固氮施氏假单胞菌RpoN蛋白对鞭毛合成的影响

选择性σ因子σ~(54)(又称为RpoN)参与到许多细菌特定基因的转录起始过程,如氮同化基因、四碳二羧酸转运基因以及鞭毛基因。为了研究施氏假单胞菌A1501(Pseudomonas stutzeri,A1501)中σ因子RpoN对鞭毛合成的影响,构建了A1501的rpoN缺失突变株与功能回补株,并对野生型、突变株与回补株的鞭毛结构、swimming运动、生物膜形成、根际定殖能力以及鞭毛基因的表达水平进行了比较分析。结果表明:rpo N突变株丧失了鞭毛结构与swimming运动能力,根际定殖与生物膜形成能力相对野生型分别下降了25倍与10倍;此外,rpoN缺失后A1501中大量鞭毛基因发生显著下调;启动子分析发现RpoN除了可能参与调控Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级鞭毛基因外,还可能调控一级基因fli A以及四级基因fliC。以上结果说明RpoN在不同调控等级影响A1501鞭毛的合成,进而影响该菌运动、生物膜形成、根际定殖这些与水稻建立起联合固氮体系息息相关的过程。     

固氮施氏假单胞菌全局性调控因子RsmA的进化分析及表达特性研究

RsmA是假单胞菌属高度保守的全局性调控因子,该蛋白可通过与靶基因的mRNA结合影响其稳定性或者抑制靶基因的翻译影响蛋白表达。固氮施氏假单胞菌A1501中发现一个rsmA同源基因及一个可能参与rsmA活性调节的非编码小RNA rsmZ基因。对A1501菌中RsmA及RsmZ的分子进化及表达特性进行了研究。分析结果表明,RsmA与铜绿假单胞菌同源性可达98%,RsmZ具有4个RsmA的结合位点。实时定量RT\|PCR结果显示,rsmA在生长初期具有高表达量,而在指数生长期以及平台稳定期表达量下降。非编码RNA rsmZ的转录水平在整个生长时期未发生显著变化。在碳匮乏条件下,rsmA和rsmZ的表达量都显著下调。在一般胁迫σ因子rpoS突变株中,rsmA的表达未受影响,但rsmZ表达上调了30多倍,说明rsmZ的表达受rpoS的负调控。进一步发现,A1501菌中,rsmA和rsmZ的转录不受转录调控因子gacA突变的影响,这与荧光假单胞菌CHAO和铜绿假单胞菌PAO1的调控模式区别,表明RsmA的转录调控模式在固氮施氏假单胞菌A1501中有其独特性。该结果为进一步探索固氮施氏假单胞中RsmA的功能及其特定条件下的调控机制奠定了理论基础。     

腊样芽胞杆菌DNF409中硝酸盐还原酶基因敲除的研究

在腊样芽胞杆菌DNF409中,narGHJI基因负责编码呼吸过程中硝酸盐还原酶基因nar的α、β、γ、ζ、四个亚基.通过基因同源重组的方法,利用一段带有终止序列和Ω环的链霉素抗性片段,取代nar中的部分基因片段,实现硝酸盐还原酶的基因敲除,从而得到专一降解亚硝酸盐的突变体菌株.其硝酸盐还原酶的活性降低了80%.该菌与DNF409共同使用,可解除DNF409单独使用时亚硝酸盐严重积累的现象.     

施氏假单胞菌固氮调控蛋白NifA调节电子传递体rnf1基因簇的表达

施氏假单胞菌A1501中电子传递体基因簇rnf1位于固氮基因岛上,该基因簇的突变造成固氮酶活显著下降。在rnf1基因簇的启动子区含有固氮调控蛋白NifA的保守结合序列,实时定量qRT-PCR分析证实了nifA突变株中rnf1基因簇的表达量与野生型相比急剧下调,暗示着NifA直接参与rnf1基因簇的表达调控。细菌单杂交系统的体内互作实验表明,在大肠杆菌体内NifA与rnf1基因簇启动子存在直接相互作用;进一步的凝胶阻滞试验证明原核表达纯化的NifA蛋白与rnf1基因簇启动子序列存在体外直接结合。上述结果从分子水平上给出了两者间相互作用的直接证据,为深入研究联合固氮基因的表达调控网络奠定了基础。     

