A SNP genetic linkage map based on the ‘Hamilton’ by ‘Spencer’ recombinant inbred line population identified QTL for seed isoflavone contents in soybean

Soybean is one of the most important crops worldwide for its protein and oil as well as the health beneficial phytoestrogens or isoflavone. This study reports a relatively dense single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)‐based genetic map based on ‘Hamilton’ by ‘Spencer’ recombinant inbred line population and quantitative trait loci (QTL) for seed isoflavone contents. The genetic map is composed of 1502 SNP markers and covers about 1423.72 cM of the soybean genome. Two QTL for seed isoflavone contents have been identified in this population. One major QTL that controlled both daidzein (qDZ1) and total isoflavone contents (qTI1) was found on LG C2 (Chr 6). And a second QTL for glycitein content (qGT1) was identified on the LG G (Chr 18). These two QTL in addition to others identified in soybean could be used in soybean breeding to optimize isoflavone content. This newly assembled soybean linkage map is a useful tool to identify and map QTL for important agronomic traits and enhance the identification of the genes involved in these traits.     

Genomewide association analysis of salt tolerance in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]

Salinity is a common abiotic stress causing soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] yield loss worldwide. The use of tolerant cultivars is an effective and economic approach to coping with this stress. Towards this, research is needed to identify salt‐tolerant germplasm and better understand the genetic and molecular basis of salt tolerance in soybean. The objectives of this study were to identify salt‐tolerant genotypes, to search for single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and QTLs associated with salt tolerance. A total of 192 diverse soybean lines and cultivars were screened for salt tolerance in the glasshouse based on visual leaf scorch scores after 15–18 days of 120 mM NaCl stress. These genotypes were further genotyped using the SoySNP50K iSelect BeadChip. Genomewide association mapping showed that 62 SNP markers representing six genomic regions on chromosomes (Chr.) 2, 3, 5, 6, 8 and 18, respectively, were significantly associated with salt tolerance (p < 0.001). A total of 52 SNP markers on Chr. 3 are mapped at or near the major salt tolerance QTL previously identified in S‐100 (Lee et al., 2014). Three SNPs on Chr. 18 map near the salt tolerance QTL previously identified in Nannong1138‐2 (Chen, Cui, Fu, Gai, & Yu, 2008). The other significant SNPs represent four putative minor QTLs for salt tolerance, newly identified in this study. The results above lay the foundation for fine mapping, cloning and molecular breeding for soybean salt tolerance.     

A skeletal linkage map of Hordeum bulbosum L. and comparative mapping with barley (H. vulgare L.)

A restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) based linkage map of a cross between two diploid Hordeum bulbosum (2n = 2x = 14) clones, PB1 and PB11, was constructed from 46 recombinant progeny clones. Since both parents are heterozygous, separate and combined parental maps were constructed. All of the RFLP markers screened had previously been mapped in barley (H. vulgare L.) so that comparative maps could be produced. The PB1 linkage map consists of 20 RFLP marker loci assigned to four linkage groups covering 94.3 cM. The PB11 linkage map consists of 27 RFLP marker loci assigned to six linkage groups covering 149.1 cM. Thirteen markers polymorphic in both parents were used as ‘anchors’ to create a combined linkage map consisting of 38 loci assigned to six linkage groups and covering a genetic distance of 198 cM. Marker order was highly conserved in a comparison with the linkage map of H. vulgare (Laurie etal., 1995). However, in contrast, the genetic distances for the same markers were very different being 649 cM and 198 cM respectively, a genetic distance ratio of 1: 3.3. Thus although the map was short, it can be presumed to cover half the genome of H. bulbosum. This study provides further confirmation of the close relationship between the two species and gives a basis for the development of marker mediated introgression through interspecific hybridisation between the two species. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

利用基因组简约法开发烟草SNP标记及遗传作图

提出了一种基于基因组简约法开发SNP标记的方法, 即利用特定限制性内切酶酶切降低基因组复杂度, 利用高通量测序平台对酶切位点周围的目标片段进行富集测序, 设计一个生物信息学流程进行序列分析和SNP鉴定。以烤烟DH群体为例, 通过基因组简约法收集烟草基因组代表性片段和高通量测序产生11.4 Gb数据, 经生物信息学分析获得了1015个高质量SNP位点。以SSR标记为骨架, 绘制包括SNP标记在内、标记总数为1307的烤烟遗传连锁图。最后利用该遗传图谱和普通烟草2个祖先种的基因组序列, 分析烟草24个连锁群(染色体)之间的同源关系, 发现了大量染色体之间的重组或交换事件以及部分染色体之间的共线性。     

