Adaptive detection of volunteer potato plants in sugar beet fields

Volunteer potato is an increasing problem in crop rotations where winter temperatures are often not cold enough to kill tubers leftover from harvest. Poor control, as a result of high labor demands, causes diseases like Phytophthora infestans to spread to neighboring fields. Therefore, automatic detection and removal of volunteer plants is required. In this research, an adaptive Bayesian classification method has been developed for classification of volunteer potato plants within a sugar beet crop. With use of ground truth images, the classification accuracy of the plants was determined. In the non-adaptive scheme, the classification accuracy was 84.6 and 34.9% for the constant and changing natural light conditions, respectively. In the adaptive scheme, the classification accuracy increased to 89.8 and 67.7% for the constant and changing natural light conditions, respectively. Crop row information was successfully used to train the adaptive classifier, without having to choose training data in advance.     

吉林省甜菜主要病虫害的发生与防治

经调查吉林省甜菜生产中危害较重的病害有甜菜立枯病、褐斑病、白粉病、花叶毒病、根腐病和丛根病等10余种。虫害有蛴螬、金针虫、小地老虎、象甲、金龟子、甘蓝夜盗虫和甜菜潜叶蝇等。防治应以农业防治为基础,生物防治和化学防治等措施相结合,以达到经济、有效的防治目的。     

荧光指示剂检测甜菜胞内钙离子的条件优化

胞内钙离子信号做为第二信使参与植物抗病信号转导途径。以甜菜叶片为试验材料,用孵育方法将Ca2+荧光探针Fluo-3/AM载入甜菜细胞中,并结合激光共聚焦扫描显微技术,研究甜菜叶片胞质游离Ca2+的测定方法。结果表明,采用20μmol·L-1的钙离子荧光指示剂Fluo-3/AM装载顺次进行低温4℃孵育120 min,25℃孵育120 min,可获得较为理想的甜菜叶片胞质游离Ca2+染色结果。该方法可用于检测BNYVV侵染甜菜叶片胞质游离钙离子的变化,为研究甜菜BNYVV入侵甜菜后胞内钙信号作用提供理论研究基础。     

Studies on some characteristics of nitrate reductase from sugar beet （Beta vulgaris L.）leaves

Some characteristics of nitrate reductase from sugar beet leaves shown in this paper were as follows:The nitrate reductase from sugar beet leaves required NADH as an electron donor.Accordingly,the nitrate reductase was classified as NADH-dependent(E.C.1.6.61).The Km value of the nitrate reductase for NADH and NO3^- were 0.86m mol and 0.18μ mol respectively.The optimum pH in reaction mixture solution for nitrate reduction activity was 7.5.The effect of variable concentrations of inorganic phosphorus in the reaction buffer on nitrate reductase activity was investigated.When the inorganic phosphorus concentration was below 35m mol,the nitrate reductase activity was increased with increase of inorganic phosphorus concentration.Conversely,when the inorganic phosphorus concentration was over 35m mol,the nitrate reductase activity was inhibited.The nitrate reductase activity assayed in vitro was 3.2 and 5.6times of that assayed in vivo under the condition of exogenous and endogenous ground substance respectively.     

Specific features of sugar beet reproduction system

Morphogenetic investigations of the sugar beet reproduction sphere are given. It is shown that the reproduction system has seed (sexual and asexual) as well as vegetative (traumatic particulation) methods of forming organisms in the life cycle of the plants. The established morphogenetic correlations in the reproduction system will promote the solution of a number of problems of seed and vegetative propagation when creating new sugar beet lines and hybrids.     

