日粮中不同葡萄籽添加比例对多浪羊营养物质消化代谢的影响

试验旨在研究日粮中不同葡萄籽添加比例对多浪羊营养物质消化代谢的影响。试验选用15只健康、1.5岁左右、体重(41.0±1.0)kg、安装永久瘤胃瘘管的多浪羊羯羊,随机分成5组,分别饲喂添加0%(D1组)、4%(D2组)、8%(D3组)、12%(D4组)和16%(D5组)葡萄籽的全混合日粮。采用全收粪尿法通过采食量与营养物质排出量之间的关系计算各组的干物质(DM)、有机物(OM)、氮(N)、脂肪(EE)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的表观消化率及能量代谢参数。结果表明:D5组的DM和OM表观消化率显著低于D1组(P0.05),NDF的表观消化率D5组显著低于D1组(P0.05),D5组氮存留率显著低于D3组和D4组(P0.05),D4组ADF和EE表观消化率最高,但各组间差异不显著(P0.05);总能消化率和总能代谢率变化规律相同(D2D1D4D3D5),消化能代谢率表现为D1D4D2D5D3,但各组间无显著差异(P0.05)。综上,16%的葡萄籽添加日粮可降低DM、OM、NDF、氮表观消化率,不利于营养物质的消化。     

发酵白酒糟对断奶仔猪生长性能、消化代谢和氮排放的影响

为了研究发酵白酒糟对断奶仔猪生长性能、消化代谢和氮排放的影响,选用21日龄断奶的去势杜×长×大公猪24头,随机分为4组,每组6个重复,每个重复1头猪。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别用2%、4%和6%发酵白酒糟等比例替代基础饲粮。分别于平均体重为10和25 kg左右时,试验猪转入代谢笼内进行消化代谢试验。每个试验期为1周,前4 d为适应期,后3 d为粪尿收集期。记录仔猪的日采食量,并于每次试验开始和结束时称取空腹体重。采用全收粪法测定断奶仔猪对常规营养成分和氨基酸的表观消化率以及氮排放量。结果表明:与对照组相比,在10 kg断奶仔猪试验中,2%发酵白酒糟组的表观消化能和尿氮量显著降低(P0.05),其他营养物质表观消化率无显著差异(P0.05);4%和6%发酵白酒糟组的总能、赖氨酸、蛋氨酸和脯氨酸的表观消化率、表观代谢能和表观消化能均显著降低(P0.05)。在25 kg断奶仔猪试验中,2%发酵白酒糟组的干物质、粗灰分和粗脂肪表观消化率差异不显著(P0.05),平均日增重显著增加(P0.05);6%发酵白酒糟组的蛋氨酸表观消化率显著下降(P0.05);2%、4%和6%发酵白酒糟组的摄入氮量、吸收氮量、沉积氮量、粗蛋白质和总能的表观消化率、氮表观消化率、表观代谢能和表观消化能均显著降低(P0.05),粪氮量显著增加(P0.05)。由上可见,饲粮添加2%发酵白酒糟不影响断奶仔猪对干物质的表观消化率,可增加其生长性能;长期高剂量添加发酵白酒糟在一定程度上降低了断奶仔猪对常规营养成分的消化代谢。     