Detection and genotyping of SNPs tightly linked to two disease resistance loci, Rsv1 and Rsv3, of soybean

Allele‐specific polymerase chain reaction (AS‐PCR) for assaying single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) would be more widely used with increased availability of AS primers sufficient to distinguish between SNP alleles. AS‐PCR could be a means unambiguously to detect the presence or absence of PCR products. Examples are given here of the detection and genotyping of SNPs in the genomic DNA fragments tightly linked to two soybean mosaic virus resistance genes, Rsv1 and Rsv3, with a modified AS‐PCR procedure in soybean. The modified AS‐PCR that introduces an additional base mismatch closest to the 3′‐end of the AS primers and uses publicly available microsatellite markers as positive controls directly determined SNP alleles from primary PCR of genomic DNAs. It was demonstrated that a set of AS primers designed from two adjacent SNP loci could simultaneously detect the two SNP loci. Using the modified procedure, many SNP loci in eight soybean parental lines and F₂ individuals of three mapping populations could be genotyped. The modified AS‐PCR procedure could greatly facilitate small‐to‐medium scale marker‐assisted selection programmes for agronomically important genes.     

Construction of a genetic linkage map with SSR,AFLP and morphological markers to locate QTLs controlling pathotype-specific powdery mildew resistance in diploid roses

Disease resistance is a sought-after trait in plant breeding programmes. One strategy to make resistance more durable is to increase the number of resistance genes, thereby increasing the number of pathotypes withstood. One of the most important diseases on roses is powdery mildew (PM) (Podosphaera pannosa). Recent studies show that pathotypes of PM and different types of resistances in roses exist. The results of this study aim to contribute to PM resistance in roses by the development of pathotype-specific markers on a genetic map. A diploid rose population (90 genotypes) derived from a cross between Rosa wichurana and Rosa ‘Yesterday’ was used to construct a genetic linkage map encompassing 20 AFLP primer combinations, 43 SSR, and 2 morphological markers. By applying the F1 pseudo test cross population strategy, two parental linkage maps were constructed (parent ‘Yesterday’ 536 cM; parent R. wichurana 526 cM). Both parental maps consisted of seven linkage groups with an average length of 70 cM (Kosambi) corresponding to the seven haploid rose chromosomes. These new maps were used to identify QTLs controlling disease resistance. The offspring population was screened for resistance to two PM pathotypes, R–E and R–P. QTLs for controlling pathotype-specific disease resistance were mapped by applying Kruskal–Wallis rank-sum tests and simple interval mapping. With two pathotypes analysed, nine QTL loci were detected on linkage groups 2, 3, 5 and 6, explaining 15–73% of the phenotypic variance for pathotype-specific disease response. The genetic maps developed here will be useful for future rose breeding, pathotype-specific resistance research and development of a consensus map for roses.     

A genetic map of macadamia based on randomly amplified DNA fingerprinting (RAF) markers

The first genetic linkage map of macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia and M. tetraphylla) is presented. The map is based on 56 F₁ progeny of cultivars ‘Keauhou’ and ‘A16’. Eighty-four percent of the 382 markers analysed segregated as Mendelian loci. The two-way pseudo-testcross mapping strategy allowed construction of separate parental cultivar maps. Ninety bridging loci enabled merging of these maps to produce a detailed genetic map of macadamia, 1100 cm in length and spanning 70–80% of the genome. The combined map comprised 24 linkage groups with 265 framework markers: 259 markers from randomly amplified DNA fingerprinting (RAF), five random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), and one sequence-tagged microsatellite site (STMS). The RAF marker system unexpectedly revealed 16 codominant markers, one of them a putative microsatellite locus and exhibiting four distinct alleles in the cross. This molecular study is the most comprehensive examination to date of genetic loci of macadamia, and is a major step towards developing marker-assisted selection for this crop. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

亚麻遗传连锁图谱的构建

利用DIANE (纤用亚麻栽培种)和宁亚17 (油用亚麻栽培种)为杂交亲本,构建30个F₂单株作为作图群体,选用71对SRAP和24对SSR共显性标记构建了全长为546.5 cM,含12个连锁群(LGs)的亚麻遗传连锁图谱,标记均匀分布于12个连锁群,每个连锁群有4~15个标记,标记间平均距离为5.75 cM。结果表明,SRAP标记和SSR标记中共显性标记适合于亚麻遗传连锁图谱的构建,但该图谱覆盖的基因组范围较小,需继续图谱的完整性工作。本研究为今后的亚麻在分子生物学方面的研究提供了基础信息。     

