海参液态发酵制备枯草杆菌蛋白酶的研究

以优化的纳豆枯草杆菌液态发酵条件为基础,海参为培养基液态发酵生产枯草杆菌蛋白酶。试验结果表明:发酵12 h时菌体生长达到最高峰,12~80 h为稳定期,80 h后为衰亡期;通过纤溶酶活力测定发现,发酵产酶活力最高时间为3 d,酶活力高达245.75 IU/m l,菌体生长时间与酶活力相关;发酵前后发酵液中总糖和蛋白质的浓度均有减少且与菌体生长情况相对应,说明发酵过程中菌体利用发酵液中的糖、蛋白质作为营养物质生长,而氨基酸的含量相对增加。     

Alanine racemase activity in the microalga <Emphasis Type="Italic">thalassiosira</Emphasis> sp.

ABSTRACT:   In this paper, the authors report the detection of alanine racemase activity in the marine diatom Thalassiosira sp. Since the Thalassiosira sp. was cultured under germ-free conditions, it appeared that D-alanine was not derived from bacteria but was produced through catalysis by algal alanine racemase. The rate of conversion of L-alanine to D-alanine was approximately the same as that for the reverse reaction, and the enzyme catalyzed the equilibration of the D- and L-forms. The crude enzyme preparation obtained from the cells at the stationary phase of the growth cycle had an optimal pH of approximately 9.5. The Lineweaver–Burk analysis showed that the K _m for D- and L-alanine was 16.5 mM and 29.4 mM, respectively. It appears that the enzyme is highly specific for D- or L-alanine because it does not catalyze the racemization of other amino acids. In addition, after gel filtration, the enzyme did not require exogenous pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) for its activity, however, the effects of several chemicals suggest that the enzyme may be PLP-dependent. The enzyme is more similar to that found in invertebrates when compared with that found in bacteria. This is the first report on the occurrence of alanine racemase activity in the microalga Thalassiosira sp.     

Compensatory growth and digestive enzyme activity of Litopenaeus vannamei submitted to feeding restriction in a biofloc system

Feeding restriction is a strategy in shrimp farming management that may promote compensatory growth after feeding is re‐established. This study aims to evaluate the effects of two feeding restriction regimens on the compensatory growth and digestive enzymes activity of Litopenaeus vannamei reared in biofloc system. Juvenile shrimp (0.46 ± 0.18 g) were stocked (320 individuals/m³) in 310 L tanks. The experiment comprised two phases: (a) Feeding Restriction (30 days) when shrimp were submitted to three feeding regimes, Control (fed daily), R1F1 (repetitively fasted one day and fed one day) and R2F1 (repetitively fasted 2 days and fed 1 day); and (b) Refeeding (28 days) when shrimp were fed daily. In the restriction phase, shrimp growth and digestive enzyme activities were reduced in R2F1 and R1F1. However, during the refeeding phase, enzyme activities and feed conversion improve significantly in R2F1 and R1F1. Control group attained higher final weight, but its final biomass was similar to R1F1. Litopenaeus vannamei exhibited partial compensatory growth, probably due to improved feed conversion efficiency driven by increased enzyme activity. It is possible to reduce feeding by 50% (R1F1) in biofloc systems for 28 days, without compromising the biomass produced at the end of a 30‐day refeeding period.     

饲养密度对银鲳幼鱼增重率及消化酶活性的影响

研究了饲养密度对银鲳(Pampus argenteus)幼鱼(5.33±0.07 g)增重率及消化酶活性的影响。实验共设4组饲养密度,分别为5、10、15、25 ind.m-3,依次编为D1、D2、D3、D4组,实验周期为60 d。研究结果显示,饲养密度对银鲳幼鱼的增重率具有显著性影响,4组密度组中以D3组银鲳的增重率最高,且均显著高于其它3组密度组(P<0.05)。最高密度组(D4组)的增重率与D2组无显著性差异(P>0.05),但两组的增重率均显著高于D1组(P<0.05)。4组密度组间银鲳胃蛋白酶活性并无显著性差异,但胰蛋白酶、脂肪酶和淀粉酶活性则在不同密度组间呈现出显著性差异。胰蛋白酶与脂肪酶活性均在D3组达到最高值,且均显著高于其它各密度组(P<0.05)。D3和D4组的淀粉酶活性显著高于D1和D2组(P<0.05)。综合分析可知,饲养密度可显著影响银鲳幼鱼的增重率与消化酶活性,本实验条件下的适宜饲养密度范围内(15 ind.m-3左右),银鲳幼鱼具有较好的生长速度及较高的消化酶活性。     

