Potassium uptake by soybean as affected by exchangeable potassium in soil

Abstract

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) has been shown to have a great capacity to take K from soil, suggesting that it might absorb K from non‐exchangeable forms. In this paper, the effect of level of K fertilization on soil exchangeable K content and K uptake by soybean are discussed. The experiment was conducted on a Typic Haplortox (sandy loam), fertilized with 0, 40, 80, 160 and 240 kg K₂O/ha as KC1 or K₂SO₄. During five years before the experiment, half of the plots received those K rates annually and the other half only in the first three years, providing an opportunity to study the residual effect of applied K. Plant samples were taken at pod filling and at harvest. Soil cores were collected in 20 cm increments down to 80 cm deep at plant emergence, pod filling and after harvest. There was a residual effect of K, and 240 kg K₂O/ha applied in a 3‐year term led to the same yield and K uptake as 80 kg ICO/ha applied annually for 3 years. Fertilized plants absorbed 160% more K than unfertilized ones, but soil exchangeable K accounted for less than 50% of plant uptake; therefore the exchangeable pool must have been replaced in time for soybean uptake. On the other hand, the K recycled from the plant to the soil was not found in the exchangeable form. There was evidence of K leaching deeper than 80 cm, and in addition, the K recycled from the plants may have turned into non‐exchangeable forms in the soil.     

Retention of added copper by two soils as affected by organic matter,CaCO3, and exchangeable ions

The effects of addition and removal of organic matter and CaCO₃ and of saturating a loam and a loamy sand soil with hydrogen (HCl treated), with calcium and with sodium on the retention of added copper were studied. Removal of organic matter reduced the copper-retaining capacity in soils, while addition of 1 to 4% humic acid to H₂O₂-treated soils increased the retention. Soil organic matter had higher specific copper retaining as well as fixing capacity than the added humic acid. Humic acid fixed about 62 and 49% of the copper it retained, while soil organic matter fixed about 65 and 61% in the loam and loamy sand respectively, which could not be extracted with 0.1 N HCl. About 30% extra copper retained by the added humic acid was exchangeable. Saturating the soils with hydrogen (HCl treatment) decreased the retention of added copper considerably but addition of CaCO₃ up to 8% increased the retention by increasing the pH of the soil system. The CaCO₃ induced retention was lower than caused by humic acid additions. The specific copper retention by native CaCO₃ was slightly higher than that of added CaCO₃. However, other changes associated with the pre-treatment of the soil may have caused those differences in specif is copper retention. Although CaCO₃ had as high a copper fixing capacity as organic matter its contribution towards exchangeable copper was negligible.     

Glycosidases in soils as affected by cropping systems

Glycosidases are a group of soil enzymes that play a major role in degradation of carbohydrates. This study was conducted to assess the impact of crop rotation and N fertilization on the activities of α‐ and β‐glucosidases and α‐ and β‐galactosidases in plots of two long‐term field experiments at the Clarion‐Webster Research Center (CWRC) and Northeast Research Center (NERC) in Iowa. Surface‐soil (0–15 cm) samples were taken in 1996 and 1997 in corn (Zea mays L.), soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), oats (Avena sativa L.), or meadow (alfalfa) (Medicago sativa L.) plots that received 0 or 180 kg N ha^–1, applied as urea before corn, and an annual application of 20 kg P ha^–1 and 56 kg K ha^–1. Activities of the four glycosidases were significantly affected by crop rotations in both years at the two sites but not by nitrogen application. In general, higher activities were observed in plots under meadow or oat and the lowest in continuous corn (CWRC) and soybean (NERC). Four‐year rotation showed the highest activity, followed by 2‐year rotation and monocropping systems. Linear‐regression analyses indicated that, in general, the activities of the glycosidases were significantly correlated with microbial‐biomass C (r > 0.302, p ≤ 0.05) and microbial‐biomass N (r > 0.321, p ≤ 0.05), organic‐C (r > 0.332, p ≤ 0.05) and organic‐N (r > 0.399, p ≤ 0.01) contents of the soils. Results of this work suggest that multicropping stimulated the activities of the glycosidases. The specific activities of the glycosidases in soils of the two sites studied, expressed as g p‐nitrophenol released per kg of organic C, differed among the four enzymes. The lowest values were obtained for β‐galactosidase and α‐glucosidase, followed by α‐galactosidase and β‐glucosidase.     

