猪殃殃与小麦之间竞争的一些研究

1.由于猪殃殃的竞争,小麦穗数、粒数减少,粒重降低,导致减产。田间猪殃殃株数。茎枝数,干物重与小麦产量损失之间有极显著回归关系。猪殃殃茎枝数每增加1万茎/亩,穗数减少0.051万穗,穗粒数减少0.022粒,千粒重降低0.014克。小麦产量损失0.94斤。 2.猪殃殃与小麦共生时间越长,对产量影响越大。与小麦同时出草的猪殃殃,共生到三月底小麦拔节期,减产不显著;共生到四月底小麦抽穗期,减产达极显著水平。初步认为,三月底,四月初是影响小麦产量的临界期。 3.猪殃殃密度大的情况下,除了与小麦竞争,内部竞争也相当激烈,密度越大,分枝的成活率越低。 4.根据其危害损失,结合当前生产水平,建议把防除指标定为60茎/尺~2。猪殃殃是遍布全省、发生和危害正在逐年加重的麦田恶性杂草。1979—1981年,我所曾对其生物学和发生规律、危害损失等作了观察和研究,明确了田间发生密度10株/尺~2以上,即能造成小麦显著减产;3月下旬是药剂防除适期。1983—1984年,着重对猪殃殃和小麦之间的竞争关系及其影响作了一些研究,得出了根据猪殃殃田间发生量来估测小麦产量损失的回归方程式,并根据猪殃殃竞争的临界期,从理论上肯定了3月下旬是春季防除适期;建议改用60茎/尺~2为防除指标,比用株数为指标更准确,更易掌握。     

野燕麦、遏兰菜复合群体对小麦产量损失研究

试验采用二因素五水平二次回归通用旋转组合设计，研究野燕麦遏兰菜不同密度的复合群体与小麦减产率，穗数减少率，穗粒数减少率等指标函数间的变化规律。结果表明，野燕麦密度是影响产量的主要因子，遏兰菜密度是次要因子。野燕麦，遏兰菜密度与小麦减产率，穗数减少率，穗粒数减少率在试验范围内呈正相关关系，小麦减产率回归方程为：Ｙｙ＝２０．７０＋６．０９１３ｘ１＋２．１５６３ｘ２＋４．３２５０ｘ１ｘ２－２．１３５５ｘ     

农田野燕麦的危害与燕麦畏的开发前景

一、农田野燕麦的发生和危害野燕麦是世界性的农田恶性杂草。在60至80年代曾在欧洲、北美等地严重发生。在我国于60年代初期开始,在青海、甘肃、宁夏和黑龙江严重发生,每亩有野燕麦几十至上百万株,使小麦减产达20～30％,重者50％以上,甚至毁种弃耕。约经20余年,野燕麦迅速传播蔓延,东侵南犯。至80年代中期,全国野燕麦发生危害面积达7500万亩,其中严重危害面积约2400万亩,每年减产粮食约17.5亿千克。其中河南省野燕麦发生面积达1600万亩,陕西省野燕麦受害面积达500万亩,新疆野燕麦危害面积约420万亩,每年损失粮食约1.5亿千克。内蒙古野燕麦危害面积350万商,每年损失粮食1.5亿千克以上。在江苏省,野燕麦危害迅速加重,仅扬州地区发生面积已达104万亩。在云南、湖北等省野燕麦危害也很严重。     

农田野燕麦的发生与防除

一、野燕麦发生与危害: 野燕麦适应性强,繁殖蔓延快,控制不当,危害逐年加剧。估计全国约有6千万亩农田受害,每年损失粮食约15-20亿斤。 1.春麦区:西北、东北等春麦区,于3—4月小麦出苗后3—7天相继出苗;苗期生长慢,后期快,6月出穗,7—9月陆续成熟,     

播娘蒿对小麦危害损失的通径分析

应用通径分析原理进行了播娘蒿对小麦每亩有效穗数、每穗粒数、千粒重及产量影响的分析，力图剖析播娘蒿的为害结构与产量损失的形式过程，以及各危害因子（杂草密度、杂草干重、绝对高积重）之间的相互关系。分析结果表明，杂草密度主要影响小麦每亩穗数与千粒重，杂草干重与绝对高积重主要影响每穗粒数与最终产量。播娘蒿的危害引起千粒重下降是造成产量损失的主要因素。     