Regulation of sucrose synthase activity and sugar yield by nitrogen in sugar beet

The content of sugar is influenced by sucrose synthase (SS) activity in roots. The effects of nitrogen level in the amino- nitrate ratio on SS activity of leaves and roots, roots yield and sugar content in sugar beet were studied in the field experiment by nutrient solution culture. The results showed that SS activity in leaves was lower than that in roots. With nitrogen level increasing, SS decomposition activity enhanced, and synthesis activity reduced. SS activity was regulated by different nitrogen forms and the ratio of NO3– and NH4 . SS synthesis activity was enhanced as NH4 increasing when NO3–: NH4 ≥1, and it decreased as increasing NH4 when NO3–: NH4 ≤1, and it was the highest when NO3–: NH4 =1. SS decomposition activity was enhanced as NO3– increasing. Sucrose content in root was lowed as nitrogen level increasing, but it was enhanced as NH4 increasing in the same nitrogen level. Root and sugar yield were the highest in the medium nitrogen level and NO3–: NH4 =1. The result in field experiment corresponded with that in the nutrient fluid culture. It provides a basis for using reasonably nitrogen fertilizer in sugar beet production.     

柑桔叶片可溶性糖近红外检测非线性模型研究

为了监督柑桔叶片是否缺乏营养元素,对叶片可溶性糖进行分析。采用近红外光谱技术结合误差反馈神经网络(BPNN)和最小二乘支持向量机(LS-SVM)建立定量剖析非线性模型,运用主成分分析(PCA)进行数据压缩、无信息变量消除算法(UVE)和连续投影算法(SPA)进行有效波段筛选的方法来优化模型的输入变量,提高了模型检测精度。同时,利用Savitzke-Golay平滑(S-G)、多元散色校正(MSC)、导数和基线校正(Baseline)等预处理方法进行数据变换,来确定最佳建模方法。结果表明:波长筛选能优化模型,并提高运算速度,其中PCA优化效果最为明显,可溶性糖的相关系数Rp达到最大为0.91,均方根误差RMSEP最小为4.82,显著提高了模型的检测精度和稳健性,经过优化的输入变量所建模型,能够满足定量检测的要求,具有一定的可行性。     

Colour based detection of volunteer potatoes as weeds in sugar beet fields using machine vision

The possible spread of late blight from volunteer potato plants requires the removal of these plants from arable fields. Because of high labour, energy, and chemical demands, a method of automatic detection and removal is needed. The development and comparison of two colour-based machine vision algorithms for in-field volunteer potato plant detection in two sugar beet fields are discussed. Evaluation of the results showed that both methods gave closely matched results within fields, although large differences exist between the fields. At plant level, in one field up to 97% of the volunteer potato plants were correctly classified. In another field, only 49% of the volunteer plants were correctly identified. The differences between the fields were higher than the differences between the methods used for plant classification.     

甜菜亚硝酸还原酶(NiR)基因的克隆与分析

采用简并PCR和RACE方法克隆甜菜NiR基因,并利用网络工具分析预测了其编码蛋白。结果表明,该NiR基因(登陆号:HQ224499)全长为2 014 bp,编码一个包含599个氨基酸残基的多肽链,分子质量为66.88 ku;NiR为易溶,亲水性较强的蛋白,同时有明显的疏水峰;经BLASTp比对表明,该蛋白序列与菠菜NiR蛋白同源性最高。Geno3d模建预测,NiR蛋白中有57个β转角,24个α螺旋。     

红甜菜低糖果酱的研制

以红甜菜为材料,通过蒸汽软化、灭酶、脱臭、护色剂处理及水分活度降低剂的添加等方法,研制开发出红甜菜低糖果酱。     

甜菜害虫专家系统的建立

在总结甜菜害虫知识和专家经验的基础上,建立了基于网络的甜菜害虫咨询专家系统.该系统由害虫管理模块、预测预报模块、防治决策分析模块、解释文本数据库4部分构成,是对甜菜害虫进行识别、查询、防治和用药指导的较为完整的体系,初步实现了甜菜害虫的网络诊断和查询功能,可为人们提供系统的科学防治措施和综合治理甜菜害虫的专家决策体系.     