Aggregate stabilization in kaolinitic soils by low rates of anionic polyacrylamide

Abstract. The stability of aggregates can be improved by amending the soil with charged synthetic polymers. We have evaluated the effects of addition of low rates of anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) on the stability of aggregates from three predominately kaolinitic soils, and investigated whether the applied PAM penetrated into the aggregates or was adsorbed onto exterior surfaces only. Aggregates (6.3–9.5 mm) from the Ap horizons of a Cecil sandy loam and a Cecil loamy sand (Typic Kanhapludult) and from the Bt horizon of a Davidson clay (Rhodic Kandiudult) were treated with a high molecular weight(2 × 10⁷Da), negatively charged (20% hydrolysis) PAM at rates of 0, 10 or 20 kg/ha. The treated aggregate were dried and exposed to 20 mm of high kinetic energy (23.0 kJ/m³) simulated rain. Some of the PAM-treated Cecil loamy sand aggregates (5 or 10 kg/ha) were broken in half to expose untreated aggregate interiors to the rain. Percentage stable aggregates (weight/weight) in the PAM treatments ranged from 52 to 97%, vs. 20-32% in the control. PAM addition significantly increased the percentage of >4 mm sized aggregates compared with the untreated aggregates. PAM was more effective at stabilization in the light to medium textured Cecil soils than in the clayey Davidson. When internal surfaces of PAM treated aggregates were exposed, the percentage of stable aggregates exceeded the amount expected if the polymer was only adsorbed on to external surfaces. This suggested that some PAM had penetrated to some degree into aggregate interiors, thereby stabilizing both external and internal aggregates surfaces. Based on these results it is envisaged that use of PAM could be a viable alternative to the commonly used soil and water conservation practices (e.g. mulching, dyking, contour tillage).     

Zinc sorption by acid tropical soils as affected by cultivation

The sorption of zinc (Zn) by two acid tropical soils, Mazowe clay loam (kaolinitic, coarse, Rhodic Kandiustalf) and Bulawayo clay loam (coarse, kaolinitic, Lithic Rodustalf), was studied over a wide range of Zn solution concentrations. Samples of the two soils used in the experiments were collected at both uncleared, uncultivated (virgin) sites and cultivated sites. The two virgin soils showed similar abilities to bind Zn. Mazowe soil (40 g organic matter kg^?1) presented the highest affinity for Zn. Yet, Bulawayo soil (23.5 g organic matter kg^?1) sorbed almost the same amount. Bulawayo soil had higher pH and Fe and Mn-oxide content than Mazowe soil. Once cultivated, the two soils behaved quite differently. After 50 years, Mazowe soil had lost 60% of its organic matter and effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC). In this soil, Zn sorption capacity had also been decreased by 60%. Clearing and 10 years under cultivation had affected neither the organic matter content nor the ECEC of Bulawayo soil. For this soil, Zn sorption was even higher in the cultivated soil, presumably due to an increase in the amount of Fe and Mn oxide from subsoiling. Zinc sorption was dependent upon pH, with retention dramatically increasing in the pH range 6–7. Sorption occurred at pH values below the point of zero charge (PZC), indicating that the sorption reaction can proceed even in the presence of electrostatic repulsion between the positively charged soil surface and the cation. In the two soils, the reversibility of the sorption reaction was very low. More than 90% of the sorbed Zn was apparently strongly bonded.     

Extraction of potassium from some kaolinitic soils of the tropics

Abstract

Three methods for soil potassium extraction (M NH₄OAc pH 7, 0.01 M AgTU and 30 % hot H₂SO₄) were compared for a variety of kaolinitic soils of the tropics. The AgTU‐extractable K was much higher than the M NH₄OAc‐extractable K when vermiculite clay was present in the soil. The correlation between both was given by an R value of 0.937. The amounts of K extracted by 0.01 M AgTU and by hot H₂SO₄ were approximately the same. The R value for these two methods was 0.843.