麦田野燕麦生物学特性及防治技术

野燕麦(Avena sp)属禾本科燕麦属一年生草本植物,是世界性农田恶性杂草。目前我国约16个省,计5800万亩农田遭受野燕麦危害,每年损失粮食达20亿斤以上。我省小麦常年栽培面积6500万亩,是我国小麦主要产区之一。六十年代初,由于缺乏严格的植物检疫制度,在引进小麦良种中野燕麦夹带传入我省。野燕麦适应性强,繁殖量大,加之发生初期未注意控制,致使野燕麦在我省蔓延成灾。1979年据全省重点县,国营农场的调查,发生面积达1600万亩,其中严重发生面积300万亩左右,一般减产1—2成,重的在     

燕麦孢囊线虫对山东地区小麦产量的影响

为评估燕麦孢囊线虫Heterodera avenae发生对小麦产量损失的影响,采用室内盆栽和田间试验相结合的方法,测定了燕麦孢囊线虫不同初始接种密度下对山东省小麦主栽品种的为害损失。结果表明：盆栽条件下,燕麦孢囊线虫为害小麦,影响小麦农艺性状,每克土壤中初始接种卵量为5~30个时,小麦叶绿素含量、根干重、茎干重、有效分蘖数、穗粒数、千粒重、穗重与未接种线虫处理的小麦相比分别降低了10.89%~34.46%、30.65%~73.95%、13.93%~58.68%、30.48%~53.33%、3.97%~36.93%、-3.73%~1.28%、-0.72%~35.08%;而在田间肥水充足条件下,燕麦孢囊线虫对小麦的各项产量指标无显著影响;繁殖系数与线虫初始密度呈负相关。试验表明,燕麦孢囊线虫发生对小麦产量存在潜在威胁,在制定防治措施时,应充分考虑水肥条件,重视对中低产田的影响。     

麦田雀麦发生动态及其对小麦产量的影响

雀麦(Bromus japonicus)是一种越冬性一年生杂草,是我国北方冬小麦田发生最严重的禾本科杂草之一,对小麦造成严重减产。为明确雀麦在我国冬小麦田的田间发生动态规律,于2013-2015年在山东省泰安市雀麦发生严重的冬小麦田进行相关试验。采用固定样方和随机样方取样的方法,研究冬小麦田雀麦的出苗规律及其在田间的消长动态,同时研究不同密度雀麦对小麦产量的影响。结果表明,小麦播种后7~30 d为雀麦的出苗高峰期,至12月上旬出苗量占总出苗总量的85.3%。11月中旬,雀麦开始分蘖,平均分蘖数为4.8个/株,比小麦多1.3个/株。3月下旬雀麦生长速度加快,4月下旬平均株高超过小麦,5月中下旬平均株高达到115.0 cm,高出同期小麦24.1 cm。5月中旬,雀麦与小麦单株平均鲜重趋于稳定,分别为17.24、37.72 g。雀麦与小麦在株高、鲜重等方面的变化趋势基本一致,与外界温度的变化密切相关。当雀麦密度为5株/m^2时,小麦产量损失率达5.35%,表明少数雀麦即可对小麦产量造成显著减产;随着雀麦密度的增加,小麦产量快速下降,其对小麦产量的影响主要表现在小麦的有效穗密度上,对小麦的千粒质量与穗粒数则影响较小。当雀麦密度为640株/m^2时,小麦产量损失率为36.81%,小麦穗密度减少35.69%。     

