Intravaginal administration of estradiol benzoate capsule for estrus synchronization in goats

Estrus synchronization requires multiple treatments of hormonal drugs, requiring considerable time and cost. The aim of the present study was to develop an estrus synchronization protocol using intravaginal administration of estradiol benzoate (EB) capsules in goats. Two types of capsules were prepared: an EB capsule that melted immediately after administration and a sustained-release (SR) EB capsule that dissolved slowly and reached a peak after 24 h. Goats with functional corpus lutea were intramuscularly treated with prostaglandin F_2α (PG). At 24 h after PG administration, goats were administered 1 mg of EB solution intramuscularly (PG + 24IM; n = 6) or 1 mg of EB capsule intravaginally (PG + 24EB; n = 6). The SR EB capsule was administered intravaginally at the time of PG administration (PG + SR; n = 6). The control group (n = 6) received only PG. All groups showed estrus within 72 h after PG administration. The onset of estrus did not differ significantly between the PG + 24IM and PG + SR groups but was earlier than in the control group. Estradiol concentration in the PG + SR group peaked at 11.5 ± 6.1 h after EB and PG administration. Peak estradiol concentrations were not significantly different between the PG + 24IM and PG + SR groups (78.0 ± 25.8 and 64.0 ± 38.1 pg/ml, respectively), and were higher than the PG + 24EB and control groups (27.3 ± 8.8 and 14.6 ± 6.1 pg/ml, respectively). These results suggest that intravaginal administration of an EB capsule with a sustained-drug release base is applicable for estrus synchronization, as an alternative to intramuscular administration.     

非繁殖季节太行山羊胚胎移植方案研究

对48只太行山羊(供体羊)、40只太行山羊和120只奶山羊(受体羊)进行了同期发情和超数排卵胚胎移植试验。其结果如下:(1)CIDR PMSG对太行山羊同期发情,有效发情率为75%;CIDR FSH对奶山羊同期发情,有效发情率为73%。(2)CIDR FSH LH组平均可用胚胎数分别与CIDR PMSG组和CIDR PMSG LH组之间差异达到极显著水平(P<0.01),而与CI-DR FSH组之间差异显著(P<0.05)。(3)CIDR FSH LH超排时,用CIDR FSH对奶山羊进行同期发情,受体妊娠率为56%;CIDR PMSG对太行山羊同期发情,受体妊娠率为60%水平。证明在非繁殖季节对太行山羊采用CIDR FSH LH超数排卵和以太行山羊及奶山羊为受体分别用CIDR PMSG和CIDR FSH同期发情来进行胚胎移植的技术方案是可行的。     

Induction of estrus during the non-breeding season in Egyptian Baladi goats

The induction of estrus during the non-breeding season was investigated in 100 Egyptian Baladi goats (Capra hircus). All animals assigned to treatments had low progesterone concentrations (<0.5 ng/ml) tested 2 times 10 days apart to confirm anestrous condition. Animals were assigned to three experimental groups. A group of animals received subcutaneous norgestomet ear implant for 11 days and a single i.m. injection of PGF2alpha 24 hr before implant removal (group I; n=40). Second group of animals received subcutaneous norgestomet ear implant for 11 days and a single i.m. injection of PGF2alpha 24 hr before implant removal and gonadotropin releasing hormone 24 hr after implant removal (group II; n=40). Third group of animals received no treatment (control group; n=20). The percentage of goats that showed estrous behavior during the first 72 hr after implant removal was 77.5, 85.0% and 10.0% in group I, group II and control group, respectively. The fertility rate was 57.5, 70.0% and 10.0% in group I, group II and control group, respectively. In conclusion, estrus can be induced in seasonally anestrous Egyptian Baladi goats using norgestomet and PGF2alpha and the injection of GnRH 24 hr after norgestomet implant removal synchronized ovulation in a higher percentage of goats.     