Growth and ontogenetic change in activities of digestive enzymes in Fennero Penaeus indicus postlarvae

The growth and enzyme response of Fennero Penaeus indicus postlarvae (PL) was assessed with natural and artificial diets for the first 2 weeks of PL development to PL14 (14 days after metamorphosis to PL1). At PL14, postlarvae reared under similar conditions were separated into two size groups based on slow growth (9.57 ± 0.46 mm) and fast growth (13.90 ± 0.28 mm), and reared for a further 63 days. Growth among postlarvae PL1 and the smaller size group at PL14 fed on artificial diet was significantly slower than that of PLs fed on Artemia nauplii or fresh mussel. In contrast, the larger size group at PL14 did not show a significant difference in growth when fed artificial diet or fresh mussel. Trypsin and amylase response was significantly related to postlarval total length ( P  < 0.001); thus, digestive enzyme response increased with size and stage of development, but did not change significantly with diet fed. The amylase–protease ratio increased from PL1 and amylase activity became higher than the activity of trypsin for 2–3 weeks after metamorphosis. It appears that during the early stages of development postlarvae are unable to digest artificial diets efficiently because of low digestive capacity. Hence, poorly digestible feed delayed development and increased size variability. For smaller PL14, poor performance on artificial diets is possibly linked to a genetically regulated constraint, but not to digestive capacity since enzyme levels were similar to those found in larger PL14. During postlarval stages digestive enzyme production seems to be developmentally cued so that for postlarvae it appears that more digestible high-energy diets are required to reduce size variability during the nursery phase.     

盐度对四指马鲅(Eleutheronema tetradactylum)幼鱼生长及其鳃丝Na+/K+-ATP酶的影响

采用盐度渐变的方法,研究了盐度2、10、18、26、34共5个梯度对四指马鲅幼鱼(7.82± 0.43 g)生长及其鳃丝Na+/K+-ATP酶的影响.结果表明,盐度对四指马鲅幼鱼的生长和存活均有不同程度的影响.在实验盐度范围内,随着盐度的升高,四指马鲅幼鱼的最终体重、特定增长率(SGR)、日增重(DWG)、增重率(GBW)和增长率(GBL)均出现逐渐降低的趋势,且部分盐度组间差异显著(P＜0.05),其中上述各项指标中,盐度2组均最高,与盐度10组差异不显著(P＞0.05),而与盐度18、26、34组存在显著性差异(P＜0.05),盐度34组显著低于其他盐度组(P＜0.05);幼鱼的饲料系数随盐度升高逐渐增大,且部分盐度组间差异显著(P＜0.05).在成活率方面,除盐度34组的成活率为72.2%,显著低于其他盐度组外(P＜0.05),其他各盐度组成活率均达到90%以上.盐度对四指马鲅幼鱼鳃丝Na+/K+-ATP酶也存在一定影响,经过3 d的盐度驯化后,实验第0天部分盐度组幼鱼鳃丝Na+/K+-ATP酶的活力有显著差异,其中盐度 34 组显著高于其他组(P＜0.05),盐度 18、26 组显著低于其他组(P＜0.05).实验开始后到第10天,盐度2、10、34组幼鱼鳃丝Na+/K+-ATP酶的活力有所降低,此后,各盐度组幼鱼鳃丝Na+/K+-ATP酶的活力趋于稳定.经过30d的养殖发现,盐度34组幼鱼鳃丝Na+/K+-ATP酶的活力最高,显著高于其他组(P＜0.05),而盐度2、10组幼鱼鳃丝Na+/K+-ATP酶的活力略低于盐度18、26组,但差异并不显著(P＞0.05).从以上结果可见,盐度对四指马鲅幼鱼的生长和鳃丝Na+/K+-ATP酶活力有一定影响.     

