设施蔬菜生产节水灌溉制度研究现状及发展趋势

该文论述了节水灌溉对蔬菜生长发育的影响,评价了目前设施蔬菜生产过程中各种灌溉方式的特点和存在的问题。文中分析了设施栽培的耗水特点,指出一个良好的适于设施栽培的灌溉系统应具备的条件,在此基础上提出了对建立蔬菜生产优化灌溉制度的途径,并进行了初步的可行性分析。     

设施葡萄智能化水肥管理体系研究

当前设施葡萄栽培中水肥盲目投入问题严重,因为缺乏灌溉决策标准导致农户实际生产中难以合理应用水肥一体化技术.利用基于NB-IoT网络传输的固态电阻传感器设备对设施葡萄根系土壤水分进行实时监测,建立了基于土壤水分张力的设施葡萄灌溉决策指标,并依托水肥一体化设备实现自动灌溉.研究结果表明:智能灌溉与施肥结合的综合管理比农户常...     

小管出流亏缺灌溉对设施延后栽培葡萄产量与品质的影响

为揭示小管出流不同生育期亏缺灌溉对设施延后栽培葡萄耗水规律、产量与品质的影响,在张掖市灌溉试验站开展了设施延后栽培葡萄小管出流灌溉试验,分析了不同生育期亏水对延后栽培葡萄耗水规律、产量、水分利用效率、外观和营养品质的影响效果。结果表明,果实膨大期延后栽培葡萄耗水模系数占到50%以上,该阶段亏水减产幅度达32.53%;着色成熟期亏水可提高葡萄总糖含量、减小可滴定酸含量,葡萄营养品质总体最优;而果实膨大期亏水则导致葡萄果粒质量减小、酸涩度加重、花青苷含量降低。表明设施延后栽培葡萄产量与品质对各生育期亏水的敏感性不同,深入研究其规律对实现葡萄节水调质具有重要意义。     

磁化水灌溉对设施灵武长枣生长与果实品质的影响

为探究不同磁强磁化水灌溉对设施灵武长枣营养生长与果实品质的影响,以宁夏灵武市大泉林场基地设施栽培的灵武长枣为研究对象,对其营养生长(枣吊长、枣吊粗、叶面积等)和果实品质(可溶性糖含量、有机酸含量、Vc含量等)进行了测定分析。结果表明,采用ADS-1800磁强磁化水灌溉对枣吊生长的促进作用最大,枣吊净生长量较CK增加了15.6%;ADS-1400磁强磁化水灌溉提高了设施灵武长枣的单株产量,可达7.62 kg,增产效果最显著;ADS-800磁强磁化水灌溉可增加设施灵武长枣的可溶性固形物及可溶性糖含量,较CK分别增加了5.5%和4.38%。因此,不同磁强磁化水处理能促进灵武长枣的营养生长,影响果实品质。本研究结果为磁化水灌溉技术在设施灵武长枣生产上的应用提供了参考依据。     

棚室蔬菜生产中灌溉技术研究进展

该文对棚室蔬菜生产条件下，滴灌、地下滴灌、渗灌、微喷灌等节水灌溉技术与相关理论的研究进行了归纳总结，在此基础上提出棚室蔬菜生产中土壤水分调控进一步研究应注重生物节水、作物精量控制用水以及节水系统的科学管理，并重视农业节水与生态环境保护的密切结合。     

设施蔬菜立体栽培模式及配套技术要点

随着科技的不断进步,人们也在不断改进农业种植方法,开始将科学技术应用在农业生产中。近年来,我国开始大力提倡设施蔬菜培养以及立体栽培模式,与传统种植模式相比拥有诸多优势,能够有效提高产品的产量和质量。基于此,从设施蔬菜的概念出发,分析了设施蔬菜立体栽培模式的现状,并介绍了几种常见蔬菜的立体栽培模式及配套技术。     

沙漠腹地盐水灌溉条件下蔬菜种植技术初探

沙漠腹地盐水灌溉条件下种植蔬菜首先要建立防风固沙体系在此基础上对２０种蔬菜进行适应性筛，选出西葫芦、甜、茄子等９种适应性较强的蔬菜并建议推广，同时，摸索出沙漠腹地盐水灌溉条件下蔬菜种植的关键技术；育苗移栽，苗期集中管理，；底肥大量施用腐熟有机肥，追肥少量勤施；喷灌与漫灌相结合，以坟盐；植株精细调整，协调营养生长和生殖生长等。     