Development of SNP assays associated with oleic acid QTLs in N00-3350 soybean

Increasing the amount of oleic acid in soybean oil would reduce the need for hydrogenation, a process that creates unhealthy trans fatty acids. A previous study mapped six oleic acid quantitative trait loci (QTLs) from N00-3350 (~550 g kg⁻¹ oleic acid) on soybean chromosomes (Gm) 5, 17, 18, and 19, which corresponds to linkage groups (LG) A1, D2, G, and L, respectively. The objectives of this study were to develop high throughput assays to detect single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers associated with these oleic acid QTLs. Several candidate genes that are putatively responsible for the oleic acid phenotype in N00-3350 were identified by BLAST searches against the soybean genomic assembly using the sequences of fatty acid synthesis genes from soybean and Arabidopsis. Putative accC-2 and KAS I genes were located in the region of the cqOle-001 on Gm05 (LG-A1). A putative KAS I gene was located in the region of the cqOle-003 on Gm18 (LG-G) and a putative accB-1 gene was located in the region of the cqOle-004 on Gm18 (LG-G). These fatty acid candidate genes and sequence-tagged sites were used to identify SNPs between N00-3350 and ‘Boggs’. Based on these SNPs, seven SimpleProbe probes for melting curve analysis were developed to rapidly identify the alleles from the mid-oleic acid soybean line N00-3350 at the desired loci. These assays provide a high-throughput and rapid SNP genotyping method which can be used to accelerate the development of mid-oleic acid content soybean cultivars.     

A genetic linkage map of rhodesgrass based on an F1 pseudo-testcross population

The linkage relationships between 164 polymorphic amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and 25 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) fragments assayed in a pseudo‐testcross population generated from the mating of single genotypes from two divergent cultivars were used to construct female, ‘Katambora’ (‘Kat’) and male, ‘Tochirakukei’ (‘Toch’) parental genetic maps for rhodesgrass. The ‘Kat’ genetic map consists of 84 marker loci (72 AFLP and 12 RFLP markers) distributed on 14 linkage groups and spans a total length of 488.3 cM, with an average distance of 7.8 cM between adjacent markers. The ‘Toch’ genetic map consists of 61 marker loci (52 AFLP and nine RFLP) mapped on 12 linkage groups spanning a total length of 443.3 cM, with an average spacing of 9.0 cM between adjacent markers. About 23% of the markers remained unassigned. The level of segregation distortion observed in this cross was 11.1%. In both maps, linked duplicated RFLP loci were found. These linkage maps will serve as a starting point for linkage studies in rhodesgrass with potential application for marker‐assisted selection in breeding programmes.     

大豆EST-SNP的挖掘、鉴定及其CAPS标记的开发

采用生物信息学方法将大豆EST序列联配到大豆基因组序列上,挖掘到大豆EST-SNP位点537个。对其靶向基因进行功能注释分析,发现他们主要参与亚细胞定位、蛋白质结合与催化以及代谢等与大豆重要农艺性状形成相关的生物过程。同时开发了简便易行的SNP检测方法,利用EMBOSS软件筛选导致酶切位点改变的EST-SNP,分别以大豆绥农14、合丰25、Acher、Evans、Peking、PI209332、固新野生大豆、科丰1号、南农1138-2的DNA及其混合的DNA为模板,设计引物进行PCR扩增,发现44个PCR产物中有36个测序峰图在预期的EST-SNP位点表现出多态性。酶切分析发现26个PCR产物具有酶切多态性,可以作为CAPS标记。结果表明该EST-SNP挖掘体系及其CAPS标记转化系统具有高效率、低成本等优点,有利于促进大豆的遗传育种研究。     

Association of RFLP markers with trait loci affecting clubroot resistance and morphological characters in Brassica oleracea L.