雀麦不同防除时间对小麦产量的影响

为明确山东省小麦田中禾本科杂草雀麦不同防除时间对小麦产量的影响,于2013—2015年连续在聊城市高唐县姜店村试验田中调查雀麦发生时间及数量,测定了不同雀麦防除时间的小麦产量情况。结果表明,该区小麦田在每年的3月1日—4月1日雀麦发生量最大,2013—2014年和2014—2015年度的平均密度分别为55.0茎/m~2和297.0茎/m~2。冬小麦田间雀麦的最佳除草时间在每年4月1日之前为宜;4月1日之后防除雀麦则造成小麦减产,严重时产量损失可达90.8%,甚至造成小麦绝产;综合2年度试验结果,雀麦危害造成小麦的产量损失能直接影响小麦的产量构成因素即小麦有效穗数,其次是千粒重,对穗粒数的影响较小。表明小麦田雀麦对小麦产量影响大小不仅与雀麦密度有关,也与雀麦防除时间密切相关。     

冬小麦田大穗看麦娘种群动态及对小麦产量的影响

为明确麦田杂草大穗看麦娘Alopecurus myosuroides的田间种群发生动态规律,采用固定样方和随机样方取样方法于2013—2015年在山东省济南市研究了冬小麦田大穗看麦娘田间种群的萌发和生长动态,并分析了不同密度大穗看麦娘对小麦产量及其构成因素的影响。结果表明:在济南市小麦播后20~40 d为大穗看麦娘出苗高峰期,至11月下旬出苗量占全年出苗总量的97.1%。11月上旬,大穗看麦娘开始出现分蘖,至翌年4月上中旬结束,分蘖数平均每株为6.3个,比小麦多3.1个。3月下旬大穗看麦娘开始拔节,4月中旬平均株高超过小麦,5月下旬平均株高达到75.6 cm,高出小麦2.5 cm。5月上旬大穗看麦娘单茎平均鲜重达到最大为1.7 g,小麦为12.6 g。大穗看麦娘出苗、株高、分蘖和鲜重的变化与小麦变化趋势一致,与时间、温度密切相关。随着大穗看麦娘密度的增加,小麦产量急剧下降,当密度达到420株/m~2时,小麦产量损失率高达65.8%。大穗看麦娘对小麦产量构成因素中的穗密度影响最大,其次是穗粒数,对千粒重影响不显著,当密度为420株/m~2时,小麦穗密度减少55.2%,穗粒数减少26.4%。     

THE EFFECT OF COMPETITION FROM CEREAL CROPS ON THE GERMINATION AND GROWTH OF AVENA FATUA L. IN A NATURALLY-INFESTED FIELD

Summary. The effect of winter wheat, winter rye, winter barley, spring barley, and fallow cultivated as for a winter cereal, on germination and growth of wild oats ( A. fatua ) was investigated on a naturally-infested field. Treatments were continued for 2 years on the same plots and in the third year all plots were cropped with spring barley. Wild oats were not allowed to shed seeds.
A. fatua was controlled by a dense crop of an autumn-sown cereal. The crop genus was unimportant provided it grew well on the site; its effectiveness depended on its density when the wild oats germinated in spring. Winter wheat and winter rye were equally effective. Even in a light crop of barley, wild oats grew much less vigorously than on the fallow plots. Beyond a certain crop density dependent on soil fertility, further increase in crop did not decrease the size of wild oats. The heaviest crop did not completely suppress the wild oats.
The crop affected the wild oats mainly by decreasing growth of the seedlings, but under winter wheat and winter rye some wild oat seeds may have remained dormant, germinating in the spring barley in the third year, perhaps because the crops decreased the soil moisture content. Nitrogenous fertilizer increased the weight of both crops and wild oats. Barley was more severely affected by soil acidity than wild oats and on acid areas of barley plots the wild oats were larger than where the pH was higher. In wheat and rye which were scarcely affected by soil acidity the size of the wild oat plants was unaffected by soil pH.
L'effet du competition des céréales sur la germination et le développement d' Avena fatua dans un champ naturellement infesté .     