沙漠腹地盐水灌溉条件下蔬菜种植技术初探

沙漠腹地盐水灌溉条件下种植蔬菜首先要建立防风固沙体系,在基础上对20种蔬菜进行适应性筛选，选出西葫芦、甜瓜、茄子等9种适应性较强的蔬菜并建议推广。同时，摸索出沙漠腹地盐水灌溉条件下蔬菜种植的关键技术：育苗移栽，苗期集中管理；底肥大量施用腐熟有机肥，追肥少量勤施；喷灌与漫灌相结合，以水压盐；植株精细调整，协调营养生长和生殖生长等。     

污水灌溉在以色列农业中的应用

介绍了污水灌溉在以色列的发展现状和取得的成效，分析了污水灌溉在我国特别是干旱与半干旱地区农业生产中的意义。     

金衢丘陵棉区小型灌溉系统的分析与改造

浙江省金衢丘陵的地形较复杂，棉田的灌溉设施存在不少问题，为此，作者经过分析，改造成适合该地区的棉田小型灌溉示范工程，收到了节水省电、投入少而效益好的效果。     

塑料大棚条件下灌溉方法对土壤磷分布的影响

Water-saving irrigation methods have been increasingly used for vegetable cultivation in greenhouse or plastic film house.However,there is limited information concerning the effect of water-saving irrigation methods on soil phosphorus (P)behavior.In this experiment,drip and subsurface irrigation methods were applied,with furrow irrigation method as control,in Mollic Gleysols.Soil P distribution throughout the depth was significantly affected by irrigation methods.Total, Olsen,organic and inorganic P contents were greater in the topsoil(0–10 and 10–20 cm)than in the subsoil(20–30,30–40, 40–50 and 50–60 cm).The Olsen P content throughout 0–60 cm layer under drip and subsurface irrigation treatments was lower than that under the furrow irrigation treatment.However,the total,organic and inorganic P contents from 20 to 60 cm under drip irrigation treatment were higher than or close to those under furrow irrigation treatment,but were lower under subsurface irrigation treatment than under furrow irrigation treatment.Under subsurface irrigation treatment,the contents of total,organic and inorganic P at the 0–10 cm layer were 78.0%,1.3% and 3.7% greater than those at the 10–20 cm layer,respectively.But Olsen P content at the 10–20 cm layer was 5.7% larger than that at the 0–10 cm layer.These suggested that soil P behavior could be manipulated by soil water management to some extent.     

灌溉方法对保护地土壤有机氮矿化特性的影响

采用Stanford和Smith提出的长期间歇淋洗通气培养法,对连续7a采用渗灌、滴灌和沟灌灌溉,栽培番茄的保护地不同剖面层次土壤的有机氮矿化特点进行了研究。渗灌管为发汗式半软管,埋深为30cm;渗灌、滴灌和沟灌灌水方法及施肥、田间管理同当地农业生产。当20cm深处的土壤水吸力达到40kPa时开始灌水,渗灌和滴灌每次的灌水量是沟灌灌水量的1/2。试验结果表明,土壤矿化氮含量随着土层深度的增加而降低。从累积矿化氮量—时间曲线变化的趋势看,可将保护地土壤0～50cm剖面分为三个层次,其中渗灌与滴灌处理相似,为0～20cm、20～40cm和40～50cm土层,而沟灌处理则为0～30cm、30～40cm和40～50cm土层。保护地不同层次土壤有机氮的矿化可以用Twopool模型表达。比较不同灌溉处理,在0～10cm土层,易矿化有机氮含量(N1)表现为滴灌>沟灌>渗灌,易矿化有机氮矿化速率(k1)常数也以滴灌处理最大,说明滴灌更有利于表层土壤易矿化有机氮的形成。与渗灌和沟灌相比,长期使用滴灌灌溉有利于改善保护地土壤有机氮的品质。     

Production of Pearl Millet Irrigated with Different Levels of Brackish Water and Organic Matter

ABSTRACT

The objective is to determine the growth, yield and chemical characteristics of pearl millet irrigated with different levels of brackish water and organic matter in two cultivation cycles. The experimental design was randomized blocks in a 4 × 4 factorial arrangement, composed of 4 levels of brackish irrigation (25, 50, 75 and 100% evapotranspiration), 4 levels of organic matter (0, 15, 30 and 45 t ha^?1) with 3 repetitions. Along two cultivation cycles, pearl millet crop was analyzed for: plant growth variables, fresh and dry mass production, water-use efficiency, and chemical composition. There was significant interaction between applied water levels and organic matter for lignin in the 2nd cut (P < .05). The number of leaves, number of dead leaves and fresh mass production were influenced by the isolated effect of brackish water levels in cut 1 (P < .05). In turn, fresh mass production, dry mass production, plant height, leaves length, panicle length, fresh mass production, crude protein and ether extract were influenced by the isolated effect of saline water levels in the 2nd cut (P < .05). Growth, biomass production and chemical composition variables in second cut are positively influenced by different brackish irrigation levels under low rainfall conditions.     

