外生菌根真菌对植物促生抗逆作用机制研究进展

外生菌根真菌(ECM)为土壤真菌与陆地植物根系形成的一种互惠共生体,是森林生态系统关键的组成部分.作为生态系统的重要组分,外生菌根真菌具有较强的适应能力,可适应干旱、盐碱、重金属污染等逆境条件,外生菌根真菌侵染宿主植物根系可促进宿主植物生长、土壤养分吸收与利用、提高抗逆和抗病能力、改善土壤环境微生物群落结构.林业生产与...     

我国南方地区外生菌根真菌研究进展

外生菌根真菌是森林生态系统中关键的微生物组分,在促进植物养分与生长、提高宿主抗逆性、驱动群落演替和促进生物多样性维持等方面发挥着重要作用。本文综述了我国南方地区外生菌根真菌多样性方面的研究进展,该区域中文期刊已报道外生菌根真菌有370种,隶属29科53属,优势科为红菇科(Russulaceae)、牛肝菌科(Boletaceae)和鹅膏菌科(Amanitaceae),优势属为红菇属(Russula)和鹅膏属(Amanita);分析了我国南方外生菌根真菌资源分布及其限制因素的研究进展,提出该区域未来外生菌根真菌研究方向:外生菌根真菌多样性分布格局及其维持机制;外生菌根真菌与相关生物间互作机制;基于外生菌根真菌功能性状的大尺度生态机制研究外生菌根应用技术原理与研发。     

外生菌根及其在现代林业中的应用

外生菌根(ECM)是真菌菌丝体包围宿主植物尚未木栓化的营养根形成的共生体。菌根真菌广泛的存在于土壤中,具有丰富的多样性。外生菌根不仅能够扩大植物根系的吸收面积,增强植物对矿质元素的吸收能力,促进植物生长,增强植物抗干旱和抗病性的能力,还承担重要的生态功能。随着菌根研究的深入,外生菌根技术也被广泛的应用于现代林业生产中。该文从外生菌根真菌多样性、功能以及在现代林业生产中的应用现状3方面综述了外生菌根的研究和应用现状。     

外生菌根菌剂在华山松育苗上的应用技术

外生菌根真菌是指可与大多数被子植物、裸子植物的根结合,在吸收根表面形成菌套或菌鞘,并在植物皮层细胞间隙形成哈蒂氏网的一类真菌。真菌的菌丝（真菌的营养体呈丝状）大部分生长在共生植物幼根的表面,少量菌丝侵入到皮层细胞间隙中,这样的共生植物根毛不发达,菌丝代替了根毛的作用。外生菌根可增加共生植物的养分吸收、提高水分的传递速率、抗旱性及抗病性,     

棉革菌属Tomentella真菌菌根研究概况

棉革菌属Tomentella真菌形成的外生菌根是北温带、温带和热带地区森林生态系统中,特别是针叶林和阔叶落叶林中很常见且占主导地位的外生菌根真菌类群。研究表明,Tomentella不仅是外生菌根真菌,在兰科植物及很多灌木的根系内都发现有Tomentella真菌的存在,与这些植物形成菌根结构。文章从该属真菌菌根目前的研究进展进行了简要综述,旨在为中国该属真菌的研究提供依据。     

23种外生菌根菌的生态分布

自然界广泛地存在着高等植物与特定真菌共生的现象,真菌与高等植物的共生体叫做菌根。与木本植物共生的菌根菌大都是外生菌根菌,它可提高树木抗旱、抗高温的能力,还可制止或减少病原菌对营养根的侵染,改善营养吸收与促进生长。我国大型真菌种类丰富,其中不少是外生菌根菌,我们于1973—1982年调查了我国亚热带常绿阔叶林区以及其他地区,采到的23种外生菌根菌,并作生态分布分析。现报道如下。     

丛枝菌根真菌提高植物非生物胁迫耐受性研究进展

丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF或AM真菌)是一种在土壤中广泛存在的有益真菌,能与地球上80％左右陆生植物根系共生形成丛枝菌根结构.AM真菌能通过与宿主植物交换碳源,促进宿主植物对N和P等无机营养元素的吸收,提高植株生产力和抵抗非生物胁迫的能力.全球气候变化和化肥农药的使用...     

VA菌根菌对红桂木的接种效应试验

VA菌根真菌(Vesicular Arbuscular mycorrhiza),为泡囊-丛枝状菌根菌,是一种分布极广的内生菌根真菌.菌根真菌侵染植物根部,与根部共生,形成菌根.由于菌根的形成具有促进植物对土壤养分的吸收、增强植物的抗逆性、改善植物的生长,提高植物的生长质量等作用,因此,近年来人工菌根菌接种作为一种环保而有效的生物技术,逐渐在农林业生产上得到研究和应用.     