固氮施氏假单胞菌电子传递复合体rnf基因簇的功能鉴定

能量供应是限制生物固氮效率的重要因素,电子传递复合体是生物固氮过程中能量产生的重要组成部分。基因组分析表明,在联合固氮菌施氏假单胞菌A1501基因组中存在两套编码电子传递复合体rnf,分别为基因簇rnf1和rnf2,其中rnf1位于固氮基因岛上,rnf2基因簇位于核心基因组上。为了明确两套电子传递体在生物固氮过程中的功能,分别构建了rnf1和rnf2基因簇的突变株并测定了相关表型。结果发现,在基本培养基中两个基因簇的突变都不影响菌体生长,可能相互之间存在着功能互补;固氮酶活性测定结果表明,位于固氮基因岛中的rnf1基因簇缺失造成固氮酶活下降80%以上,而rnf2基因簇的缺失对酶活无显著影响。进一步采用启动子-lacZ融合表达策略探究了基因簇rnf1对固氮酶结构基因nifH转录的影响,发现rnf1极性突变株中nifH的启动子转录活性仅为野生型的17.59%,推测rnf1缺失造成了固氮条件下能量产生匮乏,胞内碳氮比失衡,进而造成固氮系统表达受抑制。     

斯氏假单胞菌NifA蛋白Y370氨基酸突变对固氮基因转录的影响

NifA为固氮微生物固氮基因(nif)表达的正调控因子,序列分析显示NifA蛋白C6区的一个酪氨酸残基高度保守（对应于A1501为Y370）。β-半乳糖苷酶活性分析表Y370C突变体不能激活nifH启动子,也不能使NifA缺失突变株A1506恢复固氮酶活,而野生型NifA可以激活PnifH+lacZ的表达,并恢复A1506的固氮酶活。研究证明斯氏假单胞菌A1501 NifA蛋白的C6区的Y370氨基酸是NifA蛋白激活nif基因转录的关键位点之一,其具体作用机制值得进一步深入研究。     

6-磷酸果糖激酶基因pfkA在施氏假单胞菌中的异源表达及其表型分析

糖代谢在生命活动中具有重要意义,它保证了生物体生命活动所需的物质和能量的供应。葡萄糖作为自然界中普遍存在的最简单的单糖,是生物体的理想碳源。施氏假单胞菌（Pseudomonas stutzeri）A1501具有广泛的、典型的微生物代谢途径,但是该菌利用葡萄糖的效率很低。基因组分析表明A1501菌缺少糖酵解（EMP）途径中编码6-磷酸果糖激酶的基因pfkA,初步认为这可能是A1501菌不能高效利用葡萄糖的原因。利用穿梭质粒pLAFR3将大肠杆菌的pfkA基因导入到施氏假单胞菌中,通过pfkA基因的异源表达重建A1501菌的EMP途径。测定了重组菌株的糖类代谢能力,结果表明pfkA基因的导入并没有赋予重组施氏假单胞菌更强的葡萄糖及其他糖类的利用能力,说明A1501菌葡萄糖利用的低效率除了缺乏pfkA外,还有其他的因素。研究也发现,导入pfkA的重组施氏假单胞菌对H2O2高度敏感,推测pfkA导入重建后的EMP途径可能影响了该菌的还原力合成,导致菌体对氧化胁迫的耐受能力降低。     

Pseudomonas stutzeri|A1501基因组结构及功能注释

采用全基因组“shotgun”方法完成了固氮斯氏假单胞菌A1501的全基因组序列测定,并进行了基因组结构与功能注释分析。A1501基因组全长4 567 418 bp,含有4 146个ORFs。该基因组中已鉴定了42个编码转座酶的重复序列,这些序列的存在预示着转座现象在A1501菌中非常活跃,预示该菌与其他生物之间基因交流可能比较频繁。比较基因组表明,为了适应特定的生存环境,假单胞菌在基因组结构和遗传信息容量上产生了明显的分化。此外,基因组分析鉴定了A1501环境适应的遗传基础,包括物质转运、信号传导和趋化系统等,这些系统是细菌能够在根际土壤环境中保持竞争力以及能够与水稻形成高效联合固氮体系的关键。A1501基因组的完成为进一步开展功能基因组学和蛋白质组学研究奠定了基础。     