绒山羊泌乳期诱导发情效果及相关生殖激素变化

旨在研究燕山绒山羊母羊泌乳期诱导发情的效果及对相关生殖激素变化的影响。选择经产、体质量约为45 kg的泌乳期母羊45只,随机分为A、B和C组,分别于产后25,35,45 d采用孕酮阴道硅胶栓(CIDR)+促卵泡素(FSH)的方法诱导发情,统计96 h内发情率,在埋栓的0,4,9,13 d及试验羊发情时采血检测FSH、促黄体素(LH)、催乳素(PRL)、雌激素(E_2)和孕酮(P_4)浓度。结果显示,A、B和C组的发情率分别为60%,53.33%和80%,发情多集中在24～72 h;埋栓前,即试验0 d时A、B和C组FSH、LH、PRL、E_2和P_4无差异。FSH和LH在撤栓时达到最低,撤栓后升高;14～15 d,所有发情羊FSH和LH均高于未发情羊,但只有A、B组FSH差异显著(P0.05)。14～15 d,PRL浓度最低(P0.05);试验期间,除9 d外,C组发情羊PRL显著低于未发情羊(P0.05),其余各组内发情羊与未发情羊PRL无差异。14～15 d,3组发情羊血清中E_2迅速升高而P_4降低,E_2浓度高于埋栓期(P0.05),试验期间,各组内发情羊与未发情羊E_2和P_4无差异;0～15 d,各组发情羊之间及未发情羊之间PRL、P_4无差异,各组发情羊间FSH及未发情羊间E_2均无差异;4 d,A组未发情羊FSH低于B组(P0.05),LH高于C组(P0.05);13 d,B组发情羊LH低于C组(P0.05),14～15 d,E_2高于C组(P0.05)。结果表明,母羊产后45 d诱导发情效果较好;外源P_4可大幅度降低PRL,发情时FSH、LH和E_2的分泌同步上升。     

甘肃马鹿同期发情效果初步研究

将45头甘肃马鹿均分为3组,应用氯前列烯醇(PG)和孕马血清促性腺激素(PMSG)进行同期化处理,处理A组其处理程序为PG+PG+PMSG,处理B组其处理程序为PG+PMSG。结果表明:A、B组5d内的同期发情率(分别为93·3%和86·7%)均高于对照组(P<0·05),但2个处理组间差异不显著(P>0·05);产仔率分别为73·3%和60·0%,比对照组分别提高20%和6·7%,其中A组的双仔率为6·7%;产仔日期比对照组分别缩短了12d和8d。处理组仔鹿的平均初生重也比对照组提高1·53kg,而且A、B2组仔鹿的断奶成活率也比对照组分别提高了2·5和12·5个百分点。总体而言,A组效果较好。     

母猪批次化生产同期发情激素调控及应用

母猪批次化生产的基础是母猪同步化繁殖,其包括发情周期同步化和卵泡发育同步化.文章围绕母猪批次化生产中同期发情相关激素调控及应用进行简要介绍.     

Origin of plasma insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) during estrus in goats

The objective of this study was to clarify the origin of the increase in plasma insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) during estrus in goats. Focusing on the uterus, the effect of estradiol-17 beta (E2) on the secretion of IGF-I was examined using ovariectomized and hysterectomized animals. A single 5 microg/kg BW of E2 was injected intramuscularly into ovariectomized and hysterectomized goats for 3 consecutive days, and plasma IGF-I concentrations in the two groups were compared. The concentrations of IGF-I rose after the treatments in both groups. The concentrations were significantly higher from 3 to 8 days after the treatment than before the treatment in ovariectomized goats (P<0.05), and from 1 to 3 days after the treatment than before in hysterectomized goats (P<0.05). Thus higher concentrations of plasma IGF-I tended to last longer in ovariectomized than hysterectomized goats. The area under the IGF-I response curve for the 8-day period after the first injection of E2 tended to be greater in ovariectomized than in hysterectomized goats. The results show that E2 increases plasma IGF-I concentrations in goats, and suggest that E2-stimulated IGF-I in plasma may originate mainly from the uterus.     

