A tool for rapid assessment of erosion risk to support decision-making and policy development at the Ngenge watershed in Uganda

This study tests a rapid, user-friendly method for assessing changes in erosion risk, which yields information to aid policy development and decision-making for sustainable natural resources management. There is currently a lack of timely, up-to-date and current information to support policy development on sustainable natural resources management in Uganda. The study was carried out in the Ngenge watershed, a typical catchment in the Ugandan Highlands, characterised by deforestation in favour of subsistence agriculture without adequate soil and water conservation measures. The watershed is experiencing soil erosion, sedimentation and flooding problems which are threatening agricultural productivity and food security. Sustainable management of environmental resources is needed to ensure a livelihood for the rural population which is dependent on the land. Historical erosion risk was evaluated in three steps using multi-temporal satellite data. First, current erosion risk was assessed by combining slope and vegetation cover during periods of high intensity rainfall. The data used for the assessment was obtained from public (free) satellite images. Erosion risk was then linked to land use and finally to the change in vegetation cover over the years 1980-2000. The analysis of erosion risk using rainfall, slope and NDVI (Normalised Difference Vegetative Index) as a proxy for vegetation cover gives an indication of the current erosion risk in the area. The results of historical vegetation cover change analysis indicate an overall increase in areas under erosion risk in the study area from 1980 to 2000. This method of erosion risk mapping provides a quick and straightforward means for identifying priority areas for interventions for soil and water resource management. Considering that resources are limited, the interventions to be appropriate have to be focused mainly on areas affected by degradation.     

Assessing land degradation in the Monduli District,northern Tanzania

One of the many contentious issues facing the appropriate and accurate assessment of land degradation is the varying emphasis placed on vegetation degradation and soil degradation processes. This has led to the compartmentalization of land degradation assessment methods, depending on the particular perspective adopted. The land degradation assessment method presented here attempts to take into account both vegetation and soil degradation. This methodology is applied to the southern part of the Monduli District of northeast Tanzania, an area typifying the so‐called ‘affected drylands’ of Africa. Three sets of land cover maps synchronized against long‐term rainfall data (1960s, 1991 and 1999) were used to assess land degradation in the area. Utilizing these three sets of land cover maps as a basis for change detection, it is possible to distinguish areas that experienced changes in vegetation due to rainfall variability from those areas that were subject to changes consequent upon anthropological factors. All areas that displayed overall depletion of natural and semi‐natural vegetation due to human factors were deemed to have undergone land degradation, whereas areas that experienced inter‐annual land cover changes due to rainfall variability were classified as experiencing cover change due to ecosystem dynamics. This method provides a complete and appropriate assessment of land degradation in the study area and can be used to improve degradation assessment in other semiarid areas. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

滇东南喀斯特地区植被覆盖变化及其影响因素

利用MODIS NDVI数据资料集、标准气象站点的气候数据及社会经济统计数据,辅以叠置分析、空间统计分析和相关分析等方法,探讨了滇东南喀斯特地区植被覆盖的时空变化特征及其与气候因子、人类活动的关系。结果表明:滇东南喀斯特地区植被4月上旬进入生长季而9月中旬结束,2001—2010年植被覆盖呈现出上升的趋势,NDVI增加速率为0.03/10 a;滇东南喀斯特地区植被覆盖呈增加和减少趋势的面积分别占总面积的70.03%和29.97%,植被NDVI减少最为突出的区域主要集中在人口聚集的城镇周围及河流沿线,而增加的区域主要集中在高海拔山区;气候影响因素中的水分类因素即平均相对湿度、最小相对湿度和降水是滇东南喀斯特地区植被NDVI年内变化主要的影响因素,其影响有2个月左右的滞后期,温度类气候因子的滞后期为3个月左右,其他类型的气候因子滞后期约为2个月;滇东南喀斯特地区实施的退耕还林工程,极大地提升了植被覆盖度,而城镇化过程则使得城镇周边的极低、低植被覆盖度区面积增加。     