野生和养殖三疣梭子蟹消化酶及SOD酶活性的比较分析

为揭示三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)不同生长阶段的消化酶和超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)活性的变化规律,及其与生长环境之间的关系,以野生和养殖三疣梭子蟹的幼蟹、雌性成蟹及抱卵雌蟹为研究对象,分别测定比较了其肝胰腺中的胃蛋白酶、脂肪酶、淀粉酶及肌肉中的SOD活性,结果表明:(1)野生和养殖幼蟹的淀粉酶活性分别为(1.57±0.09)U.mg-1和(2.61±0.01)U.mg-1,显著高于成蟹和抱卵蟹(P<0.05);野生和养殖成蟹的胃蛋白酶活性分别为(5.83±0.45)U.mg-1和(2.77±0.10)U.mg-1,显著高于幼蟹和抱卵蟹(P<0.05),是幼蟹和抱卵蟹的2～3倍;脂肪酶活性以养殖抱卵蟹最高,野生成蟹次之;消化酶活性变化与蟹的生长阶段及食性转变相关。(2)幼蟹、成蟹和抱卵蟹的SOD酶均表现为野生蟹显著高于养殖蟹(P<0.05);野生成蟹的脂肪酶和胃蛋白酶活性亦显著高于养殖成蟹,是养殖成蟹的2.5倍以上。因此,养殖蟹的机体健康水平、免疫保护和抗应激能力不及野生蟹,尤以幼蟹阶段SOD酶活性最低,抗逆境力最差。     

饲料蛋白水平对方格星虫稚虫日增重和消化酶活性的影响

为探讨饲料蛋白水平对方格星虫稚虫日增重和消化酶活性的影响,以9种蛋白水平(25.21%、29.87%、35.03%、40.67%、45.47%、50.12%、55.29%、60.38%、64.85%)的等能微颗粒饲料(以D1-D9表示)饲喂稚星虫8周。结果表明,饲料蛋白水平对稚星虫的日增重有显著影响(P<0.05)。随着饲料蛋白水平的提高,稚星虫的日增重呈先增后降的趋势,在D5组达到最大值。对稚星虫消化酶活性的分析表明,稚星虫蛋白酶活性随着饲料蛋白水平的上升呈先增后降的趋势,在D6组达到最大值,且显著高于D1-D5组(P<0.05);淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性随着饲料蛋白水平的上升有显著降低的趋势(P<0.05),D9组稚星虫的淀粉酶活性显著低于D1-D4组(P<0.05);D9组稚星虫脂肪酶活性显著低于除D8组外的其他各蛋白水平组(P<0.05)。以日增重为评价指标,稚星虫对饲料蛋白的适宜需求量为46.69%。     

不同阶段三疣梭子蟹保护酶及消化酶活性研究

以三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)的幼蟹、雌性成蟹及抱卵雌蟹为研究对象,分别测定比较了野生和养殖蟹肌肉中的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)及肝胰腺中的胃蛋白酶、脂肪酶、淀粉酶活性,旨在揭示三疣梭子蟹不同生长阶段的消化酶和SOD酶活性的变化规律,及其与生长环境之间的关系。结果表明:(1)幼蟹、成蟹和抱卵蟹的SOD酶均表现为野生蟹显著高于养殖蟹(P<0.05);野生成蟹的脂肪酶和胃蛋白酶活性亦显著高于养殖蟹,是养殖蟹的2.5倍以上。因此,养殖蟹的机体健康水平、免疫保护和抗应激能力不及野生蟹,尤以幼蟹阶段SOD酶活性最低,抗逆境力最差。(2)野生和养殖幼蟹的淀粉酶活性分别为(1.57±0.09)U.mg-1和(2.61±0.01)U.mg-1,显著高于成蟹和抱卵蟹(P<0.05);野生和养殖成蟹的胃蛋白酶活性分别为(5.83±0.45)U.mg-1和(2.77±0.10)U.mg-1,显著高于幼蟹和抱卵蟹(P<0.05),是幼蟹和抱卵蟹的2～3倍;脂肪酶活性以养殖抱卵蟹最高,野生成蟹次之;消化酶活性变化与蟹的生长阶段及食性转变相关。     

Effects of Dietary Inclusion of Chlorella vulgaris on Growth,Blood Biochemical Parameters,and Antioxidant Enzyme Activity in Olive Flounder,Paralichthys olivaceus