It is suggested that the AgTU extractant could be used for determination of plant‐available K in soil and for testing for the presence or absence of vermiculite clay in soils.     

Phosphorus fractions in Brazilian Cerrado soils as affected by tillage

No-tillage systems lead to physical, chemical and biological changes in soil. Soil fertility is responsive to changes in tillage as it depends on nutrient status, soil water content and biological characteristics. This work aimed to determine long term changes in phosphorus forms and availability in the profile of two tropical soils under conventional and no-till systems, and to discuss the significance of these changes on plant growth and demand for P fertilizers. Undisturbed soil cores with 20 cm in diameter were collected to a depth of 40 cm, accommodated in PVC tubes and taken to a greenhouse, where the experiment was conducted. Two soils were collected in Central Brazil, in areas under Cerrado. Both soils had been cropped for at least 10 years under conventional tillage and no-till. In the greenhouse, pots received phosphorus fertilization or not at 43.7 kg ha⁻¹, and soybean was grown for 60 days, when soil P fractions were determined. Labile P fractions in the soil profile were not affected by management systems, and there was no accumulation of available P under no-till. A large amount of P added as fertilizer was adsorbed in soil and remained in moderately labile fractions, mainly on uppermost soil layers. Therefore, the phosphate fertilizer has promoted P accumulation on less available fractions in soil, remaining P on the soil after crop harvest. Eventually this phosphorus could migrate to more labile fractions and be available for crops grown in succession.     

Biochemical properties of forest soils as affected by a fire retardant

Synthetic polymers are currently being used as water additives to control wildfires and prescribed burns. This laboratory study examines the effects of one of these acrylic-based polymers (Firesorb) on some biochemical properties (microbial biomass C, hydrolysis of FDA, #-glucosidase, urease and N mineralization) of two coarse textured soils (loamy sand and sandy loam) under pinewood located at Galicia (NW Spain). Firesorb was added to unheated and heated soil samples at two levels of application (1 and 3 times the recommended dose) and measurements were made after 6 and 12 weeks of aerobic incubation. The results obtained for both soils at different incubation times were found to be comparable. Except for N mineralization, which was reduced by Firesorb addition, in both unheated and heated soils, the Firesorb-treated samples showed similar or significantly higher values for the biochemical parameters analyzed than those in the untreated control soils. This finding suggests that under these assay conditions the synthetic polymer used as a fire-fighting chemical had no adverse effects on soil microbial communities.     

Size and charge characteristics of kaolinitic soils in SE Queensland

Some kaolinitic soils derived from basaltic material contain 2:1 minerals as a discrete phase and/or interstratified with kaolin as determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and by chemical analysis of DCB-treated clays, while others show little or no evidence of 2:1 minerals. Mineral impurities were not detected by electron diffraction in the latter group. There is good agreement between the interpretation of XRD traces and the SiO₂/Al₂O₃ ratio given by chemical analysis. Some kaolin is seen by electron microscopy to be of very small particle size, and two distinct morphological types have been recognized. High surface area measurements are consistent with fine particular size. These profiles contain kaolin with higher than normal CEC and permanent negative charges which cannot be accounted for by the presence of 2:1 clay minerals alone and which are attributed to a degree of isomorphous substitution. This substitution and/or mineral impurities may have limited kaolin crystal growth during neoformation.     