翻耕对花岗岩坡地水分转化及产流产沙特征影响研究

坡地水土流失是导致土壤质量退化与土地生产力下降的重要原因。采用人工降雨野外模拟试验方法研究了翻耕前后花岗岩坡地水分转化及产流产沙特征的影响。研究表明,翻耕可以提高水分转化率,但从总趋势上看,翻耕条件下径流含沙量与产流产沙量均显著高于翻耕前,其中平均含沙量增加1.5倍,产沙量增加12%,故应多种耕作措施有机结合;降雨过程中,随着产流时间的延长,坡地产沙量呈加速增加的趋势,而且增加速度显著快于坡面径流。因此采取适当措施延长初始产流时间,减少产流量以及提高降雨向土壤水分的转化率均可有效减少坡地土壤流失量。     

陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区NDVI与气象因子的相关性分析

基于逐旬NDV I数据和逐日气象数据,以陕北延安市为例,分析了降雨、温度、相对湿度、风速、日照时数等气象因子和NDV I的相关关系。研究结果表明,前10日的降雨、温度能够影响NDV I的变化,同时,NDV I的变化也能够对空气的相对湿度产生影响;NDV I与风速和日照时数的相关性较差。所拟合的NDV I与主要气象因子的关系模型中,NDV I与降雨量的模型拟合优度最低,而与温度的模型拟合优度最高。     

2000-2013年江苏省不同植被类型NDVI时空变化特征

基于2000—2013年美国国家航空航天局（NASA）发布MODIS NDVI数据产品,运用最大值合成法、趋势分析法和稳定性分析法,对江苏省近14年来不同植被类型时空变化特征进行了分析。结果表明:（1）江苏省整体植被覆盖呈下降趋势,下降速率为0.000 8/a。水田、草地呈下降趋势,水田下降趋势明显,下降速率为0.002 1/a,旱地和林地呈上升趋势,旱地上升趋势较大,为0.001 5/a;（2）近14年江苏省植被退化面积占总面积的32.21%,主要集中在城市中心区和沿江沿海环湖地区。水田退化面积呈由南往北,由东往西逐渐递增的空间分布特征,旱地退化面积主要分布在苏北地区;（3）近14年江苏省植被表现出较好的稳定性,变异系数小于10%的面积占总面积的86.97%,林地、水田和旱地稳定性较好,草地稳定性最差;（4）近14年江苏省植被NDVI、植被变化趋势与植被稳定性在空间上表现出较好的耦合性,植被NDVI高、稳定性高的地区植被以轻微改善和中度改善为主,植被覆盖度低、稳定性较差地区以轻度退化和中度退化为主。     

滇中地区植被NDVI时空演变特征及其驱动因素

[目的]揭示滇中地区植被NDVI时空变化特征及其与气候因子、人类活动的关系,为该地区的社会经济可持续提供科学依据。[方法]以MODIS NDVI数据资料集、标准气象站点的气候数据及社会经济统计数据为素材,采用叠置分析、空间统计分析和相关分析为主要方法。[结果](1)滇中地区植被5月上旬进入生长季而10月下旬结束,2001—2010年植被NDVI呈现出上升的趋势,速率为0.03/10a,植被盖度整体朝增加的方向发展。(2)2001—2010年滇中地区植被覆盖呈增加和减少趋势的面积分别占总面积的70.24%和29.76%,减少最为突出的区域主要集中在人口聚集的城镇周围,增加的区域主要集中在高海拔地区。(3)气候影响因素中的水分类因素即平均相对湿度、最小相对湿度和降水是滇中地区植被NDVI年内变化主要的影响因素。(4)退耕还林工程极大地提升了滇中地区的植被覆盖度,而城镇化过程则使得滇中地区城镇周边的极低、低植被覆盖度区面积增加。[结论]滇中地区年内植被NDVI变化由气候因子所控制,而长期变化则受人类活动的制约。     