鸡miR-17-92基因簇上游A/T富集区启动子活性鉴定与分析

文章采用基因定点突变和报告基因技术作A/T富集区启动子鉴定和转录调控分析,研究鸡miR-17-92基因簇上游A/T富集区是否具有启动子活性。PromPredict预测分析提示miR-17-92基因簇上游-388～-444 bp处可能是启动子区域。转录因子结合位点分析发现,A/T富集区存在3个E2F1潜在结合位点,分别位于miR-17-92基因簇上游-1 273 bp(结合位点1)、-1 186 bp(结合位点2)和-753 bp(结合位点3)处。报告基因活性分析发现,鸡miR-17-92基因簇上游A/T富集区具有启动子活性,其中miR-17-92基因簇上游-440/-1区域启动子活性最强。共转染分析显示,转录因子E2F1极显著抑制该A/T富集区启动子活性(P<0.01);进一步定点突变分析表明E2F1通过E2F1结合位点1和2抑制A/T富集区启动子活性。报告基因分析发现,与对A/T富集区启动子作用不同,E2F1促进miR-17-92基因簇宿主基因(MIR17HG)启动子活性。文章首次发现鸡miR-17-92基因簇上游存在一个新的转录调控区,对揭示鸡miR-17-92基因簇转录调控具有重要意义。     

巴西固氮螺菌Yu62 glnB基因和glnZ基因的克隆和序列分析

ｇｌｎＢ基因编码的ＰⅠⅠ蛋白在巴西固氮螺菌的固氮过程中起着非常重要的调控作用,而ｇｌｎＺ是与ｇｌｎＢ高度同源的基因,其产物ＰＺ可能也在固氮调控中起作用。本研究用ＰＣＲ法克隆了巴西固氮螺菌Ｙｕ６２ ｇｌｎＢ基因和ｇｌｎＺ基因。ＤＮＡ序列分析表明ｇｌｎＢ和ｇｌｎＺ这２个基因的编码区的长度都为３３６ｂｐ,编码１１２个氨基酸。将巴西固氮螺菌Ｙｕ６２菌株与标准菌株Ｓｐ７的ｇｌｎＢ基因和ｇｌｎＺ基因分别进行比     

Evaluation of the Role of Mixed Amino Acids in Nitrate Uptake and Assimilation in Leafy Radish by Using 15N-Labeled Nitrate

In this paper, the role of mixed amino acids in nitrate uptake and assimilation was evaluated in leafy radish by using ^15N labeled nitrate. The mixtures of alanine, β-alanine, aspartic acid, asparagines, glutamic acid, glutamine, and glycine were sprayed to plant leaf two or four times. The activity of the enzymes related to the process of NO3- reduction （nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase and glutamine synthetase） was affected differently depending on the application rate of mixed amino acids. Applying mixed amino acids increased the fresh weight, dry weight, and N yield. The NO3 content was reduced to 24-38%, but no significant differences were observed in amino acids and proteins. In addition, the nitrogen derived from fertilizer and the ^15N-NO3-recovery rate increased to 2-8% and 15-47%, respectively. These results strongly suggest that the positive effect of mixed amino acids on nitrate uptake and assimilation might be attributed to the regulation on NO3- uptake and assimilation, but not to the preference for amino acids as sources of reduced nitrogen.     

The removal of nitrate reductase phosphorylation enhances tolerance to ammonium nitrogen deficiency in rice

Nitrate reductase(NR) is a key enzyme for nitrogen assimilation in plants, and its activity is regulated by posttranslational phosphorylation. To investigate the effects of dephosphorylation of the NIA1 protein on the growth and the physiological and biochemical characteristics of rice under different forms of nitrogen supplies, the phenotypes, nitrogen metabolism and reactive oxygen metabolism were measured in NIA1 phosphorylation site-directed mutant lines(S532 D and S532 A), an Os Nia1 over-e...     

Reducing phosphorylation of nitrate reductase improves nitrate assimilation in rice

Nitrate reductase(NR) is an important enzyme for nitrate assimilation in plants, and post-translational phosphorylation regulates NR activity. To evaluate the impact of the dephosphorylation of nitrate reductase 1(NIA1) protein on NR activity,nitrogen metabolism and plant growth, NIA1 phosphorylation site directed mutant lines(S532 D and S532 A) and an OsNia1 over-expression line(OE) were constructed, and the phenotype, NIA1 protein and its phosphorylation level, NR activity,nitrate metabolism a...     