不同体况绵羊同期发情处理试验研究

通过两年三批次不同体况绵羊不同药物同期发情处理试验,分别对CIDR栓＋PG、CIDR栓＋PMSG、PG三种处理的发情率和发情时间进行比较分析,试验表明绵羊营养状况对不同药物同期发情处理均有较大影响,在营养较好条件下三种处理均可取得较好的同期发情效果,营养不良三种处理同期发情效果均变差,在相同条件下以CIDR栓为主的处理较PG处理发情率较高,且发情快而集中。综合考虑发情率和处理成本,在处理羊营养状况中等以上PG处理具有成本低操作简单的明显优势。     

山羊同期发情和超数排卵方法概述

同期发情可以为山羊的集约化、工厂化生产提供保障,超数排卵是胚胎移植和山羊高产的必要保证。本文对山羊同期发情和超数排卵的几种常用方法进行概述,以期为我国各地区选择适合本地区山羊高产的处理方式提供思路。     

CpG-ODN enhances mammary gland defense during mastitis induced by Escherichia coli infection in goats

Seven healthy native goats in early lactation, weighing 30–40 kg, were used in this study. The right mammary gland of the seven does were infused with CpG-ODN at a dosage of 100 μg kg⁻¹ body weight on the day 5 postpartum (PP). The left glands were used as controls and infused with sterile phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). On day 8 PP, the same dosage of CpG-ODN or PBS was again infused. On day 9 PP, the mammary glands (both right and left) of the seven does were infused with 6 × 10⁶ colony-forming units (CFU) Escherichia coli and, at 0, 8, 16, 24, 48 and 72 h postinfection (PI), milk samples were collected from all glands. Goats were euthanized at 72 h PI and the mammary tissue harvested. Infusion with 6 × 10⁶ CFU ml⁻¹ E. coli induced acute mastitis. Histopathological evaluations showed that polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) were still present in alveoli at 72 h PI, but PMNs in the CpG-ODN-treated glands has disappeared. Bacteria counts in milk peaked at 16 h PI and CpG-ODN induced a significant decrease in viable bacteria from 16 h PI until the end of the experiment. This study showed that CpG-ODN promoted the expression of its specific receptor (TLR-9 mRNA) in mammary tissue, stimulated IL-6 production, reduced bacteria counts in milk, attenuated the impact of inflammation mediators on cells and significantly shortened the inflammation course. These results suggest that the CpG-ODN improved mammary gland defense and, thereby, had a beneficial effects against mastitis caused by E. coli infection in goats.     

Effect of preovulatory concentrations of estradiol and initiation of standing estrus on uterine pH in beef cows

Previous studies have indicated that initiation of standing estrus within 24h of fixed-time AI influenced pregnancy rates. Furthermore, uterine environment at time of insemination can influence sperm transport. We hypothesized that preovulatory concentrations of estradiol would influence uterine pH at time of insemination. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of elevated preovulatory concentrations of estradiol on uterine pH following a fixed-time AI protocol. Cows were synchronized with the CO-Synch (n=57) protocol, and 29 cows were treated with an injection of estradiol cypionate (ECP; 1mg) 36h before the second injection of GnRH. Cows that exhibited standing estrus or were treated with ECP had increased (P<0.05) concentrations of estradiol compared to cows not in estrus and not administered ECP, respectively. There was an ECP by standing estrus interaction on uterine pH (P=0.01). Control cows that exhibited estrus had a reduced uterine pH (6.72+/-0.10; P=0.05) compared to control cows not exhibiting estrus (7.0+/-0.06). Cows treated with ECP and detected in standing estrus had a greater uterine pH (7.0+/-0.07) compared to control cows in estrus (P=0.02) and ECP cows not in estrus (6.81+/-0.09; P=0.06). The interval between the initiation of standing estrus and when pH was determined also influenced uterine pH. Cows that initiated standing estrus within 4h of pH determination had a lower uterine pH (6.74+/-0.12) compared to cows that initiated estrus 4-8h (7.09+/-0.08; P=0.07) or 8-12h (7.10+/-0.15; P=0.03) after pH determination. In summary, elevated concentrations of estradiol influenced standing estrus but only influenced uterine pH when pH was determined within 4h of the initiation of standing estrus.     