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of dietary inclusion of defatted Chlorella on growth performance, body composition, blood biochemistry, and antioxidant enzyme activity in olive flounder. Four isonitrogenous (51% crude protein) diets were formulated to contain 0 (control), 5, 10, or 15% Chlorella meal (CM) (designated as Con, CM5, CM10, and CM15, respectively) and fed to triplicate groups of fish (104.4 g) to apparent satiation twice daily for 8 wk. At the end of the feeding trial, significant enhancement (P < 0.05) in growth performance was obtained at over 10% CM compared to fish fed the control diet. No significant changes in dorsal muscle and liver proximate composition were found following CM administration. The groups fed CM‐containing diets revealed significantly lower plasma cholesterol concentration than those fed the control diet. Dietary CM affected antioxidant enzyme activity; significantly higher plasma catalase activity was found in fish fed ≥10% CM and total antioxidant capacity increased in CM5 and CM10 groups compared to the control. However, plasma glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities were not significantly influenced by dietary CM. Also, significant enhancement in 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picryl‐hydrazyl radical scavenging activity was found in dorsal muscle of fish fed CM15 diet compared to the control. The findings in this study showed that dietary inclusion of 10–15% CM can enhance growth performance and affect antioxidant enzyme activity and lipid metabolism in olive flounder.     

皱纹盘鲍消化酶的研究

本文对人工养殖的、不同生长时期的正常鲍和病鲍的消化酶活力进行了研究。酶学分析表明，在皱纹盘鲍消化器官中存在着胃蛋白酶（酸性蛋白酶），最适ＰＨ２．８～３．５；类胰蛋白酶（碱性蛋白酶），最适ＰＨ７．８～１０；淀粉酶和纤维素酶。蛋白酶及纤维素酶随着鲍鱼的生长发育活性逐渐增强，淀粉酶逐渐减弱。肝中的酶活性高于其它器官，正常个体酶活性远高于患病个体。我们还做了酯酶的聚丙烯酰胺电泳研究。     

Dietary soybean phosphatidylcholine affects growth performance and lipolytic enzyme activity in Caspian brown trout (Salmo trutta Caspius) alevin

The effects of supplemental dietary phosphatidylcholine (PtCho) on the growth performance, survival and digestive enzyme activity of Caspian brown trout (Salmo trutta caspius Kessler 1877) alevins were investigated in this study. Alevin (initial weight 0.8 ± 0.12 g) was fed for 5 weeks with an isoproteic‐ and isolipidic‐formulated diet with increased levels of PtCho from 0 to 60 g kg^?1 dry matter and decreasing levels of soybean oil. The increase in dietary PtCho up to 4% led to an increase in alevin final weight, suggesting that moderate PtCho levels are needed during this stage of Caspian brown trout. Survival was not affected by the dietary PtCho level. Phosphatidylcholine incorporation into the diet caused higher phospholipase A2‐specific activity. Phosphatidylcholine did not show a beneficial effect on the specific activity of amylase and protease. Lipase‐specific activity was significantly higher in the PtCho groups compared with the control group. The hepatosomatic index (HSI) was significantly influenced by the dietary PtCho level. The results of the present study indicated that the dietary supplementation of PtCho in the diet of Caspian brown trout alevin improved growth and lipolytic enzyme activity.     

A comparison of RNA concentrations and ornithine decarboxylase activity in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) muscle tissue,with respect to specific growth rates and diel variations

RNA concentrations and enzyme activities are often used as indices of recent growth in fish, but few studies have used both methods to assess the same fish. This study measured RNA concentrations and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity in muscle tissue of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) to compare their usefulness for reflecting specific growth rates, and to determine whether either growth index was influenced by diel variations or time of feeding. Three groups (n = 54 in total) were fed 1.5% of body weight in commercial pellets in four feedings per day. One group was fed only in the morning (0830–1230h), one in the afternoon (1430–1830h), and one in the morning and afternoon (0830–1830h). At the end of ten days, fish were sampled at three times (0130h, 1030h, 1630h) over a single 24h period. Correlations to specific growth rate were slightly higher for RNA concentrations than for ODC activity, but both were highly significant. RNA and ODC activity were also correlated to each other. These results suggest that RNA concentration and ODC activity, taken together, can be used to monitor changes in both the numbers and activity of ribosomes. For RNA concentrations, there was no evidence of an effect of diel variations or the time of feeding. For ODC activity, a significant diel effect (all feed schedules combined) was detected if one non-growing fish was excluded from the analysis; activity of the enzyme was slightly higher in the sample taken at night (0130h) than in the two daytime samples. Contribution no. 8, Catamaran Brook Habitat Research Project     

Effect of dietary synbiotic on growth performance,body composition,digestive enzyme activity and gut microbiota in Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham.) fingerlings