意大利蔬菜生产与农用塑料的使用概况

介绍了意大利国内蔬菜生产种类与面积、设施蔬菜生产以及农用塑料使用的状况。     

意大利蔬菜生产与农用塑料的使用概况

介绍了意大利国内蔬菜生产种类与面积、设施蔬菜生产以及农用塑料使用的状况。     

Spinach-irrigating and fertilizing for optimum quality,quantity, and economy

The increasing scarcity of water for irrigation and environmental pollution due to excessive use of fertilizers are the important problems in vegetable production. A field experiment with combination of three levels of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization was employed to optimize the irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer usage of spinach. Traits, yields, quality, and economic factors of spinach under different regimes were determined. The yield was the highest when spinach was grown under the condition of the soil water content at 16.5% combined with 170 kg ha^?1 of nitrogen fertilizer, while the lowest yield was recorded for the one under the soil water content at 12.5% with 0 kg ha^?1. Nitrate and oxalate contents of spinach were highly dependent on levels of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization. Nitrogen fertilization significantly decreased nitrogen use efficiency. Both water use efficiency and profit responded positively to increased nitrogen fertilizer usage. To optimize the quality and earnings of spinach, and consider the fact that nitrogen fertilizer could degrade the quality of spinach, application of the nitrogen fertilizer at 85 kg ha^?1 and maintenance of the soil water content at 16.5% could be recommended for spinach cultivation under field conditions. Therefore, the findings in this present study are important to improve our knowledge of the irrigation and fertilization for the sustainable agriculture.     

加气灌溉水氮互作对温室芹菜地N2O排放的影响

为揭示加气条件下不同灌溉和施氮量对设施菜地N2O排放的影响,提出有效的N2O减排措施,该研究以温室芹菜为例,设置充分灌溉(1.0 Ep,I1;Ep为2次灌水间隔内φ20 cm标准蒸发皿的累计蒸发量)和亏缺灌溉(0.75 Ep,I2)2个灌溉水平和0 (N0)、150 (N150)、200 (N200)、250 kg/hm2 (N250)4个施氮水平,采用静态箱-气相色谱法对各处理土壤N2O的排放进行监测,并分析不同灌溉和氮肥水平下土壤温度、湿度、矿质氮(NH4+-N和NO3--N)、硝化细菌和反硝化细菌的变化,以及对土壤N2O排放的影响.结果表明:充分灌水温室芹菜地N2O排放显著(P＜0.05)高于亏缺灌溉;施氮显著(P＜0.05)增加了土壤N2O排放,N150、N200和N250处理的N2O累积排放量分别是N0处理的2.30、4.14和7.15倍.设施芹菜地N2O排放与土壤温度、湿度和硝态氮含量呈指数相关关系(P＜0.01),与硝化细菌和反硝化细菌数量呈线性相关关系(P＜0.01),而与土壤铵态氮没有显著相关关系.灌水和施氮提高芹菜产量的同时,显著增强了土壤N2O排放.综合考虑产量和温室效应,施氮量150 kg/hm2、亏缺灌溉为较佳的管理模式.该研究为设施菜地N2O减排及确定合理的水氮投入量提供参考.     

生活污水灌溉小白菜的盆栽试验研究

污水水质及灌溉制度是影响污水灌溉安全性的主要因素.盆栽试验设置了两种水质(清水和污水)和4个灌水下限(60?,70?,80?,90?),共8个处理,研究了污灌条件下不同灌水下限对小白菜生长及品质的影响.试验结果表明:生活污水灌溉会造成小白菜轻度减产,植株的硝酸盐含量和叶片叶绿素含量增加,植株重金属累积增加;灌水下限对小白菜生长状况和品质均有较大影响,污水灌溉条件下各项指标随灌水下限变化的变化规律不同于清水灌溉条件,表明污水灌溉的灌水下限不能直接移用清水灌溉的控制指标.综合分析表明污水灌溉80? 灌水下限条件下小白菜有较高的产量、水分利用效率和叶绿素含量,较低的硝酸盐含量和重金属富集,因此选择土壤相对含水率80?以及与此相对应的叶片细胞液浓度9.3%作为污水灌溉的灌水下限指标.