花生高亲和硝酸盐转运蛋白基因AhNRT2.7a响应低氮胁迫的功能研究

【目的】 氮素在作物生产中对生物量和产量起关键作用。高亲和硝酸盐转运蛋白基因NRT2在植物响应低氮胁迫时被激活并具有维持氮吸收和转运的作用。通过筛选花生低氮耐受相关的NRT2基因并解析其生物学功能,为培育高氮素利用率的花生新品种提供理论参考,最终有助于实现节氮、高效的绿色生产目标。【方法】 检测正常氮浓度及1/20正常氮浓度（15 mmol·L^-1）条件下5个具有典型跨膜结构的花生NRT2基因（AhNRT2.4、AhNRT2.5b、AhNRT2.5c、AhNRT2.7a和AhNRT2.7b）的时空表达情况。以花育6309的cDNA为模板,对AhNRT2.7a进行克隆和生物信息学分析,并通过亚细胞定位确定AhNRT2.7a的表达部位。进一步构建异源过表达AhNRT2.7a的拟南芥株系,分别在正常以及低氮胁迫条件下测定其叶绿素含量、氮积累量以及谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）、谷氨酸合成酶（GOGAT）、硝酸还原酶（NR）、亚硝酸还原酶（NiR）、谷氨酸脱氢酶（GDH）5个氮代谢关键酶的活性。【结果】 5个NRT2基因中有4个NRT2基因在花生响应低氮胁迫条件下大量表达。其中,AhNRT2.7a能够响应低氮胁迫,并在花生茎和叶中高表达。获得AhNRT2.7a的cDNA序列,全长为1 380 bp,编码459个氨基酸。蛋白结构分析显示其为具有12个典型跨膜结构域的膜蛋白。该氨基酸序列与栽培种花生（Arachis hypogaea L.）相似性高达99.56%,其次是野生亲本AA和BB基因组花生。亚细胞定位显示其主要定位于细胞质膜上。构建异源过表达AhNRT2.7a的转基因拟南芥植株,在不同供氮条件下,成熟叶和幼叶叶片的叶绿素相对含量均显著高于野生型拟南芥。同时,对上述5个氮代谢相关酶活性以及氮、磷、钾积累量测定显示,转基因植株中2个氮代谢相关酶（GS和NR）的酶活性以及氮积累量均比野生型拟南芥有显著升高。【结论】 花生中4个NRT2基因响应低氮胁迫,其中AhNRT2.7a能够提高植物氮代谢过程的氮素利用率。AhNRT2.7a的表达在促进氮代谢过程的同时,促使碳代谢作用的进一步加强。因此,AhNRT2.7a适合作为花生氮素高效利用为目的的候选基因。     

氮肥对小白菜生长及硝酸盐积累的影响

[目的]研究氮肥对小白菜（Brassica rapa L.）生长及硝酸盐积累的影响。[方法]通过盆栽试验分析了不同氮肥施用量对小白菜生物量、硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐含量以及硝酸还原酶活性的影响。[结果]小白菜的生物量随着氮肥施用量的增加而增加,但当氮肥施用量达0.20 g/盆后,再增加用量增产效果已不明显;小白菜中硝酸盐含量随着施氮量的增加呈直线上升,而对照的硝酸盐含量随生育期的延长而降低;小白菜中硝酸还原酶活性与硝酸盐含量变化趋势一致;小白菜中亚硝酸盐含量随着施氮量的增加缓慢上升,但各处理亚硝酸盐含量均未超标。[结论]该研究可为小白菜种植时合理施肥提供理论依据。     

光呼吸与硝酸还原关系研究——光呼吸抑制剂与代谢物对黄化小麦硝酸还原酶光诱导的影响

 用黄化小麦为材料研究了多种光呼吸抑制剂与光呼吸代谢物对硝酸还原酶光诱导及叶片亚硝酸盐含量的影响。结果表明,光呼吸抑制剂NaHSO3、INH、HPMS与光呼吸代谢物乙醇酸、乙醛酸对硝酸还原酶光诱导有显著的抑制作用,而乙醇酸和乙醛酸处理可以提高叶片的亚硝酸盐含量,说明光呼吸与氮代谢有密切的关系,光呼吸的正常进行有利于硝态氮的还原。乙醇酸和乙醛酸对硝酸还原酶的抑制可能与亚硝酸盐在叶片中的积累有关。     

活力素对菠菜产量及硝酸盐含量的影响

利用微区试验研究了不同氮磷钾配比条件下,喷施活力素对菠菜产量及硝酸盐含量的影响。结果表明:氮磷钾配合施用能显著提高菠菜产量,并能提高硝酸还原酶活性、降低硝酸盐含量。在单施氮肥条件下,喷施活力素有明显的增产效果;喷施活力素也明显提高了硝酸还原酶活性,降低了硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐含量,改善了菠菜的食用品质。     