红壤交换性钙、镁和钾的分布及施肥对其影响

A leaching experiment was Carried out with repacked soil columns in laboratory to study the leaching process of a red soil derived from sandstone as affected by various fertilization practices.The treatments were CK(as a control),CaCO3,CaSO4,MgCO3,Ca(H2PO4)2,Urea,KCl,Multiple(a mixture of the above mentioned fertilizers) and KNO3,The fertilizers were added to the bare surface of the soil columns,and then the columns were leached with 120 mL deionized water daily through perstaltic pumps over a period of 92 days,At the end of leaching process,soils were sampled from different depths of the soil profiles ,i.o.,of 92 days,At the end of leaching process,soils were sampled from different depths of the soil profiles,I.e.0-5cm,5-10cm,10-20cm,20-40cm,and 40-60cm,The results showed when applying Ca,Mg,and K to the bare surface of the soil columns,exchangeable Ca^2 ,Mg^2 ,and K^ in the upper layer of the soil profile increased correspondingly,with an extent depending mainly on the application rates of Ca,Mg,and K and showing a downward trend,CaCO3,CaSO4,MgCO3,and Ca(H2PO4)2 treatments had scarcely and effect on movement of exchangeable K^ ,while CaCO3,and CaSO4 treatments singnificantly promoted the downward movement of exchangealble Mg^2 although these two treatments had no obvious effect on leaching losses of Mg,The fact that under Urea treatment,exchangeable Ca^2 and Mg^2 ,were higher as compared to CK treatment showed urea could prevent leaching of exchangeable Ca^2 and Mg^2 ,the obvious downward movement of exchangeable Ca^2 and Mg^2 was noticed in KCl treatment ,In Multiple treatment,the downward movement of exchangeable Ca^2 and Mg^2 was evident,while that of K^ was less evident,Application of KNO3 strongly promoted the downward movement of exchangeable Ca^2 and Mg^2 in the soil profile.     

Cadmium sorption by two acid soils as affected by clearing and cultivation

Abstract

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of clearing and cultivation on the sorption of cadmium (Cd) by two acid soils from Zimbabwe with differing cultivation stories. In their original state, not cleared‐not cultivated (virgin soils), the two soils exhibited noticeable and similar capacities to sorb Cd. The Mazowe soil contains the highest level of organic matter (40 g kg^‐1) and a effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC) of 144 mmol_c kg^‐1. Yet, Bulawayo soil (23.5 g kg^‐1 organic matter and ECEC of 146 mmol_c kg^‐1) has higher pH and Mn and Fe oxide content and these characteristics seemed to counteract the effect of lower organic matter. After 50 years of cultivation, The Mazowe soil has lost 60% of its organic matter and ECEC, and consequently the ability of its soil matrix to bind Cd has proportionally decreased. In Bulawayo (cleared in 1983 and first ploughed in 1984), on the contrary, the organic matter and ECEC of the cultivated soil remains over 95% of the values on its virgin counterpart. In this soil, the retaining ability for Cd has not still been affected. In the two soils Cd sorption was highly pH‐dependent. The extent of sorption was minimal under acidic conditions and increased sharply as the pH was raised. The immediate reversibility of the sorption process proved to be very low. When sorption and desorption data were compared it was clear that soil characteristics like high organic matter and oxide content which showed to enhanced Cd sorption, contributed at the same time to slow down the backward reaction.     

土壤层状质地对小流量地下滴灌灌水器特性的影响

以均质壤土（L）、均质砂土（S）、上砂下壤（SL）和壤土中有砂土夹层（LSL）4种土壤质地结构为对象,利用室内土箱试验,研究了土壤质地及其层状结构对灌水器流量的影响,估算了灌水器出口正压值。试验选用10 m水头压力下额定流量为1.1 L/h的地下滴灌专用灌水器。土壤为层状结构时,上层土壤厚度为20 cm,砂土夹层的厚度为10 cm。L、S、SL试验的灌水器埋深为15 cm;为了探讨灌水器埋深与土壤质地变化相对位置对灌水器性能的影响,LSL的灌水器埋深设计为15、25和35 cm。试验采用的工作压力为2、3、6和10 m水头。结果表明：灌水开始后,出口正压的迅速增大致使灌水器流量迅速减少,而后逐渐趋于稳定。灌水器流量随时间的变化可近似用幂函数表示。灌水器在土壤中的流量比在空气中的自由出流流量有所减小,灌水器自由出流流量越小,减小幅度越大。土壤层状质地对灌水器流量影响明显,一定压力下,灌水器在层状土壤中的流量小于在均质土壤中的流量,尤其当灌水器位于LSL的砂土夹层中时,流量比在均质壤土中减少13%,比自由出流流量减少20%。利用试验结果建立了地下滴灌灌水器流量与土壤饱和导水率、层状土壤结构、灌水器工作压力的经验关系,对各影响因子的敏感性分析结果表明,对地下滴灌灌水器流量影响最明显的是灌水器工作压力,其次是层状土壤结构,饱和导水率的影响较小。     

