水稻孕穗期不同叶位叶片的气体交换与叶绿素荧光特性

研究了6个水稻品种孕穗期不同叶位的气体交换和叶绿素荧光特性,结果表明净光合速率([i]P[/i][sub]n[/sub]）、气孔导度（[i]g[/i]）、蒸腾速率（[i]E[/i]）和水分利用效率（[i]WUE[/i]）均随叶位降低而明显下降;而胞间CO[sub]2[/sub]浓度（[i]C[/i][sub]i[/sub]）基本维持不变,说明叶片衰老时[i]P[/i][sub]n[/sub]的下降主要不是气孔因素引起的。叶绿素含量降低与[i]P[/i][sub]n[/sub]下降的表现一致,叶绿素荧光分析表明[i]F[/i][sub]v[/sub]/[i]F[/i][sub]m[/sub]和[i]F[/i]'[sub]v[/sub]/[i]F[/i]'[sub]m[/sub]没有随叶位发生变化,而PSⅡ的光化学效率[i]Ф[/i][sub]PSⅡ[/sub]和电子传递速率([i]ETR[/i]）随叶位降低明显下降,这表明可能是PSⅠ电子传递受阻导致CO[sub]2[/sub]同化下降。     

太湖流域粳稻地方品种韭菜青的苗期耐盐性遗传分析

为了研究太湖流域强耐盐粳稻地方品种韭菜青的苗期耐盐性遗传机理,配制了韭菜青/IR26籼粳杂交组合,在盐胁迫条件下,运用剥蘖分株法鉴定了P[sub]1[/sub]、P[sub]2[/sub]、F[sub]1[/sub]和F[sub]2[/sub]苗期的盐害级别和根系Na+/K+两个耐盐相关指标。结果表明,在0.8%的NaCl胁迫下,亲本的两个耐盐相关指标有明显的差异,F[sub]1[/sub]均表现出超亲优势,F[sub]2[/sub]呈正态混合分布。采用主基因 多基因遗传模型进行遗传分析,发现韭菜青苗期的盐害级别和根系Na[sup]+[/sup]/K[sup]+[/sup]均由2对主效基因控制,并存在多基因修饰。盐害级别的主基因遗传率仅为16.10%,而根系Na[sup]+[/sup]/K[sup]+[/sup]的主基因遗传率高达50.78%,两个指标的主基因加多基因共同解释的遗传率都在70%以上。     

分子标记辅助选择与花药培养相结合快速聚合水稻白叶枯病抗性基因

以受微效多基因控制白叶枯病抗性的五丰占2号和主基因[i]xa5[/i]控制的IRBB5为材料,应用分子标记辅助选择、花药培养和回交技术研究了主基因与微效多基因聚合的途径。经查阅GeneBank中RG556的序列,利用在线引物设计软件Primer 3设计了一条新的R引物：5′CCAGACACCACTGCACATTC3′,克服了原引物Tm值相差太大,扩增效率低的缺点,使PCR扩增效率提高了近10倍。采用病斑长度与五丰占2号相近且携有xa5基因的五丰占2号[sup]2[/sup]/IRBB5 B[sub]1[/sub]F[sub]1[/sub]植株进行花药培养,获得30株二倍体植株,其中16株携有[i]xa5[/i]基因。携有[i]xa5[/i]基因的植株的平均病斑长度仅0.1 cm,对白叶枯病的抗性明显强于双亲。成功地聚合了白叶枯病抗性主基因和微效多基因。从配组到获得主基因和微效多基因聚合材料仅用两年时间,比常规育种方法缩短1~2年。     

一个新的水稻小粒矮秆突变基因的遗传鉴定

水稻品系162d是一个新发现的水稻小粒矮秆突变体。通过对221个SSR标记位点的多态性分析证明162d是由蜀恢162突变产生的,162d和蜀恢162是一对近等基因系。对F1和F2代的遗传分析表明162d的矮生性由一对隐性基因控制。该基因的表型特点是株高为正常高度的1/4左右,籽粒为正常大小的1/4左右,结实很差,叶短而宽。该基因对赤霉素GA[sub]3[/sub]敏感,不位于d1基因所在的水稻第5染色体着丝点附近区域。因此,认为162d突变基因是一个新的水稻小粒矮秆基因。     

水稻F1花粉不育性近等基因系导入片段的分析

 选用158个亲本间有多态性的微卫星标记，对50个F[sub]1[/sub]花粉不育近等基因系的导入片段进行了分析。50个近等基因系中共检测出260个导入片段，平均每个近等基因系有5.2个。其中100个F[sub]1[/sub]花粉不育基因所在的导入片段集中分布于第1、第3和第5染色体上，其余160个非F[sub]1[/sub]花粉不育基因所在的导入片段随机分布于各染色体上。统计分析表明，平均导入片段数和平均导入片段长度均随回交世代的增加而逐渐减少。BC[sub]3[/sub]代以后两者趋向稳定，导入片段数均少于4个，导入片段长度均在20 cM以下。     

