渗透胁迫和盐胁迫对荞麦硝酸还原酶及亚硝酸还原酶活性的影响

以盐敏感荞麦品种TQ-0808和耐盐荞麦品种川荞1号为试验材料,采用NaCl和等渗PEG-6000处理,研究渗透胁迫和盐胁迫对不同耐盐性荞麦品种硝酸还原酶(NR)及亚硝酸还原酶(NiR)活性的影响。结果表明,高浓度盐胁迫下盐敏感荞麦品种叶片NR及NiR活性显著降低,而耐盐荞麦品种降低幅度相对较小,且高浓度盐胁迫下盐敏感荞麦品种叶片NR及NiR活性的降低幅度明显大于渗透胁迫的,说明Na⁺毒害效应发挥了主要作用。另外,两个荞麦品种叶片NR活性高低与其叶片硝酸盐含量呈正相关。     

水稻孕穗期剑叶形态和蒸腾特性与耐盐性的关系

以6个水稻品种为试验材料,在田间生长状态下灌溉NaCl配制的水溶液进行盐胁迫,于孕穗期取样分析Na+、K+、Ca2+的吸收规律和剑叶的形态及蒸腾特性,并分析与品种耐盐性的关系。结果表明,6个品种的耐盐性按耐盐系数高低依次为:龙稻5>长白10>松粳12>东农425>牡丹江26>牡丹江30。盐胁迫后水稻植株Na+含量增加,K+含量减少,耐盐品种地上部Na+积累量较少,根中较多,耐盐品种地上部K+积累多,根中差异不明显;Ca2+大多集中在根部,胁迫后耐盐品种在根部变化不明显,敏感品种下降较多。盐胁迫下,供试品种的剑叶长、剑叶宽和剑叶面积处理与对照的差异均达显著或极显著水平,耐盐品种剑叶受损较轻;部分品种的剑叶在胁迫后发生卷曲,部分品种由卷曲变为平展,耐盐品种的卷曲度要小于盐敏感品种。叶绿素含量相对值随品种耐盐性的降低逐渐降低,差异达显著或极显著水平。盐胁迫后,耐盐品种较盐敏感品种的蒸腾速率和气孔导度高,而冠层温度则随品种耐盐性的降低而升高。孕穗期地上部K+含量相对值、剑叶宽相对值、冠层温度相对值、根Na+含量相对值、根Ca2+含量相对值、剑叶面积相对值和蒸腾速率相对值可作为水稻耐盐性筛选鉴定的指标。     

盐胁迫下不同小麦品种芽鞘生长的研究

室内模拟盐胁迫条件,对耐盐性不同的4个品种萌发期的芽鞘长度进行测定,结果表明,在不同浓度的盐胁迫下,耐盐性不同的小麦品种芽鞘长度差异明显,且耐盐性强的品种明显高于不耐盐的品种;通过测定不同部位的渗透调节能力后发现,盐胁迫下耐盐品种不同部位的渗透调节能力均高于不耐盐品种,且芽鞘的调节能力最高.     

NaCl胁迫下玉米地方品种的种子萌发效应

采用室内培养和检测,以5个玉米地方品种为材料,设置高盐(NaCl)和自来水2种处理,研究不同玉米地方品种在盐胁迫下的种子萌发和生理特性变化.结果表明,盐胁迫对玉米地方品种的种子萌发和生理有不同程度的影响,不同玉米地方品种的耐盐性存在明显的基因型差异.总体而言,不同地方品种的同一形态性状和同一地方品种的不同形态性状的耐盐胁迫指数存在差异.综合评价盐胁迫下5个玉米地方品种的耐盐特性,"DP44"是耐盐性强的品种,可作为耐盐种质加以选择,而"DP21"的耐盐胁迫能力较差.此外,对玉米品种进行耐盐胁迫的遗传改良是可行的.     

盐环境下西葫芦幼苗生长发育研究

以两个耐盐性不同的西葫芦品种白美西葫芦(盐敏感)和黑皮西葫芦(耐盐)为材料,用不同浓度的NaC l溶液进行处理,研究盐胁迫对西葫芦幼苗生长、叶片脯氨酸与可溶性糖含量的影响。结果表明,盐胁迫严重抑制西葫芦种子萌发,不同西葫芦品种耐盐性差异显著。盐环境下,西葫芦幼苗叶片脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量随着盐胁迫浓度的加大而增多,随着盐胁迫时间的延长,西葫芦叶片脯氨酸和可溶性糖显著增加并达到最高峰,之后呈下降趋势。耐盐品种叶片脯氨酸和可溶性糖在盐胁迫下积累量更多,累积速度更快。     