Landslide erosion risk to New Zealand pastoral steeplands productivity

Pastoral land use in New Zealand's North Island hill terrain has led to high rates of rainstorm-induced landslide erosion higher than existed under the indigenous forest regime, with consequent soil productivity declines in the long term. To assist extrapolation of research results to other areas, and to shed light on long-term erosion risks, a simple model was developed that simulates the evolution of hillslope soil productivity, taking into account the effect of slope, rainstorm magnitude–frequency relations and soil recovery rates. Risks are evaluated by Monte Carlo simulation, and reflect parameter uncertainty as well as the natural randomness associated with climatic events. A sensitivity analysis showed that landslide risk was most affected by the rainfall threshold for landsliding, the mean of the extreme value distribution for annual maximum storm rainfall, and the maximum degree of recovery of pasture productivity following landsliding. Simulations suggest productivity stabilizes at a reduced level well before all steep terrain is affected by landsliding, and that subsequent expected landslide-induced productivity declines are too slow to provide sufficient economic motivation for measures to prevent landslide damage. A refined model showed that long-term average rates of productivity decline are sensitive to changes in recovery rates resulting from progressive removal of the soil resource. Charts summarizing simulation results can be used to estimate long-term productivity declines. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于MODIS和SEBAL模型的黄淮海平原冬小麦水分生产力研究

以2011年1月-2012年12月MODIS多时相遥感影像产品、气象数据和作物生育期为基础,借助SEBAL模型估算了黄淮海平原冬小麦实际蒸散量(ETa);通过MODIS NDVI光谱曲线特征与冬小麦单产数据的耦合,将县域尺度作物单产"降尺度"至基于像元的产量栅格图,实现冬小麦产量栅格化。在完成作物实际蒸散量模拟和产量栅格化的基础上,对黄淮海平原冬小麦水分生产力进行估算。结果表明,冬小麦水分生产力区域平均值为1.21kg·m~(-3),高值区主要位于北京、天津、山东北部和河北南部地区。在环渤海山东半岛滨海外向型二熟农渔区(一区)、海河低平原缺水水浇地二熟兼旱地一熟区(三区)和黄淮平原南阳盆地水浇地旱地二熟区(五区)冬小麦产量与水分生产力呈显著正相关,说明随着冬小麦产量的增加,其水分生产力增加;在燕山太行山山前平原水浇地二熟区(二区)冬小麦水分生产力与实际蒸散量呈极显著负相关(P0.01),与产量呈极显著正相关(P0.01),表明水分生产力将随着实际蒸散量的减少和产量的增加而增大,同时产量增加对水分生产力提高的贡献大于实际蒸散量的减少;在江淮平原丘陵麦稻两熟区(六区)冬小麦水分生产力与实际蒸散量呈显著负相关,与产量相关关系不明显,说明在黄淮海平原南部水分生产力的提高主要依靠实际蒸散量的减少。     

基于时序NDVI的露天煤矿区土地损毁与复垦过程特征分析

露天煤矿区是人类活动强扰动地区之一。该文以阿巴拉契亚煤田区韦恩县为研究区域,应用遥感时序分析法分析了像元尺度的土地损毁和复垦过程特征。得出结论:1984-2010年间,韦兹县露天开采扰动区域占采矿权范围的45.80%,其中植被恢复区域占开采范围的66.45%,开采时间越早,植被恢复像元比例越高;开采造成的地表无植被覆盖期时长中位数为6 a,均值为7 a;已充分复垦的区域,NDVI值恢复至采前水平的加权平均时长为12 a。基于像元变化轨迹的研究,除揭示土地损毁-复垦过程特征外,能较好地反映空间异质性,可以为土地复垦管理和相关政策决策提供科学依据。     