胶体作用下饱和土壤中Cd运移的数值模拟

通过室内土柱出流实验探讨了饱和壤砂土中Cd在SiO2胶体作用下的运移行为,并用对流-弥散方程(Convection-Dispersion Equation,CDE)对实验结果进行了数值模拟.结果表明,土壤中SiO2胶体的存在抑制了Cd的运移,使Cd穿透时间较晚,出流浓度较低,土壤对Cd的吸附以动力学反应为主.耦合Freun-dlich等温吸附的单点非平衡模型(One Site Nonequilibrium Model,OSM)能较好地模拟Cd在壤砂土中的运移,模拟得到的吸附特性参数β较小,表明壤砂土吸附表面的不均一性较强.SiO2胶体的穿透时间较早,耦合沉淀-释放反应的CDE模型可以很好地描述SiO2胶体在壤砂土中的运移.胶体作用下的CDE模型成功地模拟了SiO2胶体存在时Cd的运移;同时,参数敏感性分析结果表明,胶体对Cd的吸附速率系数κamc、κaic越小,解吸速率系数κdmc、κdic越大,越有利于Cd的运移.     

有机物料对淹水土壤中施入的镉形态的影响

The effect of three organic materials(rice straw,Chinese milk vetch and pig manure)on the fractionation of cadmium added into two soils(a red soil and a fluvo-aquic soil) was studied using submerged incubation experiment.The organic materials increased soil soild organic carbon(SOC),pH value,the concentration of active Si in all the treatments and active Fe and Mn in some treatments.Accumulated SOC caused directly the increase of Cd bound to solid organic matter and consequently the decrease of exchangeable Cd.Higher active Si and pH,as well as lower Eh,were also responsible for the reduction of exchangeable Cd.Cd bound to mn oxide was positively correlated with pH values and rose significantly after one-month incubation,but decreased after three-month incubation.Cd bound to amporphous Fe oxide increased with the incubation time,but was not affected significantly by adding organic materials.     

Urease activity of microbial biomass in soils as affected by cropping systems

 The impacts of crop rotations and N fertilization on different pools of urease activity were studied in soils of two long-term field experiments in Iowa; at the Northeast Research Center (NERC) and the Clarion-Webster Research Center (CWRC). Surface soil samples (0–15 cm) were taken in 1996 and 1997 in corn, soybeans, oats, or meadow (alfalfa) plots that received 0 or 180 kg N ha^–1, applied as urea before corn and an annual application of 20 kg P and 56 kg K ha^–1. The urease activity in the soils was assayed at optimal pH (THAM buffer, pH 9.0), with and without toluene treatment, in a chloroform-fumigated sample and its nonfumigated counterpart. The microbial biomass C (C_mic) and N (N_mic) were determined by chloroform fumigation methods. The total, intracellular, extracellular and specific urease activities in the soils of the NERC site were significantly affected by crop rotation, but not by N fertilization. Generally, the highest total urease activities were obtained in soils under 4-year oats–meadow rotations and the lowest under continuous corn. The higher total activities under multicropping systems were caused by a higher activity of both the intracellular and extracellular urease fractions. In contrast, the highest values for the specific urease activity, i.e. of urease activity of the microbial biomass, were found in soils under continuous soybean and the least under the 4-year rotations. Total and extracellular urease activities were significantly correlated with C_mic (r>0.30* and >0.40**) and N_mic (r>0.39** and >0.44**) in soils of the NERC and CWRC sites, respectively. Total urease activity was significantly correlated with the intracellular activity (r>0.73***). About 46% of the total urease activity of the soils was associated with the microbial biomass, and 54% was extracellular in nature. Received: 25 May 1999     

Phosphorus sorption and availability indices as affected by properties of calcareous soils