荞麦秸秆饲粮中添加过瘤胃赖氨酸和蛋氨酸对滩羊生长性能和消化代谢的影响

本试验旨在研究纤维素酶处理的荞麦秸秆饲粮中添加过瘤胃赖氨酸和蛋氨酸对滩羊生长性能和消化代谢的影响。选取体重相近、健康无病的5月龄宁夏滩羊羯羊20只,随机分为5组,每组4只。对照组饲喂基础饲粮+4.5 g/d过瘤胃蛋氨酸,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组在饲喂基础饲粮+4.5 g/d过瘤胃蛋氨酸的基础下,分别添加2.5、5.0、7.5和10.0 g/d过瘤胃赖氨酸。预试期15 d,正试期60 d。饲养试验中期进行消化代谢试验,测定滩羊生长性能、营养物质表观消化率、能量代谢及氮代谢。结果表明:1)各组间的结束体重、总增重、平均日增重和干物质采食量无显著差异(P0.05),试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组的料重比显著低于对照组(P0.05)。2)试验Ⅰ组的结束体长显著高于对照组(P0.05)。3)试验Ⅳ组的干物质表观消化率显著低于其他各组(P0.05),试验Ⅱ组的中性洗涤纤维表观消化率显著高于其他各组(P0.05)。4)试验Ⅲ组的尿能显著低于对照组(P0.05),试验Ⅳ组的消化能显著低于其他各组(P0.05),试验Ⅲ组的总能表观消化率显著高于试验Ⅳ组(P0.05)。5)试验Ⅲ组的粪氮显著低于试验Ⅳ组(P0.05),试验Ⅰ、Ⅲ组的消化氮和氮表观消化率显著高于试验Ⅳ组(P0.05),试验Ⅲ、Ⅳ组的尿氮显著低于试验Ⅰ组(P0.05),试验Ⅲ、Ⅳ组的氮的生物学价值显著高于试验Ⅰ组(P0.05)。综上所述,在纤维素酶处理的荞麦秸秆饲粮中添加适量的过瘤胃赖氨酸和蛋氨酸可以降低料重比,减少粪氮、尿氮的排出量,增加氮的沉积。本试验条件下,过瘤胃赖氨酸的适宜添加量为7.5 g/d,且赖氨酸和蛋氨酸的适宜比例为1.85∶1.00。     

饲粮消化能和可消化粗蛋白质水平对燕山绒山羊营养物质表观消化率的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮消化能(DE)和可消化粗蛋白质(DCP)水平对舍饲燕山绒山羊公羔营养物质表观消化率的影响。选择体况良好、体重为(16.17±1.90) kg的4月龄断奶燕山绒山羊公羔90只,随机分为9组,每组10只。试验采用3×3完全随机设计,DE设定低(11.6 MJ/kg)、中(12.8 MJ/kg)、高(14.0 MJ/kg) 3个水平,DCP也设定低(8.5%)、中(9.5%)、高(10.5%) 3个水平,共配制9种饲粮。每组试验羊随机饲喂1种饲粮,当试验羊平均体重达到20 kg时,每组选择4只进行消化代谢试验,预试期7 d,正试期3 d。结果显示:1)随着饲粮DE水平的升高,粪能显著降低(P0.05),总能表观消化率显著提高(P0.05);饲粮DCP水平和DE水平与DCP水平的交互作用对摄入总能、粪能、尿能、消化能和总能表观消化率均未产生显著影响(P0.05)。2)摄入氮和粪氮随饲粮DE水平的升高而显著降低(P0.05);低、中DE水平组的氮表观消化率显著低于高DE水平组(P0.05);低DCP水平组的摄入氮和氮表观消化率显著低于高DCP水平组(P0.05),低、中DCP水平组的可消化氮显著低于高DCP水平组(P0.05);饲粮DE水平与DCP水平的交互作用对各氮代谢指标均无显著影响(P0.05)。3)随着饲粮DE水平的升高,干物质、有机物、粗脂肪和钙的表观消化率逐渐提高,其中干物质、有机物的表观消化率表现为各组间差异显著(P0.05),粗脂肪的表观消化率表现为高DE水平组显著高于低DE水平组(P0.05),钙的表观消化率表现为高、中DE水平组显著高于低DE水平组(P0.05);饲粮DCP水平以及DE水平与DCP水平的交互作用对干物质、有机物、粗脂肪、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、钙和磷的表观消化率均未产生显著影响(P0.05)。综上所述,随着饲粮DE水平的提高,燕山绒山羊的干物质、有机物、粗脂肪、钙、总能和氮的表观消化率持续提高;饲粮DCP水平显著影响了燕山绒山羊的摄入氮、消化氮和氮表观消化率;饲粮DE和DCP水平分别为14.0 MJ/kg和10.5%时燕山绒山羊的总能表观消化率、消化能、氮表观消化率最高,DE和DCP水平分别为12.8 MJ/kg和10.5%时燕山绒山羊的沉积氮最高。     