菌根生物技术在城市绿化中的初步研究

菌根(Mycor-rhiza)就是指土壤真菌与植物营养根形成的互惠共生体系。根据菌根形态学及解剖学特征的不同,菌根主要分为外生菌根、内生菌根和内外生菌根。 菌根可以扩大寄主植物根系的吸收面积;增加对磷素和其它矿物元素的吸收和利用;菌     

松树截根苗菌根化育苗

菌根,是植物根与真菌组成的复合器官,大多数被子植物、裸子植物和部分蕨类植物、苔藓植物均可形成菌根.高等植物在和真菌的共生中,光合作用产生的碳水化合物被寄主和真菌两者利用;真菌从土壤中吸收的养分一部分也传送给寄主,其共同体双方则彼此分享所吸收和合成的养分.松树是我国主要用材和纸浆林树种,也是专性外生菌根树种,在长期生存进化中产生了对外生菌根的绝对依赖性.池州市贵池区苗圃承担的松树截根苗菌根化育苗课题研究结成果表明,该技术对于提高松树造林成活率和年生长量有显著效果,并且经济实用.     

13C and 15N isotopic fractionation in trees, soils and fungi in a natural forest stand and a Norway spruce plantation

¹⁵N and ¹³C natural abundances of foliage, branches, trunks, litter, soil, fungal sporophores, mycorrhizas and mycelium were determined in two forest stands, a natural forest and a Norway spruce plantation, to obtain some insights into the role of the functional diversity of saprotrophic and ectomycorrhizal fungi in carbon and nitrogen cycles. Almost all saprotrophic fungi sporophores were enriched in ¹³C relative to their substrate. In contrast, they exhibited no or very little shift of δ¹⁵N. Judging from the amount of C discrimination, ectomycorrhizal fungi seem to acquire carbon from their host or from dead organic matter. Some ectomycorrhizal species seem able to acquire nitrogen from dead organic matter and could be able to transfer it to their host without nitrogen fractionation, while others supply their host with ¹⁵N-depleted nitrogen. Moreover ectomycorrhizal species displayed a significant N fractionation during sporophore differentiation, while saprotrophic fungi did not.     

Ectomycorrhizal symbioses increase soil calcium availability and water use efficiency of Quercus acutissima seedlings under drought stress

European Journal of Forest Research - Ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) can enhance drought resistance of host plants by increasing nutrient and water absorption. Calcium (Ca) plays a central role in...     

毛白杨优良外生菌根菌的选择*

在毛白杨外生菌根菌生态学特性和共生关系研究的基础上，对与毛白杨有良好共生关系的外个菌根菌的研究表明，硬皮马勃能耐温，在碱笥条件下仍能生长，在中性基质中，均能与毛白杨形成菌根，并大幅度地提高毛白杨的生长量。但在碱性土壤中，仅有硬皮马勃能与毛白杨形成一定数量的菌根，并能明显地提高毛白杨的生长量、地上部分生物量，改善菌木Ｎ、Ｐ的营养状况，接种效果随接种量的变化而差异明显。     

Differences in growth and nutrient uptake from a coarse-soil substrate by ectomycorrhizal- and fungicide-treated Picea abies seedlings

In order to quantify the importance of ectomycorrhizal fungi on nutrient uptake from the coarse-soil fraction of a haplic Cambisol (alumic), a microcosm study that allowed for nutrient budgets was designed. Ectomycorrhizal- and fungicide-treated spruce seedlings were grown on isolated and cleaned gneiss fragments (6.3 mm > Ø > 2 mm) from 90 cm soil depth. The substrate was the only source of Ca, K and Mg. Ectomycorrhizal seedlings showed no signs of nutrient deficiencies and biomass increased significantly compared to initial seedling biomass. Ectomycorrhizal seedlings seemed well adapted to survive on the coarse-soil substrate and acquired Ca, K and Mg from the coarse-soil substrate. Gneiss fragments of the ectomycorrhizal treatment were covered by fine roots and ectomycorrhizal hyphae, as observed microscopically. Fungicide-treated seedlings?? root development was retarded, and shoot biomass only increased from stored nutrient reserves of the seedlings. The suppression of EcM colonization by the fungicide Topas^® apparently caused a root growth inhibiting effect. Furthermore, the extinction of mycorrhiza initiated an increased nitrification and acidification and a consequent nutrient cation release triggered by nitrate in the drainage.     

非生物逆境中外生菌根对宿主植物抗逆性的增强作用

外生菌根是广泛存在于乔木树种根际的一种互惠共生体,具有增强植物抗逆能力的重要作用。文中系统总结分析了在典型非生物逆境胁迫（干旱、重金属、土壤盐碱化与酸化）下外生菌根对宿主植物抗逆性的影响,认为外生菌根能够有效增强宿主植物抵抗逆境胁迫的能力,其主要作用机理是物理屏障、改善植物营养健康状况、调节植物组织代谢和根际微环境并改善逆境环境、调节逆境功能蛋白表达;系统阐述了外生菌根在调节宿主植物抗逆性方面的研究成果、研究不足以及未来研究展望,以期为完善外生菌根在宿主植物抗逆性增强作用方面的研究和推动其在生态环境建设与经济生产中发挥优势作用提供参考。     

Ectomycorrhizal inoculation with Pisolithus tinctorius increases the performance of Quercus suber L. (cork oak) nursery and field seedlings