THE INFLUENCE OF IRRIGATION, FERTILIZING AND MCPA ON THE COMPETITION BETWEEN SPRING CEREALS AND WEEDS

Summary. The average air-dry yield of weeds on fallow plots was about four times as large (2660 kg/ha) as the yield of weeds which developed among spring cereal crops (740 kg/ha). Application of fertilizers increased the number of weeds and their average weight on both irrigated and non-irrigated plots. Treatment with MCPA reduced the weed yield to 36% on fallow plots and to 26% on weedy cereal plots. It was more effective on fertilized plots than on unfertilized plots, but irrigation made little difference to its effectiveness. The space left by the destroyed weeds was mainly occupied by Agropyron repens . Oats were better able to compete with weeds than were wheat and barley. On unfertilized and non-irrigated plots spraying with MCPA (1-26 kg/ha) at the beginning of shooting significantly reduced the yields of weed-free barley. The yields of sprayed oats and wheat were also below the yields from the unsprayed although the reductions were not significant at the 5% level. However, on a number of fertilized and irrigated plots, both weedy and hand-weeded , on which the plants had better growing conditions, MCPA resulted in a significant increase in the grain yield of barley and oats.
Influence de l'irrigation, de la fertilisation et du MCPA sur la compétition entre céréales de printemps et mauvaises herbes     

Some studies of competition between Avena fatua L. and spring barley I. The influence of A. fatua on yield of barley

A. fauta reduced yields of spring barley in the majority of 51 experiments carried out during 1971 and 1972. Infestations ranging from 8 to 662 seedlings/m² in the spring resulted in yield reductions varying from nothing to 72%; in 11 experiments these exceeded 1–2 t/ha. Reductions in yield were poorly correlated with numbers of seedlings, panicles or wild oat seeds produced. However, there was a good correlation between yield loss and the dry weight of wild oats at harvest. Growth and competitive effects of wild oats differed between the two years. Grain losses were due mainly to reductions in the numbers of ear bearing barley tillers. The influence and significance of the effect of competition on the size of barley grains is discussed.     

COMPETITION OF WILD OATS (AVENA FATUA L.) IN WHEAT AND FLAX*

Summary. This project was designed to study various aspects of wild oat competition in spring wheat and flax. From ten to forty wild oat plants/yd² were sufficient to cause significant yield reductions in wheat when grown on summerfallow land or when ammonium phosphate fertilizer was added to stubble land. However, when wheat was grown on stubble land without the benefit of a fertilizer treatment, seventy to one hundred wild oat plants/yd² were needed to suppress wheat yields significantly. This would suggest that on stubble land, soil fertility was a more important factor than moderate densities of wild oats in determining eventual crop yields. In these experiments, wild oats reduced the number of tillers per plant, but did not significantly affect the protein content of the harvested grain. Only ten wild oat plants/yd² were sufficient to reduce flax yields significantly on both summerfallow and stubble land. The only exception was in 1966, when flax grown on summerfallow land was not significantly affected until the density of wild oats reached forty plants/yd2. This confirms the general observation that flax is a poor competitor with wild oats. The results suggest that wild oat competition had already commenced prior to emergence of wheat, particularly with the higher densities of wild oats. In general, competitive effects increased with time and with wild oat density. In flax, severe competition had already taken place prior to the 2–3-Ieaf stage of the weed in 1964, but did not become severe until after the 2–3-leaf stage of wild oat growth in 1965 and 1966. Again, competitive effects increased with time and with wild oat density. Results of a final series of experiments, suggested that the optimum seeding date for flax in Manitoba is the latter part of May or the first week of June. Yield reductions due to wild oat competition became very severe as seeding dates were delayed. La compétition de la folle avoine (A vena fatua L.) avec le blé et le lin     