Anti-Feedant Activity of the Extracts from Six Species of Wild Rice Against Spodoptera litura

Eight wild rice entries related to six species, including E6-1 and E6-3/6-4 (different ecotypes of [i]Oryza grandiglumis[/i]); E7-4 ([i]O. granulata[/i]), E9-10 and E9-20(different ecotypes of [i]O. latifolia[/i]), E13-13 ([i]O. minuta[/i]) , E15-13 ([i]O. officinalis[/i]) and E16-3 ([i]O.[/i] [i]punctata[/i]), were used in experiment for the investigation of their anti-feedant effect on Spodoptera litura. The rice leaf extracts were prepared with methanol by Sohxlet method. The extract rates of the six species of wild rice were between 8.50% and 24.86%. Selective anti-feedant activity and non-selective anti-feedant activity of the extracts from the six species of wild rice against the 3rd instar larvae of [i]S. litura[/i] showed that the extract of the wild rice E6-1 of [i]O.[/i] [i]grandiglumis[/i] had stronger anti-feedant activity than the others. The concentration for 50% anti-feedant activity (AFC[sub]50[/sub]) of the wild rice E6-1 extract against the 2nd instar larvae of [i]S. litura[/i] was 120 mg/mL in 24 h and 50 mg/mL in 48 h after treatment.     

江苏省稻瘟病菌群体分布及优势小种的毒力研究

用中国7个统一鉴别品种对2000~2002年江苏省5大稻区采集的342个稻瘟病菌单孢分离菌株进行了小种鉴定。结果表明3年累计出现7群30个小种,其中ZG1为优势小种,3年的频率分别为65.00%、56.90%和60.38%,ZB群和ZC群生理小种也是重要的小种类型,有较高的出现频率。用130个ZG1小种的菌株对日本13个已知抗性基因品种进行毒力测定,出现42种类型毒力,其中30.77％的ZG1小种的菌株同时对品种新2号（Pita-k[sup]s[/sup],Pi-sh）、K1（Pi-ta）、Pi-4号（Pi-ta[sup]2[/sup],Pi-sh）致病,为优势毒力类型, 表明品种新2号（Pita-ks,Pi-sh）、K1（Pi-ta）、Pi-4号（Pi-ta[sup]2[/sup],Pi-sh)与江苏省稻瘟病菌有较高的适合度。品种K3（Pi-k[sup]h[/sup]）在江苏省有较好的抗性,其抗性频率为100%。用两种毒力类型的不同菌株2003-184(ZC[sub]5[/sub])和 2003-14-1(ZG[sub]1[/sub]) 混合接种13个日本已知抗性基因品种后,发现对上述两个单个菌株表现抗病的K3（Pi-k[sup]h[/sup]）品种表现为感病,提示不同毒力的菌株之间的相互作用导致菌株毒力的改变可能是品种抗性丧失的原因之一。     

转cry1Ab基因水稻对拟水狼蛛捕食作用间接影响的评价

室内评价了拟水狼蛛(Pirata subpiraticus)对取食转[i]cry1Ab[/i]基因水稻的稻纵卷叶螟([i]Cnaphalocrocis medinalis[/i])幼虫和褐飞虱([i]Nilaparvata lugens[/i])若虫的捕食量及功能反应。结果表明,拟水狼蛛对这2种猎物的捕食功能反应均符合HollingⅡ型圆盘方程。该蜘蛛对取食转[i]cry1Ab[/i]基因水稻的稻纵卷叶螟幼虫的捕食量和处理时间低或短于取食对照的,但差异未达显著水平,而瞬时攻击率显著低于对照。该蜘蛛对以转[i]cry1Ab[/i]基因水稻为食的褐飞虱若虫的捕食量、瞬时攻击率和处理时间与取食对照的相比有一定的变化,但差异均不显著。综合考虑,认为转[i]cry1Ab[/i]基因水稻对拟水狼蛛捕食作用无明显的负作用。     

水稻矮秆小粒突变体潇湘矮的特征特性及其遗传鉴定

潇湘矮是在杂交籼稻组合93d72//湘/晚籼1号//桂朝2号/鉴7-4后代分离群体中发现的水稻矮秆小粒新突变体,株高55 cm左右,千粒重11 g左右,每穗总粒数198粒,结实正常,苗期对外源赤霉素(GA3)敏感,抽穗期不敏感。遗传分析表明,潇湘矮的矮生性由2对独立遗传的隐性半矮秆基因控制,其中1对为已知的半矮秆基因sd-1,另1对为未知的sd-t4。sd-t4单独存在时植株表现为半矮秆小粒,与sd-1共同存在时植株表现为矮秆小粒。     