成年阉牛对饲粮蛋白质的消化及维持需要量的估计

选择 6头安装有瘤胃、十二指肠前端和回肠末端瘘管的阉牛 ,分 3期依次饲喂以玉米、棉籽饼和氨化稻草为原料配合的 3种不同饲养水平的日粮 ,以Cr2 O3为指示剂测定小肠表观可消化N供给量 ,采用全收粪尿法测定氮平衡值。结果显示 ,以代谢体重为基础的氮平衡值 (NB)与进食氮和小肠表观可消化氮供给量之间分别存在如下回归关系 :NB =- 0 .5 0 12 +0 .5 76 8×进食氮　　　　　　　　R =0 .76 6 0NB =- 0 .2 80 4 +0 .6 398×小肠表观可消化氮R =0 .9894据此估计 ,阉牛维持的粗蛋白、小肠表观可消化粗蛋白和净蛋白需要量分别为 5 .4 3、2 .74、1.76g kgW0 .75。对体表氮损失加以考虑后 ,阉牛维持的粗蛋白、小肠表观可消化粗蛋白和净蛋白需要量分别为 5 .6 5、2 .93、1.88g kgW0 .75。小肠表观可消化粗蛋白用于维持和增重的效率为 0 .6 4     

绵羊对含不同秸秆的全饲粮颗粒料的消化代谢

选用4只装有十二指肠近端套管的1岁杂种生长羯羊,按2×3交叉设计进行试验,交替饲喂以玉米Zea mays秸和苜蓿Medicago sativa为粗料(A处理)及以小麦Triticum aestivum秸和苜蓿为粗料(B处理)的等消化能(DE)、等氮全饲粮颗粒料;以Cr2O3为食糜标记物并结合全收粪、尿法,测定了绵羊十二指肠食糜流通量,瘤胃内、瘤胃后及全消化道干物质(DM)和氮的表观消化率,全消化道酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)和中性洗涤纤维(NDF)表观消化率及氮表观存留率.结果表明:十二指肠食糜流量、氮流量,瘤胃内、瘤胃后及全消化道DM和氮的消化率在2个处理间差异不显著(P>0.05),全消化道ADF和NDF消化率及氮表观存留率差异也不显著(P>0.05),但A处理全消化道DM和ADF的消化率及氮的表观存留率有大于B处理的趋势.     

日粮中不同氮源对杂交绵羊消化代谢的影响

选用9只5月龄的萨福克×小尾寒羊杂交绵羊,随机分为3组,研究日粮中不同来源氮对绵羊消化代谢的影响.对照组饲喂常规日粮A,试验组分为2组,分别为尿素组饲喂日粮B(2%尿素)和包被尿素组饲喂日粮C(2%包被尿素).结果表明,与日粮B相比,日粮C使绵羊沉积氮与进食氮、沉积氮与可消化氮的比列显著提高,显著减少绵羊粪氮的排出.和其他日粮相比,日粮C提高了绵羊的沉积氮,但差异不显著.各组进食干物质、进食氮、尿氮及可消化氮间差异不显著:日粮C可显著提高绵羊中性洗涤纤维(NDF)的消化率,干物质消化率、氮表观消化率、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)和酸不溶灰分(AlA)的利用率差异不显著.结果表明,绵羊日粮中添加2%尿素和2%包被尿素安全可靠,效果明显,其中日粮C对氮利用率效果最好.     