Summary Resistance to Plasmodiophora brassicae Wor. race 7, the causal agent of the disease clubroot, was examined in an F₂ population of a cross between a clubroot resistant broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) and a susceptible cauliflower (B. oleracea var. botrytis). A genetic linkage map was constructed in the same population based on the segregation of 58 dispersed restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers. Associations between the inheritance of RFLP marker genotypes and segregation for disease resistance, morphological and maturity characteristics were examined. For each triat examined, several chromosomal regions marked by RFLP probes appeared to contain trait loci, suggesting that each trait was under polygenic control. RFLP marker linkage to a major factor imparting dominance for clubroot resistance from the broccoli parent was observed in this population. Additionally, RFLP marker linkage to an independently segregating factor contributing clubroot resistance from the cauliflower parent was observed, indicating that it should be possible to use RFLP markers to facilitate selection of transgressive segregants having the combined resistance from both parental sources. In some instances, RFLP markers from the same or closely linked chromosomal regions were associated with both clubroot resistance and morphological traits. Analysis of RFLP marker genotypes at linked loci should facilitate the selection of desired disease resistant morphotypes.     

Density enhancement of a faba bean genetic linkage map (Vicia faba) based on simple sequence repeats markers

Genetic mapping for faba bean lags far behind other major crops. Density enhancement of the faba bean genetic linkage map was carried out by screening 5,325 genomic SSR primers and 2033 expressed sequence tag (EST)‐SSR primers on the parental cultivars '91825' and 'K1563'. Two hundred and fifteen genomic SSR and 133 EST‐SSR primer pairs that detected polymorphisms in the parents were used to screen 129 F₂ individuals. This study added 337 more SSR markers and extended the previous linkage map by 2928.45 cM to a total of 4516.75 cM. The number of SSR markers in the linkage groups varied from 12 to 136 while the length of each linkage group ranged from 129.35 to 1180.21 cM. The average distance between adjacent loci in the enhanced genetic linkage map was 9.71 cM, which is 2.79 cM shorter than the first linkage map of faba bean. The density‐enhanced genetic map of faba bean will be useful for marker‐assisted selection and breeding in this important legume crop.     

Association analysis using SSR markers to find QTL for seed protein content in soybean

Association analysis studies can be used to test for associations between molecular markers and quantitative trait loci (QTL). In this study, a genome-wide scan was performed using 150 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers to identify QTL associated with seed protein content in soybean. The initial mapping population consisted of two subpopulations of 48 germplasm accessions each, with high or low protein levels based on data from the USDA’s Germplasm Resources Information Network website. Intrachromosomal LD extended up to 50 cM with r ² > 0.1 and 10 cM with r ² > 0.2 across the accessions. An association map consisting of 150 markers was constructed on the basis of differences in allele frequency distributions between the two subpopulations. Eleven putative QTL were identified on the basis of highly significant markers. Nine of these are in regions where protein QTL have been mapped, but the genomic regions containing Satt431 on LG J and Satt551 on LG M have not been reported in previous linkage mapping studies. Furthermore, these new putative protein QTL do not map near any QTL known to affect maturity. Since biased population structure was known to exist in the original association analysis population, association analyses were also conducted on two similar but independent confirmation populations. Satt431 and Satt551 were also significant in those analyses. These results suggest that our association analysis approach could be a useful alternative to linkage mapping for the identification of unreported regions of the soybean genome containing putative QTL.     

油橄榄(Olea europaea L.)核心SNP位点筛选与评价

本研究基于前期对57份油橄榄种质资源的全基因组GBS-SNP分型结果开展核心SNP位点的筛选。统计分析73482个GPS-SNP位点发现,有68030个(92.58%)SNP位点的检出率达到100%,33979个(46.2%)位点的最小等位基因频率≥0.2,29647个(40.35%)位点的杂合率为0,其中同时符合上述3个条件(检出率=100%,最小等位基因频率≥0.2,杂合率=0)的位点有14125个(19.2%),其位置覆盖全基因组,既分布于基因区也位于基因间区,与73482个SNP位点的分布高度一致(R=0.997),多态信息量平均为0.43(0.33~0.67)。进一步以14125个SNP位点信息为依据,计算57个油橄榄品种间的遗传距离,并与基于全部位点(73482个SNPs)信息获得的对应品种间的遗传距离作比较,结果显示两者呈极显著的相关性(R=0.9),表明这些SNP位点具有多态性好、代表性广、可靠性高的特点,可作为油橄榄的核心SNP位点,适用于油橄榄品种鉴定、种质评价、基因定位和分子辅助育种。本研究对核心SNP位点在油橄榄品种鉴定中的具体应用进行了探讨,并指出至少需要11个核心SNP位点组合才能实现对57个油橄榄品种的完全区分。     