雄性麋鹿发情期、发情后期及休情期行为研究

对江苏大丰麋鹿国家级自然保护区半散养雄性麋鹿发情期、发情后期及休情期三个阶段的行为进行了连续观察。结果显示雄性麋鹿三个阶段各行为频次有明显差异。发惰期休息行为频次明显多于其他两个生理阶段，而摄食行为频次明显少于其他两个生理阶段。发情后期与发情期相比，休息频次减半，性行为明显减少，而运动行为和摄食行为明显增加，特别是摄食行为较发情期有36倍的增长。     

Physiological roles of inhibin in regulation of FSH secretion and follicular development during early pregnancy in goats

The aim of the current study was to clarify the physiological role of inhibin in controlling FSH secretion and follicular development during the early pregnancy in goats. Eight goats investigated sonographically on Days 19-21 (Day 0=day of mating) for pregnancy were assigned into control (n=3) and treated (n=5) groups. The ovaries of all animals were daily scanned with ultrasound for follicles 2mm or more in diameter from 1 day before to 5 days after treatment. On Day 25 postbreeding; animals received either 10 ml, of normal goat serum or antiserum against [Tyr (30)]-inhibin alpha (1-30). Jugular blood samples were collected every 6 h starting 24 h before and until 120 h after treatment. The plasma concentration of FSH increased at 6 h and remained at significantly high levels until 120 h in treated vs. control group. The plasma concentrations of estradiol showed a marked increased at 66 h, with peak levels at 120 h after treatment of antiserum. The basal concentrations of LH and the pattern of plasma concentrations of progesterone were not significantly different between the two groups. The number of medium size (3.5-5.0 mm) follicles increased considerably from Day 2, whereas small (3.5 mm or less) and large (5 mm or more) follicles increased noticeably from Day 3, as compared with pre-treatment and controls. These results clearly indicated that inhibin is a key hormone in regulation of follicular development through regulation of endogenous FSH secretion during early pregnancy in goats.     

不同类型炔诺酮阴道海绵栓对奶山羊同期发情效果比较研究

为了比较十八甲基炔诺酮(NG)和左旋十八甲基炔诺酮(LNG)对奶山羊同期发情效果,为奶山羊养殖场选择合适的孕激素阴道海绵栓进行奶山羊的同期发情处理提供基础研究资料。将108只健康奶山羊随机分为三组,每组3个重复,每重复12只羊;3个试验组羊分别采用氯前列烯醇(PG,0.1 mg/只)+不同类型和剂量十八甲基炔诺酮阴道海绵栓+50单位促卵泡素(FSH)进行同期发情处理,其中试验1组采用NG 60 mg/枚的阴道海绵栓,试验2组采用LNG30 mg/枚的阴道海绵栓,试验3组采用LNG 40 mg/枚的阴道海绵栓。结果表明,三组羊96 h发情同期率分别为86.11%、94.44%和88.89%,各组间差异不显著(P0.05);72 h的发情同期率分别为80.53%、94.44%和88.89%,第2组显著高于第1组(P0.05),但与第3组差异不显著(P0.05);从处理结束到发情开始的平均间隔时间分别为45.29 h±18.99、48.35 h±13.02和42.38 h±12.19;发情持续时间分别为30.19 h±11.95、30.71 h±8.11和29.63 h±8.41,均无显著差异。综合分析表明,LNG对奶山羊发情同期效果优于NG,且30 mg LNG的效果比40 mg LNG效果好,建议在制作羊用阴道海绵栓时选择LNG,并采用30 mg LNG/枚的剂量。     