A feeding trial of 60 days was conducted to delineate the effect of dietary synbiotic on maximum growth, body composition, digestive enzyme activity and subsequently gut microbiota in Cirrhinus mrigala fingerlings. One hundred and eighty acclimatized fingerlings of mrigal with initial body weight ranging from 2.87 ± 0.01 g to 3.26 ± 0.05 g were randomly distributed in three replicates of each of four experimental groups including control (without probiotic and prebiotic), T₁ (high probiotic + low prebiotic), T₂ (low probiotic + high prebiotic) and T₃ (high probiotic + high prebiotic), using completely randomized design (CRD). Results showed that growth performance parameters, such as specific growth rate (SGR), per cent weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER), were reported to be higher in the T₂ group followed by the T₃ group. Maximum gut microbiota activity was found in the T₃ group which was significantly different from other treatment groups. Similarly, body composition and digestive enzyme activity varied significantly (p < .05) among the treatment groups. The study showed the possibility of improved nutrient utilization in terms of growth performance and digestive enzyme activity in the group following dietary synbiotic supplementation.     

Effects of different feeding regimes on juvenile black rockfish (Sebastes schlegilii) survival,growth, digestive enzyme activity,body composition and feeding costs

The objective of this study was to establish a proper feeding regime for juvenile black rockfish (Sebastes schlegilii) intended for stock enhancement. We used a combined experimental design to assess the effects of different feeding rates (1%, 3% and 5% body weight per day (BW/day)) and feeding frequencies (apparent satiety or restricted feeding 1 to 3 times daily) on survival, growth, digestive enzyme activity, body composition and feeding costs over 50 days, from newly weaned (initial average weight 1.5 ± 0.2 g) to release size. The results showed that feeding rate significantly affected fish growth, feed utilization and body composition. The highest feed conversion ratio was at 3% BW/day. Increased feeding rates resulted in enhanced growth and higher body lipid content, but this was also accompanied by decreased contents of moisture, protein and ash. With feeding to apparent satiety, increased feeding frequency resulted in higher growth performance and enhanced intestinal lipase activity but decreased gastric protease activity. There were no growth improvements or effects on digestive enzyme activity and body composition with increasing feeding frequency (from one to three times daily) under a fixed‐quantify feeding (3% BW/day). Feed costs increased with increasing feeding rates or apparent satiety feeding frequencies and were associated with shorter growth times to reach a suitable size for release. Our study suggests that a feeding rate of 3% BW/day is the best feeding regime for proper growth and reduced feed costs in juvenile black rockfish before releasing for stock enhancement.     

两种免疫增强剂对黄颡鱼生长、消化及免疫性能的影响

将180尾黄颡鱼随机分成3组,即Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组,每组3重复,Ⅰ组为对照组,投喂基础日粮,Ⅱ、Ⅲ为试验组,分别在投喂基础日粮中添加0.01%的芽孢杆菌与0.01%低聚糖复合制剂(Ⅱ)和1%中草药免疫增强剂(Ⅲ),连续投喂60天,测定了黄颡鱼增重率,成活率及胃肠消化酶,肝胰,血清免疫酶活性。结果显示:与对照组相比,Ⅱ,Ⅲ组均显著提高了黄颡鱼的增重率,成活率(P<0.05)。Ⅱ组胃消化酶,肠蛋白酶和和Ⅲ组胃消化酶活性与对照相比提高显著(P<0.05),但Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组肠淀粉酶活性有所下降。与对照组相比,试验组肝胰ACP,肝胰AKP,肝胰SOD,血清ACP,血清AKP活性均不同程度提高。结果表明:在饲料中添加免疫增强剂,能够提高黄颡鱼的生产性能及消化免疫能力。     

Heat treatment affects protein quality and protease activity in decapsulated cysts of Artemia when used as starter food for larvae of African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell)

Decapsulated cysts of Artemia subjected to different heat treatments (40, 60, 80 and 96 °C) were fed to African catfish Clarias gariepinus larvae. Heated cysts, untreated cysts and live Artemia nauplii as control constituted the experimental diets. Protein denaturation and solubility, total alkaline protease and specific trypsin activities in the cyst diets were evaluated. The growth of catfish larvae and the proteolytic activity of larval samples during development were also determined. Heat treatment of cysts increased protein denaturation and decreased protein solubility. The protease activity in the cyst diets decreased with higher heating temperatures. The growth of catfish larvae differed according to the diet; higher fish growth was achieved with nauplii and cysts heated at 40 °C. The digestive enzyme activity in larval samples remained similar in all dietary treatments during larval development. The quality of food protein and the way this protein is processed might be more important for successful larval growth than exogenous enzyme supply.     