Mediterranean ecosystems are characterized by large arid areas where the patchy distribution of trees offers little protection against harsh climate conditions for seedling establishment. Climate change is predicted to result in an increase in these arid regions, with pronounced effects on vegetation. Production of seedlings with developed ectomycorrhizas is a promising strategy for minimizing the initial transplant shock, thereby increasing plant survival and growth during the first, most critical years of a plantation. One important species in the Mediterranean basin is Quercus suber (cork oak), which occurs, together with other evergreen oak species, in an agro-silvo-pastoral system that represents an example of sustainable land use in Europe. In this study, a Pisolithus tinctorius isolate was used for ectomycorrhizal colonization of cork oak nursery seedlings, and the effects on aboveground plant growth and leaf structural and physiological parameters were investigated. Ectomycorrhizal development resulted in a significant increase in leaf area, dry weight, nitrogen content, and photosynthetic pigments, and mycorrhizal plants showed a higher photosynthetic capacity and water use efficiency. Nursery-inoculated plants established in the field showed increased survival and growth during the first year after transplant. These results indicate a potential for further enhancing the use of mycorrhizal inoculation as a cultivation practice in forest nurseries. Considering the difficulty of soil restoration under limiting environmental conditions, nursery inoculation with ectomycorrhizal fungi can be an important advantage for improving the quality of seedling stock and its performance after out-planting in the field, benefiting the regeneration of arid regions and the reintroduction of inocula of ectomycorrhizal fungi into these areas.     

外生菌根菌对巨桉人工林土壤理化性质的影响

该文调查了四川乐山沙湾、眉山丹棱巨桉人工林下外生菌根菌土,测定了土壤养分情况。结果表明：两地所采集的菌根土的理化指标与对照相比有明显变化,样地Ⅰ菌根土pH值显著高于对照土,有机质含量与对照相比并不显著,样地ⅡpH值显著低于对照,而有机质含量明显高于对照;两样地菌根土的全N、水解N、全P和有效P含量均显著高于对照;大孢硬皮马勃的菌根土全K含量与对照相比并不显著,彩色豆马勃和马勃状硬皮马勃的菌根土全K含量均显著低于对照（P〈0.05）;样地Ⅰ菌根土速效K含量与对照差异不显著,样地Ⅱ菌根土速效K含量显著低于对照。由此可见,巨桉外生菌根真菌对提高巨桉人工林的土壤肥力,维护人工林地力具有一定作用。     

Influence of ectomycorrhization and cesium/potassium ratio on uptake and localization of cesium in Norway spruce seedlings

Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) seedlings growing in a growth pouch system were used to investigate the effects of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Hebeloma crustuliniforme (Bull. ex St. Amans) Quél. and various Cs/K ratios on the uptake of (134)Cs, expressed as a percentage of the total amount of (134)Cs supplied. The amount of (134)Cs taken up by seedlings increased with increasing Cs/K ratio. At a Cs/K ratio of 0.1, uptake of (134)Cs ranged between 7.2 and 7.3% and was independent of ectomycorrhizal status, whereas at Cs/K ratios >/= 1 uptake of (134)Cs varied from 8.1 to 11.1% for ectomycorrhizal and from 10.4 to 14.4% for non-inoculated plants. Ectomycorrhizal seedlings contained a lower concentration of (134)Cs than non-inoculated seedlings. Among plant parts, the amount of (134)Cs was significantly lower in needles and lateral roots of ectomycorrhizal seedlings compared with non-inoculated seedlings. Among fungal and seedling tissues, highest X-ray net counts of (133)Cs were measured in fungal hyphae of ectomycorrhizal mantles. X-Ray net counts of (133)Cs in lateral roots of ectomycorrhizal and non-inoculated plants were similar, but 5 to 10 times higher than in main roots and needles, suggesting an accumulation of (133)Cs in lateral roots and slow translocation to other plant parts. In contrast, X-ray net counts of K indicated that K was readily mobilized from lateral roots to main roots and needles. Elemental mapping showed a relatively homogeneous distribution of (133)Cs within the root.     

丛枝菌根真菌和外生菌根真菌对凋落物分解的影响机制

丛枝菌根（AM）真菌和外生菌根（EM）真菌与约80%的维管植物可形成共生体,其共生体除了促进植物生长发育外,还具有调节凋落物和土壤有机质分解的重要生态功能。在AM和EM真菌主导的生态系统中,凋落物分解速率在不同的基质类型（AM树种凋落物、EM树种凋落物）、不同的分解阶段（早期阶段、后期阶段）和不同的环境条件（水分、温度等）下均存在显著差异。虽然部分菌根真菌缺乏腐生生物的直接作用于凋落物的能力,但它们通过其他方式影响分解。普遍认为,AM和EM真菌与腐生微生物的相互作用是影响分解速率的主要原因,二者互作机制主要表现为激发效应（向腐生微生物提供能量）和养分竞争效应（与腐生微生物竞争养分）。文中阐述AM和EM真菌对凋落物分解的影响及相关因素,剖析AM和EM真菌与腐生微生物分解凋落物的作用机制,旨在为全面分析AM和EM真菌在森林生态系统中的生态学功能提供参考。