基于地理探测器的西南岩溶槽谷区近20年

植被覆盖度变化及其与驱动因子关系的研究是开展大规模植被恢复效益评估的基础,而目前对西南槽谷地区植被绿化的时空变化模式及其驱动因素的认识并不明晰,不利于进一步生态建设。基于2000—2018年西南槽谷区NDVI、气温、降雨、DEM、土地覆被和人口密度数据,应用线性趋势回归分析和Hurst指数分析等方法以及地理探测器模型,探究了西南槽谷区植被覆盖的时空变化特征和驱动因素,预测未来变化趋势。结果表明：（1）近19年来NDVI范围介于0.79~0.84,总体呈波动上升趋势,岩溶区植被NDVI （0.003 17/a）年增长率显著高于非岩溶区（0.002 60/a）。（2） Hurst指数分析结果表明,西南槽谷区的植被NDVI主要以上升趋势为主,但其中64.31%在未来呈现退化趋势,植被保护形势较为严峻。（3）岩溶区植被NDVI与温度变化之间存在负相关关系（R=-0.040）,而非岩溶区为正相关关系（R=0.013）。残差分析结果表明,人类活动促进89.60%的区域植被NDVI增长。（4）在整个岩溶槽谷地区,土地覆被类型和气温是影响植被NDVI的主要驱动因素,解释率在25%以上,各因子的交互作用明显高于单因子作用。总体来看,人类活动对槽谷区植被恢复具有明显的积极影响。     

基于InVEST模型和莫兰指数的甘肃省生境质量与退化度评估

生境质量的高低与土地利用/土地覆被类型为生物多样性提供的栖息地适宜性有直接关系,尤其是农业开发活动、城市、道路等严重威胁生境质量,为了评估西北生态脆弱地区生境质量和退化程度,该研究以甘肃省为例,应用INVEST模型和莫兰指数对甘肃省生境质量和生境退化空间特征进行分析,明确其热点区域,并探讨了生境质量与退化度及其热点与各类自然保护地的关系。结果表明:甘肃省生境质量从南到北逐渐下降,而生境退化度从北到南逐渐升高,自然生态条件好的区域这种变化主要取决于人类活动的位置和强度;甘肃省生境质量热点区面积占到全省国土面积的25.59%,高于全省自然保护地面积占比,形成了保护空缺,甘肃省生境退化热点地区面积虽然不高,但多为自然生态条件较好的区域;各类保护地中,国家公园是各类保护地类型中生境退化度最低的类型,保护水平相对较低的其他保护地类型在生境质量和退化程度上表现出相反的结果。研究结果对精准实施生物多样性保护战略和生态系统管理决策具有重要意义。     

Detecting changes in biomass productivity in a different land management regimes in drylands using satellite‐derived vegetation index

We investigated the use of a satellite‐derived vegetation index to detect changes in biomass productivity in different land management regimes in drylands of the Northern Negev. Two well‐documented management regimes, conservation and afforestation using a contour trenching technique were monitored. Biomass data on annual vegetation were collected from field survey and compared to a time series of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). A significant relationship between NDVI and biomass (r = 0.83, P < 0.01) confirmed the applicability of satellite information to monitoring biomass production in this low productivity area. However, a strong positive relationship between NDVI and precipitation (r = 0.96 ± 0.01, P < 0.001) prevented the conventional use of trend analysis to detect changes in biomass productivity. Trends in the NDVI and precipitation use efficiency were similar in both sites due to a rainfall effect. Use of a reference site revealed the magnitude and direction of change in biomass productivity in the different land management regimes. Measures of soil organic matter confirmed these differences between the two managed sites and the reference site. We suggest that the use of abandoned lands for a reference may enhance the ability to detect changes in biomass productivity in drylands.     

Farmer Perceptions and Responses to Soil Degradation in Swaziland

Soil degradation is globally concerning due to its adverse effects on the environment and agricultural production. Much of Swaziland is at risk from degradation. This paper assesses farmer perceptions and responses to soil degradation in 2002 and 2014, focusing on two land uses that underpin rural livelihoods: arable land and rangeland areas. It uses repeat household surveys and semi‐structured interviews, in two case study chiefdoms in the country's middleveld (KaBhudla and Engcayini) in the first longitudinal study of its kind. We find that observations of land degradation are perceived mainly through changes in land productivity, with chemical degradation occurring predominantly on arable land and physical degradation and erosion mainly in rangeland areas. Changes in rainfall are particularly important in determining responses. While perceptions of the causes and impacts of degradation largely concur with the scientific literature, responses were constrained by poor land availability, shorter and more unpredictable cropping seasons because of changing rains and low awareness, access to or knowledge of agricultural inputs. We suggest that sustainable arable land management can be enhanced through improved access to alternative sources of water, use of management practices that retain soil and moisture and greater access to agricultural inputs and capacity building to ensure their appropriate use. We suggest collaborative management for settlement planning that integrates soil conservation and livestock management strategies such as controlled stocking levels and rotational grazing could improve land quality in rangeland areas. Together, these approaches can help land users to better manage change. © 2016 The Authors. Land Degradation & Development published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.     