饲粮添加包被蛋氨酸和包被叶酸对杜寒杂交二代公羔生长性能、养分消化代谢和瘤胃微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮添加包被蛋氨酸(coated methionine,CM)和包被叶酸(coated folic acid,CFA)对杜寒杂交二代公羔生长性能、养分消化代谢及瘤胃微生物蛋白质合成的影响。采用2×2完全随机试验设计,试验因素为按照试验动物体重添加CFA(0 mg,CFA-或4 mg·(kg·d)~(-1),CFA+)和CM(0 g,CM-或0.1 g·(kg·d)~(-1),CM+)。将40只体重相近((30.08±1.34) kg)的4月龄杜寒杂交二代公羔随机分为4组,分别饲喂基础日粮(CM-CFA-)、基础日粮+CFA 4 mg·(kg·d)~(-1)(CM-CFA+)、基础日粮+CM 0.1 g·(kg·d)~(-1)(CM+CFA-)、基础日粮+CFA 4 mg·(kg·d)~(-1)+CM 0.1 g·(kg·d)~(-1)(CM+CFA+)。试验期85 d,其中预试期15 d,正试期70 d,在试验期结束前10 d开展消化代谢试验。试验结果表明:1)饲粮添加CFA显著提高了1～30 d平均日增重和饲料转化率(P0.05),而添加CM仅显著提高了1～30 d饲料转化率(P=0.036),对1～30 d平均日增重无显著影响(P0.05);饲粮中添加CFA、CM显著提高了杜寒杂交二代公羔31～60 d和1～60 d平均日增重及相应阶段饲料转化率(P0.05),二者对1～60 d饲料转化率具有显著互作效应(P=0.007);2)饲粮添加CFA显著提高了干物质、有机物、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维的表观消化率(P0.05),饲粮添加CM有提高有机物表观消化率的趋势(P=0.066)及增加干物质消化率的趋势(P=0.095),二者对养分消化率无显著互作效应(P0.05);3)饲粮添加CFA、CM显著降低了尿能排出量,显著提高了能量消化率和代谢率(P0.05);通过显著降低粪氮、尿氮及总排泄氮(P0.05),从而显著提高了氮的表观消化率和沉积氮水平(P0.05),且二者同时添加对减少氮排泄、提高氮消化率有显著互作效应(P0.05);4)饲粮添加CM、CFA显著提高嘌呤衍生物的尿排泄量,提高瘤胃微生物蛋白质合成量(P0.05)。饲粮添加CM、CFA提高干物质和有机物表观消化率,改善总能消化率和代谢率,增加氮表观消化率和氮沉积量,促进杜寒杂交二代公羔的生长。     

肉牛日粮补饲硫酸锌对有机物消化率和氮平衡的影响

为研究肉牛日粮补饲无机锌对日粮有机物表现消化率和氮沉积的影响,试验选用4头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的西门塔尔杂交肉牛,采用4×4拉丁方设计,以全收粪和全收尿法测定日粮补饲锌(源于硫酸锌,分别补饲锌0、25、50和100 mg/kg DM)对日粮有机物表观消化率和氮沉积的影响.试验结果表明,处理组间日粮有机物和粗蛋白表观消化率没有差异,平均值分别为66.2%和67.3%,各组间的氮沉积和可消化氮转化为沉积氮的效率也没有明显差异,平均值分别为27.7g/d和38.9%.肉牛日粮补饲硫酸锌对日粮有机物消化率和氮平衡没有影响.     

优质蛋白玉米在猪上的生物学价值及氮代谢研究

选用 14头 30kg左右的“杜长大”三元杂交去势公猪 ,分为 2组 ,分别饲以优质蛋白玉米和普通玉米 ,进行氮平衡实验 ,研究上述两种玉米在猪上的生物学价值。结果表明 :优质蛋白玉米的尿氮 食入氮显著低于普通玉米(P <0 .0 5 ) ;存留氮 食入氮、存留氮 吸收氮极显著高于普通玉米 (P <0 .0 1) ;氮排泄率显著低于普通玉米 (P <0 .0 1) ;两种玉米的蛋白质表观消化率、真消化率、粪氮 食入氮、真生物学价值差异不显著 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;优质蛋白玉米的表观生物学价值极显著高于普通玉米 (P <0 .0 1)。本试验表明 ,对猪而言 ,优质蛋白玉米的蛋白品质优于普通玉米     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.