The interaction among age,thermal acclimation and growth rate in determining muscle metabolic capacities and tissue masses in the threespine stickleback,Gasterosteus aculeatus

Thermal acclimation may directly modify muscle metabolic capacities, or may modify them indirectly via effects upon physiological processes such as growth, reproduction or senescence. To evaluate these interacting effects, we examined the influence of thermal acclimation and acclimatization upon muscle metabolic capacities and tissue masses in 1 + stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus, in which confounding interactions between temperature and senescense should be absent. Furthermore, we examined the influence of thermal acclimation upon individual growth rate, muscle enzyme levels and tissue masses in 2 + stickleback sampled at the beginning of their final reproductive season. For 1 + stickleback, cold acclimation more than doubles mitochondrial enzyme levels in the axial muscle. Thermal acclimation did not change the condition of 1 + stickleback at feeding levels which could not maintain the condition of 2+ stickleback. Compensatory metabolic responses to temperature were not apparent in field acclimatized 1 + stickleback. The growth rate of 2 + stickleback was markedly affected by temperature: warm-acclimated fish generally lost mass even at very high levels of feeding (up to 78 enchytraid worms per day) while cold-acclimated fish gained mass. This suggests that warm temperatures accelerate the senescence of 2 + stickleback. Generally, muscle enzyme activities increased with growth rate. In axial muscle, the relationships between CS activity and growth rate differed with acclimation temperature. Independent of the influence of growth rate, CS activities were consistently higher in cold- than warm-acclimated 2 + stickleback, suggesting compensatory increases of CS activity with cold acclimation. Corresponding author; This paper is dedicated to the memory of Gerry J. FitzGerald who passed away on March 14, 1994.     

Orange peel fragment improves antioxidant capacity and haematological profile of Nile tilapia subjected to heat/dissolved oxygen‐induced stress

This study evaluated the ability of orange peel fragment (OPF) to act as a functional feedstuff, influencing growth, haematological profile, and antioxidant enzyme activity of Nile tilapia subjected heat/dissolved oxygen‐induced stress (HDOIS). A group of 440 male Nile tilapia (31.7 g ± 0.34) was randomly distributed in 40 250‐L aquaria (11 fish/tank) and fed five practical diets with graded levels of OPF at 0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, and 0.8% for 70 days. The diets were formulated to contain 30% crude protein and 18 MJ/kg crude energy. After the feeding period, growth performance was evaluated and six fish per treatment were sampled for haematological profile and antioxidant enzyme activity, before and after HDOIS. Then, fish were subjected to HDOIS (32°C/2.3 mg/L dissolved oxygen) for three days and the same haematological profile and antioxidant enzyme activity were determined. There was no effect of OPF on the haematological profile, either before or after HDOIS. The polynomial regression model was used to express the relationship between antioxidant enzymes activity and OPF supplementation level. The maximum activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase was reached at 0.66%, 0.63%, and 0.68% of OPF respectively. Results of the present study suggest that a dietary supplementation level of 0.63%–0.68% of orange peel fragment was appropriate to maintain Nile tilapia haematological profile and improve its antioxidant capacity under HDOIS.     

Dietary effects of poly‐β‐hydroxybutyrate on the growth performance,digestive enzyme activity,body composition,mineral uptake and bacterial challenge of rainbow trout fry (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

This study investigated the effects of diet supplementation with poly‐β‐hydroxybutyrate (PHB) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, lipid metabolism, mineral uptake and bacterial challenge of the rainbow trout fry (initial weight: 111.3 ± 13.7 mg) during a 6‐week experimental period. In the experimental set‐up, the commercial diet of rainbow trout fry was replaced with 0.5%, 1% and 2% PHB. The results of our work showed that the replacing of diets with PHB in experimental treatments decreases the weight of rainbow trout fry during the first 2 weeks before significantly increasing final weight at the end of the 6‐week period. PHB also improved digestive enzyme activity in experimental treatments. The highest total protease, pepsin activity and pancreatic enzyme secretion were observed with the 0.5% PHB treatment. A higher concentration of Na and K was observed in the whole body of the fry fed on 1% and 2% PHB‐supplemented diets. Enhanced survival rates occurred in all groups of fry after bath exposure to Yersinia ruckeri compared to rates in those fed the control diet. Our results suggest that the diet supplemented with PHB may improve growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and the functioning of the immune system. These positive effects could be considered for new applications in aquaculture.