Assessment of soil degradation in the Canary Islands (Spain)

In the Canary Islands a number of factors, both natural and induced by human activity, act on the fragile ecosystems and agricultural land to cause increasing problems with desertification and progressive degradation of soil productivity. the results of an assessment of soil degradation in the Canary Islands, The processes, causes and impacts, are presented in this paper. Although several processes and factors contribute to soil degradation in the Canary Islands, two have been found to exert a greater qualitative influence: (a) accelerated erosion (water and aeolian); (b) salinization-sodification (natural and induced by agricultural use). Approximately 40 per cent of the Canary Islands' land is undergoing rapid erosion. the factors involved May, be grouped into: natural erosion—torrential rainfall, sparse vegetation, high soil erodibility, rugged relief; and erosion due to human activities—unsuitable management of arable soils on the steep slopes, overgrazing and deforestation. About 60 per cent of the surface of the archipelago, including areas given over to intensive agriculture, is affected by salinization.The main factors responsible are: natural—an arid climate and a regime of oceanic winds; and human activities—overexploitation of the aquifers, irrigation with water having a high salt and/or sodium content, intensive monoculture, and excessive and indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers and other agrochemicals.     

NDVI时间序列谐波分析与地表物候信息获取

植被指数具有明显的季节节律,NDVI时间序列分析可以获取地表植被物候信息,但已有的AVHRR NDVI数据产品仍然存在高噪声,需要进一步校正。在考虑农业植被季节变化特征的基础上,基于先验知识对NDVI时间序列数据傅立叶校正算法进行了改进。利用1992年旬最大值合成1 km NOAA-AVHRR NDVI数据,使用该方法对河北省南部地区几种不同植被类型的NDVI数据进行校正,结果显示：改进的傅立叶谐波校正算法能更好地反映农业植被NDVI季节变化节律,且对自然植被同样适用。对校正后的NDVI 时间序列数据进行谐波分析表明：谐波的特征值(谐波余项、振幅和位相)与地表植被动态之间存在相关性,谐波余项表征NDVI 时间序列的均值,谐波振幅表征NDVI年内波动幅度大小,不同谐波的位相可以表征NDVI 季节变化的时间特征,利用这些参数可以获取地表植被物候信息,并可用于土地覆被和土地利用分类研究以及全球变化研究。     

Degradation and abandonment of mechanized rain‐fed agricultural land in the Southern Gadarif region,Sudan: the local farmers' perception

In the Gadarif Region of Sudan, destruction of the natural vegetation for agricultural expansion is one of the major causes of the degradation of renewable resources and the environment. This study identifies and analyses the farmers' attitudes and perceptions towards agricultural land degradation and abandonment. The cross‐sectional data collected from ten key informants and 41 large‐scale farmers focussed on the degradation and abandonment of mechanized agricultural land. The results of the study show that the respondents are well aware that soil degradation is in various forms are taking place on their cultivated agricultural land. This is based on their perception and interpretation of indicators such as weed infestation, poor soil fertility and soil compaction. Continuous cropping, mono‐cropping, rainfall shortage and the use of inferior seeds are the main reasons of land degradation as indicated by farmers. The main measures acknowledged to maintain and improve land productivity are repeated soil ploughing, abandonment/fallow periods and crop rotation. The study adduces evidence of widespread land degradation. The mitigation measures followed by the farmers may though not be sufficient to restore the soil fertility. The application of appropriate chemical fertilizers, sound crop rotation and long fallow periods can be recommended. Any management and research intervention regarding the problem of land degradation should; however, be concerted with the farmers' knowledge. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于多年MODIS-NDVI的黄淮海农区冬小麦生产力评价