布尔山羊超数排卵胚胎移植试验

本试验采用置入炔诺酮阴道栓 FSH 氯前列烯醇同期发情、超数排卵处理方法，对8只布尔山羊(供体羊)、90只洪洞奶山羊(受体羊)进行了同期发情和超排数排卵胚胎移植试验。其结果如下：(1)8只供体羊回收胚胎数量、可用胚胎数量、羊均回收胚胎数量、羊均可用胚胎数量、可用胚比率分别为182枚、172枚、22．8枚、21．5枚、94．5％；(2)90只受体羊共有81只羊达到同期发情效果，发情同期率为90．0％；(3)150枚可用胚胎共移植洪洞奶山羊73只，妊娠51只，产羔80只，妊娠率69．9％，胚胎成羔率53．5％。     

Protected fatty acid supplementation during estrus synchronization treatment on reproductive parameters of dairy goats

This study evaluated the effect of the protected fatty acid inclusion during estrus synchronization on reproductive parameters. Goats (n = 32) received progestagen sponges for 6 days and 200 IU equine chorionic gonadotropin and 30 µg d‐cloprostenol were given on Day 5. No difference was found among control (C), 1% protected fatty acid inclusion (C + 1%) or 4% protected fatty acid inclusion (C + 4%) groups, respectively, in estrus (100.0, 100.0 or 90.9%), estrus duration (31.6 ± 12.3; 43.2 ± 12.9 or 40.8 ± 14.1 h), animals ovulating (100.0, 90.0 or 100.0%) or ovulation rate (1.3 ± 0.5; 1.1 ± 0.3 or 1.2 ± 0.4). The interval from sponge removal to ovulation and from estrus to ovulation, respectively, were shorter for C + 4% (45.2 ± 8.0 h; 18.3 ± 11.0 h) compared with C (56.3 ± 12.6 h; 30.6 ± 10.5 h) or C + 1% (57.7 ± 8.7 h; 30.3 ± 11.1 h). The average ovulatory follicle diameter was smaller for C + 4% (6.2 ± 0.7 mm) than C (7.5 ± 0.8 mm), but similar to C + 1% (7.0 ± 1.5 mm). Insulin, insulin‐like growth factor 1, glucose and progesterone concentrations were similar among groups. The inclusion of protected fatty acid during synchronization treatment promoted no benefits on ovulation rate, but 4% anticipated the ovulation time.     

成年发情期奶山羊下丘脑催产素及其mRNA的表达

应用免疫组织化学SP法和原位杂交法研究了催产素（oxytocin，OT）及OT mRNA在成年发情期奶山羊下丘脑中的分布和表达。结果，OT免疫反应阳性细胞主要分布在视上核和室旁核，在视上弥散核、弓状核、室周核和乳头体各核团也存在免疫阳性神经元；在室旁核、视上弥散核、正中隆起和第三脑室附近有较多数量的强阳性神经纤维，在交叉上核有少量阳性神经纤维。在下丘脑23个核团（区）中均能检测出OT mRNA的阳性细胞。结果表明，OT和OT mRNA在下丘脑中分布广泛，且OT可能通过轴突传递和血液运输，将OT mRNA合成的OT运送到别的核团；OT在奶山羊发情过程中发挥了重要作用。     