喷施污泥热碱液对叶菜产量及氮转化酶的影响

污泥通过碱性热水解工艺（ATH）提取的富含多肽、蛋白质类的液体已被证实无毒性,用于农业生产中可显著促进作物生长。为研究该液体对作物氮素吸收的影响及其同化机制,以小青菜为研究对象,以喷施清水为对照,研究了200、400、600、800倍和1 000倍5个稀释倍数处理条件下喷施热碱液对小青菜产量、氮素养分吸收及氮同化关键酶活性的影响。结果表明：随着喷施热碱液稀释倍数的增加,各指标均呈先升高后降低的趋势,当热碱液稀释400倍时,小青菜收获后,其氮素累积量、叶绿素相对含量（SPAD值）和产量等达到较高水平,且小青菜中硝酸还原酶（NR）、亚硝酸还原酶（NiR）、谷氨酸脱氢酶（GDH）、谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）、谷氨酸合成酶（GOGAT）在生育期间均可保持较高的活性;偏最小二乘路径模型（PLS-PM）表明,喷施热碱液后小青菜的氮素吸收主要受NR、GS、GOGAT的影响,同时GOGAT对小青菜产量的提升有显著作用。研究表明,喷施适宜稀释倍数的热碱液会提高小青菜氮素同化相关酶的活性,促进小青菜生长和对养分的吸收,从而提高产量。     

Changes in the activities of key enzymes and the abundance of functional genes involved in nitrogen transformation in rice rhizosphere soil under different aerated conditions

Soil microorganisms play important roles in nitrogen transformation.  The aim of this study was to characterize changes in the activity of nitrogen transformation enzymes and the abundance of nitrogen function genes in rhizosphere soil aerated using three different methods (continuous flooding (CF), continuous flooding and aeration (CFA), and alternate wetting and drying (AWD)).  The abundances of amoA ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB), nirS, nirK, and nifH genes, and the activities of urease, protease, ammonia oxidase, nitrate reductase, and nitrite reductase were measured at the tillering (S1), heading (S2), and ripening (S3) stages.  We analyzed the relationships of the aforementioned microbial activity indices, in addition to soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and soil microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN), with the concentration of soil nitrate and ammonium nitrogen.  The abundance of nitrogen function genes and the activities of nitrogen invertase in rice rhizosphere soil were higher at S2 compared with S1 and S3 in all treatments.  AWD and CFA increased the abundance of amoA and nifH genes, and the activities of urease, protease, and ammonia oxidase, and decreased the abundance of nirS and nirK genes and the activities of nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase, with the effect of AWD being particularly strong.  During the entire growth period, the mean abundances of the AOA amoA, AOB amoA, and nifH genes were 2.9, 5.8, and 3.0 higher in the AWD treatment than in the CF treatment, respectively, and the activities of urease, protease, and ammonia oxidase were 1.1, 0.5, and 0.7 higher in the AWD treatment than in the CF treatment, respectively.  The abundances of the nirS and nirK genes, and the activities of nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase were 73.6, 84.8, 10.3 and 36.5% lower in the AWD treatment than in the CF treatment, respectively.  The abundances of the AOA amoA, AOB amoA, and nifH genes were significantly and positively correlated with the activities of urease, protease, and ammonia oxidase, and the abundances of the nirS and nirK genes were significantly positively correlated with the activities of nitrate reductase.  All the above indicators were positively correlated with soil MBC and MBN.  In sum, microbial activity related to nitrogen transformation in rice rhizosphere soil was highest at S2.  Aeration can effectively increase the activity of most nitrogen-converting microorganisms and MBN, and thus promote soil nitrogen transformation.      

Overexpression of IbSnRK1 enhances nitrogen uptake and carbon assimilation in transgenic sweetpotato

Nitrogen is an important nutrient for plant development. Nitrogen and carbon metabolisms are tightly linked to physiological functions in plants. In this study, we found that the IbSnRK1 gene was induced by Ca(NO₃)₂. Its overexpression enhanced nitrogen uptake and carbon assimilation in transgenic sweetpotato. After Ca(¹⁵NO₃)₂ treatment, the ¹⁵N atom excess, ¹⁵N and total N content and nitrogen uptake efficiency (NUE) were significantly increased in the roots, stems, and leaves of transgenic plants compared with wild type (WT) and empty vector control (VC). After Ca(NO₃)₂ treatment, the increased nitrate N content, nitrate reductase (NR) activity, free amino acid content, and soluble protein content were found in the roots or leaves of transgenic plants. The photosynthesis and carbon assimilation were enhanced. These results suggest that the IbSnRK1 gene play a important role in nitrogen uptake and carbon assimilation of sweetpotato. This gene has the potential to be used for improving the yield and quality of sweetpotato.