1-磷酸甘露醇脱氢酶基因转化水稻的研究

摘要：PCR和Southern blotting检测表明,来自大肠杆菌的[i]mtlD[/i]基因已通过农杆菌介导整合进水稻基因组。[i]mtlD[/i]基因在T1代出现分离, T2代出现纯系。在0.75% NaCl胁迫下,7个转基因T3代株系都能检测到mtlD酶活性,与对照相比细胞膜的相对电导率和大分子渗漏值明显降低。部分转基因株系能在 1.0% NaCl浓度下正常生长,而对照在0.5% NaCl浓度下已不能存活。通过有性杂交途径实现了[i]mtlD[/i]和[i]gutD[/i]两个基因的聚合,部分杂交后代株系能在1.25%NaCl胁迫下正常生长结实。     

矮泰引－2中半矮秆基因的分离与鉴定研究

矮泰引－２中半矮秆基因的分离与鉴定研究梁国华，潘学彪，顾铭洪，嵇朝球（扬州大学农学院农学系，扬州２２５００１，现在地址：江苏油田农场，江苏洪泽２２３１２５）关键词：基因分析；基因分离；半矮秆基因ＴｈｅＩｓｏｌａｔｉｏｎａｎｄＧｅｎｅｔｉｃＩｄｅｎｔｉ...     

矮泰引-2中半矮秆基因的分离与鉴定研究

In order to discover new semidwarf genes which can be used in breeding program in indica rice, a dwarf variety Aitaiyin 2, was crossed with a tall native cultivar Naming 6. The segregation of the F₁ generation appeared to be 9 tall:6 semidwarf:1 dwarf, which meant two semidwarf genes were involved. While Aitaiyin 2 was also crossed with two semidwarf varieties, Nanjing 11 with sd-1 and Xingui'ai with sd-g, the segregation of the F₂ generation in the former cross was 3 semidwarf:1 dwarf and that in the latter cross was 27 tall:27 semidwarf:9 dwarf:1 extra dwarf. This indicated that there were two semidwarf genes in Aitaiyin 2, one of them was allelic to sd-1 and the other was a new semidwarf gene which was nonallelic to both sd-1 and sd-g. This new semidwarf gene was named sd-t(t).     

Effect of Dominant Semi-Dwarf Gene on Plant Height and Its Related Traits and Sensitivity to Gibberellic Acid in Rice

The semi-dwarfness is one of the basiccharacteristic deployed in rice breeding due to itsadvantageous effects on plant fertilizer response,lodging resistance and yield potential [1-2]. Althoughmany new semidwarfing genes have been identified,sd-1 still remained the predominant semidwarfinggene presented in current rice cultivars [3-4]. Manystudies have been done on genetics of recessive dwarfand semi-dwarf rice genes and lots of new sd1non-allelic recessive dwarfing genes was discoveredas the …     

水稻显性半矮秆基因对株高表达的影响及其对GA3的敏感性

对具有显性半矮秆基因的6对高矮秆近等基因系的株高表达特性进行了比较。水稻显性半矮秆基因抑制了茎秆节间的伸长,矮秆系倒4～5、3、2、1节及穗长分别为高秆系的97.2%、53.3%、65.1%、61.9%和94.7%。通过对Y98149（突变体）和Y98148（野生型）在苗期和成株期对GA3反应的研究,发现Y98149较Y98148对外源赤霉素更敏感;内源赤霉素测定结果显示显性半矮秆突变体内源赤霉素含量较低,是野生型的78%。     

两个双矮地方种质中新矮生基因的遗传和等位性分析

对黔农和特矮两个双矮地方种质株高性状的遗传分析结果表明,黔农和特矮的矮生性均由2对隐性矮生基因控制,其中各有1对矮生基因与sd-1等位,另1对与sd-1不等位。黔农中两对矮生基因降低株高的效应不同,与sd-1不等位的矮生基因控制的株高比sd-1略矮;而特矮的两对矮生基因具有相同的降低株高效应。将分别来自黔农和特矮的携带新半矮生基因的材料命名为“新黔矮”和“新特矮”,各携带新的半矮生基因sd-q(t)和sd-e(t);其中新黔矮携带sd-q(t)与sd-g(t)等6个矮秆半矮秆基因均不等位。新黔矮在每穗粒数、结实率和千粒重等农艺性状上表现较好,有希望应用在育种和生产上替代sd-1。     