Abstract

The Olsen solution is usually considered the best extractant for estimating P availability in calcareous soils, but predictability of the response to P fertilizers is often low under field conditions. In this study, soil characteristics influencing P sorption and extractability were evaluated. Forty‐one soils varying in CaCO₃, pH, and clay content were selected from pastures to minimize the effect of recent P additions. A P sorption index (PSI) determined from a single addition of 150 mg P/100 g soil was related to soil Ca and CaCO₃, but the correlation coefficients were rather low (r = 0.46 and 0.38, respectively). A P availability index (PAI), determined from the increase in extractable soil P after adding 50 mg P/kg to a suspension and allowing it to dry, was correlated quite well with cation exchange capacity and clay content (r = ‐0.61 for each) in soils with pH < 8.8. The PAI also had a positive relationship with the density of the processed soil sample (r = 0.60). The relationship between PAI and soil Ca (r = ‐0.51) was also better than that between PSI and soil Ca. Inclusion of initial soil P and organic carbon along with CEC increased the predictability of PAI from 37% to 59%. In soils with pH > 8.8, soil pH was the dominant factor controlling the PAI (r = 0.92).     

胶体作用下饱和土壤中Cd运移的数值模拟

通过室内土柱出流实验探讨了饱和壤砂土中Cd在SiO2胶体作用下的运移行为,并用对流-弥散方程(Convection-Dispersion Equation,CDE)对实验结果进行了数值模拟。结果表明,土壤中SiO2胶体的存在抑制了Cd的运移,土壤对Cd的吸附以动力学反应为主。耦合Freundlich等温吸附的单点非平衡模型(One Site Nonequilibrium Model,OSM)能较好地模拟Cd在壤砂土中的运移,模拟得到的吸附特性参数β较小,表明壤砂土吸附表面的不均一性较强。SiO2胶体的穿透时间较早,耦合沉淀-释放反应的CDE模型可以很好地描述SiO2胶体在壤砂土中的运移。胶体作用下的CDE模型成功地模拟了SiO2胶体存在时Cd的运移;同时,参数敏感性分析结果表明,胶体对Cd的吸附速率系数kamc、kaic越小,解吸速率系数kdmc、kdic越大,越有利于Cd的运移。     

Arylsulfatase activity of microbial biomass in soils as affected by cropping systems

 The impacts of crop rotations and N fertilization on different pools of arylsulfatase activity (total, intracellular, and extracellular) were studied in soils of two long-term field experiments in Iowa to assess the contibution of the microbial biomass to the activity of this enzyme. Surface-soil samples were taken in 1996 and 1997 in corn, soybeans, oats, or meadow (alfalfa) plots that received 0 or 180 kg N ha^–1 before corn, and an annual application of 20 kg P ha^–1 and 56 kg K ha^–1. The arylsulfatase activity in the soils was assayed at optimal pH (acetate buffer, pH 5.8) before and after chloroform fumigation; microbial biomass C (C_mic) and N (N_mic) were determined by chloroform-fumigation methods. All pools of arylsulfatase activity in soils were significantly affected by crop rotation and plant cover at sampling time, but not by N fertilization. Generally, the highest total, intracellular, and extracellular arylsulfatase activities were obtained in soils under cereal-meadow rotations, taken under oats or meadow, and the lowest under continuous cropping systems.Total, intracellular, and extracellular arylsulfatase activities were significantly correlated with C_mic (r>0.41, P<0.01) and N_mic (r>0.38, P<0.01) in soils. The averages of specific activity values, i.e., of arylsulfatase activity of the microbial biomass, expressed per milligram C_mic, ranged from 315 to 407 μg p-nitrophenol h^–1. The total arylsulfatase activity was significantly correlated with the intracellular activity, with r values >0.79 (P<0.001). In general, about 45% of the total arylsulfatase activity was extracellular, and 55% was associated with the microbial biomass in soils, indicating the importance of the microflora as an enzyme source in soils. Received: 23 April 1998     

Carbon dioxide emission as affected by the properties of arable soils polluted with fluorides

Adverse changes in the physical and chemical properties of arable gray forest and soddy meadow soils (forest-steppe zone, Lake Baikal region) polluted with fluorides emitted by an aluminum smelter in Irkutsk are shown. The field experiments of the long-term (1997–2005) monitoring and laboratory incubation experiments revealed that the CO₂ emission from the gray forest soil was higher than from the soddy meadow soil. Its intensity depended on the soil properties and buffering capacity of the soils to fluorides, as well as on the content of water-soluble fluorides and the hydrothermal factors.