镉胁迫对不同地区亚麻主栽品种种子萌发的影响

为了明确不同品种亚麻种子对镉胁迫反应的差异,2014年以来自不同地区的10个纤用和油用亚麻主栽品种为材料,研究了不同程度镉胁迫对种子萌发的相对发芽势、相对发芽率、相对芽长、发芽指数和活力指数的影响,并对供试品种耐镉性进行了综合评价。结果表明,500μM以下的镉胁迫对亚麻种子发芽的影响较小,且对部分亚麻品种的发芽有促进作用;500μM以上随着镉浓度的升高,10个亚麻品种的种子萌发性能均有不同程度的下降;芽长受镉胁迫的影响较发芽势和发芽率更大。耐镉性综合评价表明晋亚9号对镉胁迫的耐性最强,派克斯耐性最弱。本研究可为亚麻品种耐镉性筛选和耐镉育种提供理论参考,筛选出的强耐镉性亚麻品种可作为不同地区镉污染农田的候选替代种植作物。     

福胁迫对不同地区亚麻主栽品种种子萌发的影响

为了明确不同品种亚麻种子对锡胁迫反应的差异,2014年以来自不同地区的10个纤用和油用亚麻主栽品种为材料,研究了不同程度锡胁迫对种子萌发的相对发芽势、相对发芽率、相对芽长、发芽指数和活力指数的影响,并对供试品种耐锡性进行了综合评价。结果表明,500μM以下的锡胁迫对亚麻种子发芽的影响较小,且对部分亚麻品种的发芽有促进作用;500μM以上随着锡浓度的升高,10个亚麻品种的种子萌发性能均有不同程度的下降;芽长受锡胁迫的影响较发芽势和发芽率更大。耐锡性综合评价表明晋亚9号对锡胁迫的耐性最强,派克斯耐性最弱。本研究可为亚麻品种耐锡性筛选和耐锡育种提供理论参考,筛选出的强耐锡性亚麻品种可作为不同地区锡污染农田的候选替代种植作物。     

箭筈豌豆镉胁迫下的失水胁迫和渗透调节物质的积累

通过溶液培养试验,研究了2个箭筈豌豆(Vicia sativa L.)品种(镉耐性品种L3,镉敏感品种ZM)镉胁迫下含水量和渗透调节物质含量的变化,以及2个品种对失水胁迫的耐性。结果表明:25μmol/L镉处理14d,L3和ZM根中含水量分别较对照降低1.27%和4.66%,地上部含水量分别较对照降低4.06%和5.46%,ZM失水更明显;镉胁迫下,ZM和L3根中总氨基酸、脯氨酸和还原糖含量以及茎中总氨基酸含量都较对照显著升高,ZM较L3更明显;ZM叶中脯氨酸和还原糖含量也较对照显著升高,L3叶中二者较对照升高不显著;同时,ZM较L3有更强的对失水胁迫的耐性。因此,镉胁迫下箭筈豌豆渗透调节物质的积累是对镉胁迫引起的失水胁迫的积极响应;箭筈豌豆对失水胁迫的耐性不是决定其镉耐性的主要方面。     

NaCl胁迫对甜、爆、糯玉米幼苗有机渗透调节物质的影响

以特用玉米品种沈糯6号、沈爆3号和沈甜6号为试材,设置5个梯度的NaC l盐溶液(0mmol/L、50mmol/L、100mmol/L、150mmol/L、200mmol/L)对玉米幼苗从三叶一心时开始胁迫处理1周,对部分有机渗透调节物质进行了研究。结果表明:随着NaC l浓度的增加,沈甜6号和沈爆3号的游离氨基酸含量变化趋势较一致,呈现双峰状增长,都在50mmol/L时出现最大峰值;沈糯6号为单峰状增长,在NaC l浓度为100mmol/L时有最大值;3个品种的可溶性蛋白质含量在盐浓度低于150mmol/L时均不同程度地降低,之后又都开始上升;可溶性糖含量在盐浓度低于150mmol/L时增长趋势基本一致,均呈现单峰型增长,之后沈糯6号急剧下降,沈爆3号和沈甜6号开始上升;3个品种脯氨酸含量随NaC l浓度的增加也不同程度地增加。150mmol/L的盐浓度是3个品种的耐盐临界点。从总体水平看,沈糯6号较耐盐,沈甜6号最弱。     

盐胁迫对水稻盐丰47和盐粳456生长和农艺性状的影响

为了筛选适合黄河三角洲种植的优良耐盐碱水稻品种,以盐丰47和盐粳456为材料,探讨盐胁迫对2个水稻品种种子萌发率、幼苗期及农艺性状的影响。结果表明:盐胁迫下,2个品种的生长均受到抑制,导致种子萌发率降低、植株变矮和叶片枯萎等,但是盐粳456表现出更强的耐盐性。生理生化试验结果表明,盐粳456具有较强的过氧化物清除能力、渗透调节和维持Na~+/K~+平衡能力。结合2个品种在黄河三角洲盐碱地的生育期和其他农艺性状,认为2个品种均适于黄河三角洲种植,但盐粳456具有更强的盐碱胁迫耐性,因此,盐粳456在黄河三角洲盐碱地区域具有更大的推广潜力。     