Luteal lifespan and fertility after estrus synchronization in goats

The present experiment aims to examine the efficiency of estrus synchronization using progesterone and equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG) and to look at luteal function. During the non-breeding and breeding season, 5 adult female Korean native goats were injected intramuscularly with 2.5 ml of physiological saline as the control. A progesterone impregnated intravaginal sponge was then kept in the same goats for 10 days followed, after a week, by an intramuscular injection of 500 IU eCG. Five adult female Nubian goats were mated with a fertile buck during the non-breeding season. During the non-breeding season 2 of the 5 goats showed a normal estrous cycle (ranging from 18 to 21 days) and 3 a short estrous cycle (ranging from 3 to 6 days). During the breeding season the equivalent figures were 1 and 2. The major axes of the corpus luteum (CL) were measured by means of calipers built into the ultrasonography system, and the concentrations of plasma progesterone (P₄) were determined by double antibody radioimmunoassay. The mean major axes of the CL in goats showing the short cycle (6.1 ± 0.5 mm) was significantly smaller than in those showing the normal cycle (8.9 ± 0.5 mm; p < 0.01) and also the value of P₄ in goats showing the short cycle (4.2 ± 2.1 ng/ml) was significantly lower than for those showing the normal cycle (10.3 ± 4.3 ng/ml; p < 0.05) at day 3 following ovulation. Three out of 5 Nubian goats became pregnant but only one goat carried to full term. The present experiment indicated that a combination of progesterone and eCG was effective in inducing estrus, although it resulted in a high incidence of short luteal lifespan. The low kidding rate and high incidence of embryonic loss may be due to the instability of the luteal lifespan.     

Effects of treadmill exercise on sweating in three breeds of goats

OBJECTIVE: To compare the sweating responses of three breeds of goats to exercise at 30 degrees C. DESIGN: Factorial experiment with two goats of each of three breeds exercised for 60 min at 3 km/h and 30 degrees C on 6 days. PROCEDURE: Two mature females of the Anglo-Nubian, Saanen and Toggenburg breeds were used. Rectal temperature, respiration rate and sweating rate at three sites were recorded every 20 min during six replicates of exercise at 48 h intervals on a treadmill. RESULTS: Respiration rate varied with time and breed (P < 0.01) and increased from 20 +/- 2 breaths/min to 135, 195 and 260/min after 60 min exercise in Anglo-Nubian, Saanen and Tottenburg goats, respectively. Bread differences in rectal temperature were small but significant (P < 0.001), and mean values increased from 38.9 degrees C before exercise to 39.7 degrees C after 1 h exercise. The breed x sites interaction for sweating was significant (P < 0.01). On the rump breed differences in sweating rate were not significant. On the loin, Toggenburg goats started to sweat most rapidly and reached maximal values of 80.2 +/- 10.6 g/m2/h after 20 min and then decreased to 70.0 +/- 4.3 g/m2/h at 60 min. Sweating rate on the ear was highest in Toggenburg goats, followed by those of Saanen and Anglo-Nubian goats (P < 0.05), but the differences were small (7 g/m2/h); peak values of 67.3 to 76.1 g/m2/h were recorded after 20 min. CONCLUSION: Respiration and sweating rates increased significantly during exercise in all three breeds of goats, but breed differences were marked only for respiration rate. The goats sweated more on the rump than on the loin on ear, with peak values after 40 min of exercise.     

鄂西北马头山羊繁殖性能分析

湖北省 6个县、市农户饲养的马头山羊繁殖性能调查资料 ,表明马头山羊公、母羔的初情日龄分别为 14 0 4± 16 9和 10 8 4±19 1,母羊发情持续期为 5 8 6h± 15 9h ,发情周期为 19 7d± 1 5d。母羊妊娠 15 0d± 7 4d ,产羔数平均为 (2 14± 0 9)只 ,羔羊成活率平均为 90 8% ,公羔和母羔的初生重分别为 1 61kg± 0 45kg和 1 5 9kg± 0 68kg。妊娠期与胎次无关 ,但随窝产羔数的增加而延长。产羔数以头胎最低 ,第 4胎时达到最高峰 ,然后逐渐降低。羔羊成活率在第 1～ 5胎差异不明显 ,第 6和第 7胎显著降低 ,第 8胎以后又升高。窝产羔数为 1～ 4时 ,羔羊成活率最高 ,产羔数为 5时 ,成活率最低。羔羊初生重与性别有关 ,公羔显著大于母羔。公羔的初生重与胎次有关 ,但与窝产羔数相关关系不明显。头胎母羊所产公羔的初生重最低 ,随胎次的增加 ,初生重有增大的趋势 ,而母羔则没有这种趋势。比较发现马头山羊类似于多胎动物