一张含有315个SSR和40个AFLP标记的大豆分子遗传图的整合

本研究是基于“锚定SSR标记”作图策略,利用2个F2群体,选用592对SSR引物,对宛煜嵩等利用重组自交系群体Jinf构建的含有227个SSR标记的图谱的基础上进行整合。整合后的大豆分子遗传图包含315个SSR标记和40个AFLP标记,总图距为1951.7cM,相邻标记间的平均图距为5.48cM。整合后的遗传连锁图归属20个连锁群对应于大豆20条染色体,连锁群长度范围从40.8cM到184.4cM,标记数范围从11到41个。整合后的图谱新增加了87个SSR标记,其中A2、C1、C2、D1b和G连锁群有较多的标记增加。整合后的大豆分子遗传图谱中的标记顺序比原图谱与“公共图谱”有更好的线性符合度。本文还进一步对两种类型的作图群体的配合和不同作图软件的选用等问题进行了比较和深入的讨论。     

采用基于高分辨率熔解曲线技术的SNP标记定位徐州142无絮的短绒控制基因

【目的】定位徐州142无絮(XZ142w)突变体的短绒控制基因n2。【方法】以陆地棉(Gossypium hirsutum L.)徐州142(XZ142)×XZ142w的F2群体为研究对象,利用108个简单重复序列(Simple sequence repeat,SSR)标记对n2进行初步定位,再根据2个亲本材料中有单核苷酸多态性(Single nucleotide polymorphic,SNP)的差异基因设计50对SNP引物,用高分辨率熔解曲线(High resolution melting,HRM)技术从中筛选在亲本间有多态性的SNP引物,并用于后代的基因分型。【结果】利用108个SSR标记将n2初步定位在26号染色体的20.2c M的遗传区间内;用HRM技术筛选到9对亲本间有多态性的SNP引物,成功实现基因分型;并结合以SSR构建的连锁图谱,将n2的遗传区间缩小为19.5 c M,n2与最近的SNP标记Cricaas20158遗传距离为5.5 c M,且遗传图谱上的标记与四倍体陆地棉测序物理图谱基本一致。【结论】HRM技术可用于棉花中的SNP检测和n2基因的定位。     

应用SNP精准鉴定大豆种质及构建可扫描身份证

为加强大豆种质资源管理及品种保护, 本研究构建了一套基于单核苷酸多态性(SNP)标记的快速鉴定体系。选用分布于13个基因的23个SNP标记对599份大豆表型精准鉴定种质进行基因型分析。结果表明, SNP标记的遗传多样性指数范围0~0.722, 其中3个SNP在供试材料中不存在碱基差异, 2个SNP为特异等位变异。从具有多态性的20个SNP中选出14个(GlySNP14)用于种质鉴定, 其中12个为高多态性SNP, 2个为特异性SNP。模拟结果表明, GlySNP14的种质鉴别能力(750份种质)高于任意相同数目标记构成的SNP随机组合(最多361份种质)。GlySNP14在599份种质中共形成了176个单倍型, 其中100份种质具有独特的单倍型。结合这些种质的其他属性, 构建了100份种质由38个数字组成的身份证, 前10位数字为种质属性信息码, 包括品种类别、来源地等; 11~38位数字为品种分子指纹码, 代表品种的特异分子信息, 并最终以一维码和二维码的形式表示, 为种质资源简易管理与保护利用提供了有效途径。     

一种基于PCR的水稻SNP标记检测方法

旨在找到一种简便的SNP检测方法用于水稻种性鉴定及遗传多样性分析,本研究以245份长江中下游主推杂交水稻品种及亲本为研究材料,从1319个SNP位点中筛选出124对多态性高的位点,建立SNP的高效检测体系。选用其中的1个标记sf0141821553和SSR的标记RM7120来检测水稻的纯度,分别利用Caps-AccI标记和SNP-sf0601764762扩增亲本及杂交后代Wx的基因型,两者结果完全一致。用124对位点对245份杂交水稻进行遗传多样性分析,聚类分析显示,245个品种间的遗传相似系数在0.64~0.97之间。以遗传相似系数0.64为阈值,可以将245个水稻品种分为2个类群,这2个类群分别在遗传相似系数为0.712和0.667处又可以分为2个亚群。结果表明材料间存在明显的群体结构,能精确区分待测品种的基因型以及品种间的遗传差异。利用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳来实现SNP标记的检测,方法简便且不需要大型仪器设备和昂贵的试剂,便于实验室开展水稻品种的鉴定工作。