵化和仔、稚、幼鱼培育,经35d的人工育苗共获得了平均全长2.1cm左右的鬼幼鱼11.025万尾,受精卵平均孵化率为62.9%,育苗平均成活率达30.2%。结果表明提高海水盐度能提高鬼受精卵的孵化率,轮虫、卤虫、桡足类是鬼仔、稚、幼鱼的优质饵料,仔、稚、幼鱼有两个死亡高峰期,水质好坏是影响育苗成活率高低的主要因素。     

鬼鮋人工育苗技术研究

研究了鬼人工催产、受精卵孵化、饵料系列的选择以及仔、稚、幼鱼的生态习性,并对其胚胎发育进行了连续观察。使用激素LRH A3和HCG的人工催产、人为条件下的受精卵孵化和仔、稚、幼鱼培育,经35d的人工育苗共获得了平均全长2.1cm左右的鬼幼鱼11.025万尾,受精卵平均孵化率为62.9%,育苗平均成活率达30.2%。结果表明提高海水盐度能提高鬼受精卵的孵化率,轮虫、卤虫、桡足类是鬼仔、稚、幼鱼的优质饵料,仔、稚、幼鱼有两个死亡高峰期,水质好坏是影响育苗成活率高低的主要因素。     

中间球海胆精子超低温冷冻保存方法的研究

对中间球海胆Strongylocentrotus intermedius精子的超低温保存技术进行了研究。以煮沸消毒海水为基础液,添加体积分数为10%的DMSO、体积分数为6%的甘油以及25 mmol/L海藻糖配制成冷冻保护液,与鲜精液按体积比以1∶1混合,在4℃下平衡15 min,于液氮面上方15、3 cm处分别停留3 min和5 min,然后浸入液氮保存。结果表明：用此方法保存的精子解冻后其存活率可达58.2%,受精率达24.7%;解冻后精子受精时,在受精海水中分别添加0、28、56、112、280 mmol/L的葡萄糖,56 mmol/L组的受精率高于其他组,受精率达26%;精子解冻后受精时,在受精海水中添加适量葡萄糖有助于提高受精率。本试验表明,冷冻过程中降温方式、冷冻保护液、平衡时间对精子的冷冻保存效果均有较大影响,各个因素通过优化组合可以大大提高解冻后精子的存活率和受精率。     

黄鳝体内新棘衣棘头虫染色体核型及G带分析

采用空气干燥和胰酶消化法,对黄鳝体内新棘衣棘头虫[Pallisentis(Neosentis)celatus]的染色体核型和G-带进行研究,结果表明,新棘衣棘头虫由3对常染色体和1对性染色体组成,其中X染色体和1号、3号都为中着丝粒染色体,2号为亚中着丝粒染色体,Y为端着丝粒染色体,核型公式为2n=5m+2sm+1t;性别决定模式为XX-XY;每对染色体都有特定的G-带带型.     

The fragile X site in somatic cell hybrids: an approach for molecular cloning of fragile sites

Fragile X syndrome is a common form of mental retardation associated with a fragile site on the human X chromosome. Although fragility at this site is usually evident as a nonstaining chromatid gap, it remains unclear whether or not actual chromosomal breakage occurs. By means of somatic cell hybrids containing either a normal human X or a fragile X chromosome and utilizing two genes that flank the fragile site as markers of chromosome integrity, segregation of these markers was shown to be more frequent if they encompass the fragile site under appropriate culture conditions. Hybrid cells that reveal marker segregation were found to contain rearranged X chromosomes involving the region at or near the fragile site, thus demonstrating true chromosomal breakage within this area. Two independent translocation chromosomes were identified involving a rodent chromosome joined to the human X at the location of the fragile site. DNA analysis of closely linked, flanking loci was consistent with the position of the breakpoint being at or very near the fragile X site. Fragility at the translocation junctions was observed in both hybrids, but at significantly lower frequencies than that seen in the intact X of the parental hybrid. This observation suggests that the human portion of the junctional DNA may contain part of a repeated fragility sequence. Since the translocation junctions join heterologous DNA, the molecular cloning of the fragile X sequence should now be possible.     

The evolution of sex chromosomes

Structurally distinct sex chromosomes (X and Y) are the most familiar mode of genetic sex determination and have evolved independently in many different taxa. The evolutionary paths by which their characteristic properties may have evolved are reviewed. These properties include the failure of X and Y to recombine through much or all of their length, the genetic inertness of much of the Y chromosome, dosage compensation of the activity of X chromosomal loci, and the accumulation of repeated DNA sequences on the Y chromosome.     

A new DNA marker tightly linked to the fragile X locus (FRAXA)

The fragile X syndrome is the most common cause of familial mental retardation. Genetic counseling and gene isolation are hampered by a lack of DNA markers close to the disease locus. Two somatic cell hybrids that each contain a human X chromosome with a breakpoint close to the fragile X locus have been characterized. A new DNA marker (DXS296) lies between the chromosome breakpoints and is the closest marker to the fragile X locus yet reported. The Hunter syndrome gene, which causes iduronate sulfatase deficiency, is located at the X chromosome breakpoint that is distal to this new marker, thus localizing the Hunter gene distal to the fragile X locus.