Genetic Identification of a New Small Grain Dwarf Gene in Rice

The plant material used in the study was rice line 162d, a new small grain dwarf mutant. Polymorphic analysis of 221 SSR loci demonstrated that 162d derived from a semidwarf variety Shuhui 162 through mutation, and 162d and Shuhui 162 were just a pair of near isogenic lines. Genetic analysis of Fl and F2 populations suggested that dwarfism in 162d was controlled by a single recessive gene. Phenotypic characteristics of the mutant gene were that plant height was about a quarter of normal height, grain size about a quarter of normal size, leaf was short and broad, and seed setting rate was very low,compared with the near isogenic line Shuhui 162. The mutant gene was sensitive to gibberellin (GA3) treatment and did not located on the region near the centromere of rice chromosome 5, where dl gene located. Therefore, it was concluded that the mutant gene of 162d was a new small grain dwarf gene in rice.     

Genetic Identification of a New Small Grain Dwarf Gene in Rice

The plant material used in the study was rice line 162d, a new small grain dwarf mutant. Polymorphic analysis of 221 SSR loci demonstrated that 162d derived from a semidwarf variety Shuhui 162 through mutation, and 162d and Shuhui 162 were just a pair of near isogenic lines. Genetic analysis of F1 and F2 populations suggested that dwarfism in 162d was controlled by a single recessive gene. Phenotypic characteristics of the mutant gene were that plant height was about a quarter of normal height, grain size about a quarter of normal size, leaf was short and broad, and seed setting rate was very low,compared with the near isogenic line Shuhui 162. The mutant gene was sensitive to gibberellin (GA3) treatment and did not located on the region near the centromere of rice chromosome 5, where dl gene located. Therefore, it was concluded that the mutant gene of 162d was a new small grain dwarf gene in rice.     

水稻矮化突变体ddu1的遗传分析和分子定位

 利用甲基磺酸乙酯（EMS）诱变粳稻品种兰胜获得了一个能稳定遗传的矮化突变体ddu1。GA3点滴诱导水稻第2叶叶鞘伸长和α 淀粉酶诱导反应表明,ddu1并非为GA的缺陷型和信号传导阻碍矮化。将该突变体与籼稻浙辐802、明恢63和粳稻品种日本晴进行正反交配组,遗传分析表明该突变体受隐性单基因控制,而等位性检测表明ddu1与d1、d18、eui1和eui2均不等位。通过SSR和STS分子标记对F2代分离群体进行遗传定位,将该基因定位于第7染色体SSR标记RM427附近,随后又发展了多对有多态性的SSR和STS分子标记,最终将该基因定位于STS标记R5309和R3742之间,遗传距离分别为0.4和2.0 cM。     

水稻矮化少蘖突变体dlt3的基因定位和蛋白质组学分析

目的 株高是农作物的重要农艺性状之一。导致株高变矮的原因很多,最受关注的是赤霉素(GA)和油菜素内酯(BR)对株高的影响,其调控机制的阐明对于植物科学基础研究及遗传育种研究均具有重要意义。方法 利用γ射线诱变水稻材料9311,获得一个矮化少蘖突变体,命名为dlt3 (dwarf and low-tillering 3),通过形态学调查手段分析dlt3突变体的株高、分蘖数、叶夹角、叶形态和结实率等性状,通过叶枕部位的伸直情况和α-淀粉酶活性检测分析其对外源BR和GA应答的敏感性,通过构建遗传群体和筛选分子标记对其进行基因定位,并利用基于iTRAQ的定量蛋白质组学技术分析dlt3突变体的蛋白质组表达谱。结果 表型分析显示dlt3突变体具有半矮化、少分蘖、叶夹角减小、叶表面皱褶、叶形变短变宽和结实率降低等多个突变表型;突变体对GA正常应答,而对BR处理表现为不应答。遗传分析显示dlt3突变因单个基因隐性突变导致;利用分子标记将dlt3基因定位在第6染色体标记RM2615和R6M14之间。定量蛋白质组学分析在dlt3突变体中鉴定到330个差异表达蛋白,包括222个上调和108个下调表达蛋白。其中,4个差异表达蛋白与BR信号途径直接相关;多个差异表达蛋白与水稻株高或生长发育调控直接相关;此外,多个差异表达蛋白,如丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶、Ca²⁺结合蛋白和锌指结构域蛋白等在dlt3突变体中大量富集。结论 dlt3是一个BR不敏感的矮化少蘖突变体,DLT3基因突变引起BR信号途径的异常,进而可能导致胞内蛋白磷酸化信号转导和转录激活途径受到广泛影响,从而引起植株生长发育等多方面性状异常。