黄淮海农区是中国重要的粮食生产基地,研究该地区不同等级生产力耕地的空间分布,对提高该地区生产力有重要的意义。该文在提取研究区冬小麦种植空间分布的基础上,对10a时间序列冬小麦MODIS-NDVI进行特征参数提取,并将冬小麦主要生长季多年NDVI特征值均值和年际变异系数,作为多年平均产量水平和稳产水平的指示指标,进行黄淮海农区冬小麦种植区耕地生产力评价,得到黄淮海农区冬小麦生产力空间分布图。结果显示:1)多时相MODIS-NDVI数据可以用于研究区冬小麦种植空间分布提取。经县级尺度验证,有较高的提取精度;2)县级尺度的冬小麦单产水平与其辖区内冬小麦生长关键期多个NDVI特征值有显著的相关关系,可以用来评价冬小麦生产力水平;3)研究区冬小麦种植区耕地以中低生产力水平为主,高生产力水平的耕地只占不到20%。高生产力的麦田大多分布在水热条件较好的黄淮平原亚区,中等生产力麦田大多分布在燕山太行山山麓平原亚区和鲁西黄灌区,而低生产力的麦田多分布在冀、鲁、豫低洼平原亚区。低生产力麦田分布集中连片的区域多为春旱易发、土壤粘淤或低洼积盐的地区。呈现出整体气候条件主导,局部土壤条件影响的高中低生产力空间分布特征。研究结果可以为黄淮海农区的耕地质量管理和中低产田改良提供依据。     

中国1999－2009年土地覆盖动态变化的时空特点

基于SPOT NDVI时间序列研究中国近10 a来（1999－2009年）土地覆盖动态变化的时空特点。首先,对BISE模型进行改进并对数据进行预处理;其次,结合光谱角分类和最小距离分类算法各自的优势构建了一个新的分类算法（SAM-MDM）,并对多年NDVI数据分类和后处理,提高了分类精度,能满足土地覆盖变化趋势分析要求;再次,应用土地覆盖动态度模型和GIS叠加方法分析了全国土地覆盖的时空变化,建立了土地覆盖类型转移概率矩阵;最后,应用马尔科夫（Markov）过程建立了类型转移演化模型,对未来20 a土地覆盖动态变化过程进行了预测。通过该研究探讨了中国土地覆盖近10 a来在时间上的动态变化特点、空间上的变化差异、土地覆盖类型的转移概率分布和未来10～20 a的时空变化趋势。     

西南地区生长季植被覆盖时空变化特征及其对气候与地形因子的响应

为探究西南地区生长季植被覆盖时空变化特征以及驱动因子如何定量影响其动态变化,基于MODIS NDVI数据,通过趋势分析、变异系数、相关分析等方法研究了西南地区2000-2016年生长季植被覆盖的时空变化特征,并结合气候因子、DEM数据,分析了植被覆盖对气候与地形因子的影响程度。结果表明:西南地区近17年来生长季NDVI呈增长趋势（0.009/10 a）,其中4月份增速最显著（0.029/10 a）;呈增加趋势的区域占研究区总面积71.94%,主要分布在东部与东南部区域;植被覆盖变化以较低稳定（31.15%）与中度稳定（25.36%）占主导。研究区NDVI与气温、降水的相关性在空间分布上主要以正相关为主;月尺度NDVI与气候因子的相关性高于年尺度的值;植被覆盖度与月平均气温的相关性高于其与月降水量的相关性,植被生长对降水月变化的响应不明显,对气温的响应无明显滞后效应。研究区平均NDVI在海拔大于4 000 m区域最小（0.30）,在坡度0°~5°区域最小（0.37）,但是NDVI的显著退化趋势则是以海拔大于4 000 m处最大（14.33%）;海拔大于4 000 m区域主要受降水控制,坡度5°~15°区域主要受气温控制;坡向对植被生长变化的影响没有海拔和坡度影响大。