甜菜硝酸还原酶的研究进展

施氮不当是影响甜菜产量、品质和生产效益的主要原因之一,而硝酸还原酶是氮素同化的关键酶,影响甜菜对氮吸收。文章分析了硝酸还原酶的特性及调控机理,阐述了甜菜硝酸还原酶的提取、纯化及一些基本特性、硝酸还原酶活力的测定方法和影响因素及其与产量质量的关系,并表述了结构基因表达调控的最新进展,这些研究内容对于提高氮肥利用率,提高甜菜的产量和品质具有重要意义。     

甜菜基因组DNA的提取及Southern杂交分析

分别采用常规CTAB法和SDS法提取甜菜基因组DNA,并将提取的DNA应用于Southern杂交分析,发现基因组DNA的质量对杂交信号有非常大的影响。常规CTAB法提取的DNA产生的Southern杂交信号,仅出现在高分子质量位置;SDS法提取的DNA产生的Southern杂交信号,在高分子质量和低分子质量位置均出现。SDS法提取的甜菜基因组DNA适于Southern杂交分析。     

用于甜菜自动移栽机的链式纸钵研究

采用育苗和移栽技术有机结合的系统思想设计出满足甜菜移栽农艺和高速自动移栽机技术要求的链式纸钵结构,研究了甜菜育苗用链式纸钵结构及其结合部结构参数优化组合。采用正交试验方法,以链式纸钵分离力和破损率为目标函数,以结合部的连接部长度、连接部数量和分离导引部长度为影响因素,对链式纸钵结合部结构参数进行优化研究。结果表明,链式纸钵结合部结构参数优化组合为连接部长度5 mm、连接部数量4个、分离导引部长度50 mm,为提高甜菜自动移栽机作业速度提供科学依据。     

甜菜对不同氮素吸收动力学的研究

甜菜的对不同氮素吸收动力学特性不同,试验通过甜7、甜8两个不同品种在人工气候箱的营养液培养试验表明,甜菜子叶期幼苗对NO3-的吸收要经过2 h的适应阶段后才可均匀进行,而对NH4+的吸收要经过7h后才可均匀进行,而且二者对NO3-、NH4+吸收的特性(Km、Im)存在着很大差异。对不同形态氮素比例下甜研七号和甜研八号两个品种的吸收动力学参数(米氏常数和最大吸收速率)变化的研究发现,甜菜对NO3-、NH4+的亲和性及其转运速度都有不同程度的影响,但是不同品种之间受到影响并不相同。     

国外甜菜育种特点及技术手段

介绍了国外甜菜育种的特点,如育种目标、种质资源研究、常规育种与杂种优势利用、多学科协同攻关、异地选育和多点鉴定以及国外甜菜育种方法和技术手段,如自交系、雄性不育系、单倍体、光温诱导、微繁殖及分子标记技术等,目的是为我国甜菜及其它作物育种提供借鉴和参考.     

Sex attractant of sugar beet wireworm: identification and biological activity

The sex attractant produced by adult females of the sugar beet wire-worm, Limonius californicus (Mannerheim) has been isolated and identified as valeric acid. In the laboratory, male wireworm beetles are repelled by the pure attractant but are drawn with intense sexual excitement to its dilute solutions; in the field, male beetles are lured from a distance of 12 meters. The pheromone occurs in unusually large amounts in the female's body.     

Mathematical modeling of the process of vibratory lifting of sugar beet roots

A calculation mathematical model of the process of vibratory lifting of sugar beet roots is constructed. The root is modeled as a solid, and the vibrating lifting implement vibrates in the longitudinal vertical plane.     

Spatial patterns of wilting in sugar beet as an indicator for precision irrigation

Precision irrigation requires the mapping of within-field variations of water requirement. Conventional remote sensing techniques provide estimates of water status at only shallow soil depths. The ability of a water sensitive crop, sugar beet, to act as an intermediate sensor providing an integrated measure of water status throughout its rooting depth is tested here. Archive aerial photographs and satellite imagery of Eastern England show crop patterns resulting from past periglacial processes. The patterns were found to be spatially and temporally consistent. Field sampling of soil cores to 1 m depth established that the within-field wilting zones were significantly associated with coarser or shallow soils. The stress classes, determined by classification of the digitised images, were weakly correlated with total available water (Pearson correlation r = 0.588, P < 0.05). These results suggest that wilting in sugar beet can be used as an intermediate sensor for quantifying potential soil water availability within the root zone. Within-field stress maps generated in 1 year could be applied as a strategic tool allowing precision irrigation to be applied to high-value crops in following years, helping to make more sustainable use of water resources.