猪殃殃危害损失及其防除策略初探

猪殃殃是分布很广的一种农田杂草,在江苏严重影响小麦生产。本文论证了此种杂草对小麦生产的影响,讨论了化学防除的适期和指标。     

A STUDY OF THE COMPETITION BETWEEN BARLEY AND OATS AS INFLUENCED BY BARLEY SEEDRATE, NITROGEN LEVEL AND BARBAN TREATMENT

Summary. The object of the work described in this paper was to obtain information on the relationship between the effects of crop competition and barban treatment on oats growing in another cereal. The work was carried out on barley cross-drilled with cultivated oats. Variation in crop competition was obtained by using different barley seed-rates and nitrogen levels. Increasing the seedrate of barley without applying barban resulted in a reduction of the initial oat population. This reduction applied to weight of individual shoots, number of shoots and panicles per unit area and number of spikelets per panicle. The application of barban at selective rates gave an independent reduction of oats of the order of 80%. This value proved almost constant at each seedrate of barley. Crop competition and barban accordingly seem to art independently and their effects appear to be simply additive. The barley fresh weights per unit area increased substantially when oat competition was reduced by barban treatment. The highest increase occurred on the plots with the lowest barley seedrate in spite of the fact that these plots still appeared infested with oats at harvest time. Nitrogen application stimulated the growth of barley and oats to a similar degree and did not in consequence lead to a selective suppression of oats.
Etude de l'influence de la densité du Semis, du taux de fertilisation azotée et du traitement au barbane, sur la concurrence entre une Orge et une Avoine     

麦鞘毛眼水蝇为害损失与经济阈值的研究

1989—1990年在甘南藏族自治州合作地区选用青棵农家品种“肚里黄”为试验材料,根据麦鞘毛眼水蝇(IIydrellia chinensis Qi et Li)为害特点,应用田间自然种群与药剂处理相结合的方法,通过线性回归分析、相关分析及通径分析、对青稞不同受害程度与产量损失的关系进行了研究。结果表明:“肚里黄”品种旗叶叶鞘受害程度的大小对青稞千粒重产量的形成有明显的影响,而其它叶鞘的影响不明显;经回归分析,平均严重度(X_2)、为害指数(X_3)与产量损失率(Y)的关系式分别为:Y=4.1599 0.4962X_2和Y=5.4197 0.4718X_3;空壳率的上升是造成产量损失的直接因素;在自然条件下,其经济阈值的数学模型为: X=1/2.58977CN(10.8737CN C_1)(卵量) 据此,合作地区麦鞘毛眼水蝇的防治指标为拔节后期单株卵量4.2粒。     

草地贪夜蛾在云南元谋县青稞、燕麦、糜子田的发生为害特征

2019年10月31日我们在楚雄州元谋县(25.899°N,101.791°E)青稞、燕麦、糜子和小麦田发现草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(J.E.Smith),发生严重。田间调查表明:青稞、燕麦、糜子和小麦的受害株(丛)率分别为90.63%、31.64%、100%和86.84%,有虫株(丛)率分别为24.65%、17.19%、12.20%和27.19%,百株虫量分别为28.13、23.05、12头和42.98头。同时,发现草地贪夜蛾在青稞、燕麦、糜子上的为害特征与在玉米上的特征不同,表现为低龄幼虫食叶蛀心,高龄幼虫切根断蘖(穗)。与在小麦上的为害特征相似:1~2龄幼虫分布于叶片和心叶上;3~4龄幼虫向下移动至中部叶片、叶鞘和近地表面的分蘖着生处;4~6龄幼虫多数躲避在麦丛基部和表土下1 cm根茎连接处和缝隙中,与地下害虫的为害特征相似,不易发现,应引起重视。     

旱胁迫对啤酒大麦产量及酿造品质的影响

在武威黄羊镇啤酒大麦试验基地进行了干旱胁迫对甘啤6号生育期、农艺性状、籽粒产量、原麦品质、酿造品质的影响试验研究。结果表明:干旱胁迫下甘啤6号各生育期均提前,成活率降低,分蘖减少,株高、穗长、单株穗数、单株粒数、单株粒重、单穗粒重、穗粒数均降低;干旱胁迫使甘啤6号成穗数、穗粒数、千粒重均降低,导致产量降低,其中对成穗数影响最大,其次为穗粒数,对千粒重影响最小;干旱胁迫使大麦蛋白质含量升高,千粒重、淀粉含量和筛选率均降低,千粒重降幅尤其明显;干旱胁迫使麦芽糖化时间、糖化力、粘度、β-葡聚糖、微粉浸出率、粗细粉差降低,粗粉浸出率、a-氨基氮、可溶性氮、蛋白质、库值升高。