Chilling Tolerance of Maize Seedlings in the Field during Cold Periods in Spring is Related to Chilling-Induced Increase in Abscisic Acid Level

Recent studies on chilling tolerance mechanisms in maize revealed a significant positive correlation between genotypic chilling tolerance and chilling‐induced accumulation of the stress hormone abscisic acid (ABA) under controlled growth chamber conditions. Based on this and other results, the hypothesis was developed that chilling tolerance in maize is related to the ability to accumulate large amounts of ABA rapidly, as a protection against chilling injury. The objective of the present study was to test this hypothesis under field conditions during natural cold weather periods in spring, which often cause severe chilling injury in maize fields. In two experiments at two locations in Europe with contrasting climates, eight maize genotypes with different genotypic chilling tolerance were cultivated in spring in the field according to agronomic practice for maize. Before and at the end of cold weather periods, ABA levels and water contents were determined in the third leaves. It was found that chilling‐tolerant genotypes accumulated higher amounts of ABA during the chilling period than chilling‐sensitive genotypes. A significant positive correlation between chilling tolerance and the levels of ABA in the leaves was found. These results support the above‐mentioned hypothesis. In contrast to earlier studies performed under growth chamber conditions, the water content in chilled leaves was mostly higher than in non‐chilled leaves. The increase in ABA is therefore not attributable to chilling‐induced water deficit, but probably to the low temperature itself.     

Exploring diversity among rice germplasms based on their physiological traits responses to salinity

Salinity is one of the major abiotic stresses that severely effects rice production throughout the world. Previously, there have not been many studies which focused on studying diversity among rice germplasm based on specific physiological traits for salt tolerance. Our diversity study was based on physiological traits such as Na+ concentration, K⁺ concentration, K⁺/Na⁺ ratio, osmotic potential, and biomass which are major components determining salt tolerance. This study has systematically analyzed phenotypic data of 191 germplasms in two different salt concentrations apart from the control. The current study identified salt tolerant germplasms based on their response to a single physiological trait as well as a combination of different physiological traits. Some of the germplasm identified outperformed known salt tolerant cultivar Pokkali. This study identifies correlation among various physiological traits. The salt tolerant germplasms can be taken forward into developing better varieties by conventional breeding and exploring genes for salt tolerance.     

河北省地方水（陆）稻品种耐逆性研究

对河北省地方水（陆）稻品种耐逆性进行了鉴定,并在此基础上分析了耐寒性、耐旱性、耐盐性种质分布情况。对耐性频度较高的耐寒性、耐旱性从水、陆稻,熟期,不同稻作区等方面进行了详细研究。结果表明：耐寒、耐旱品种频度高、强度大,耐寒品种高达86.44%,高耐率23.53%;耐旱品种为48.77%,高耐率31.65%;耐盐性品种仅为6.46%,并且无高耐性和耐性品种。耐寒品种频度水稻高于陆稻,各熟期类型分布频度接近,随纬度增加、经度西移和温热条件降低而增加;耐旱性品种频度和强度均是陆稻高于水稻,早稻早熟耐性频度最高,其余熟期比较接近,河北省东北地区高,西北及冀中库淀地区低。     

Effects of Exogenous Abscisic Acid on Antioxidant System in Weedy and Cultivated Rice with Different Chilling Sensitivity under Chilling Stress

Two chilling‐tolerant genotypes, that is, weedy rice WR03‐45 and cultivated rice Lijiangxintuanheigu and two chilling‐sensitive genotypes, that is, weedy rice WR03‐26 and cultivated rice Xiuzinuo were used in this study to investigate the effects of exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) on protection against chilling damage as well as on changes in physiological features. The results showed that under chilling stress the increased levels of superoxide radical (), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in WR03‐45 and Lijiangxintuanheigu were lower than those in WR03‐26 and Xiuzinuo. Activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR)) and non‐enzymatic antioxidants (ascorbate acid (AsA) and reduced glutathione (GSH)) were enhanced in WR03‐45 and Lijiangxintuanheigu, whereas they were decreased significantly in WR03‐26 and Xiuzinuo. Application of exogenous ABA reduced the chilling damage in the four genotypes. The pre‐treatment with ABA decreased the levels of , H₂O₂ and MDA caused by chilling stress in the four genotypes through increasing the activities of SOD, CAT, APX, GR and the contents of AsA and GSH in the four genotypes under chilling stress. Moreover, pre‐treatment with Fluridone, the ABA biosynthesis inhibitor, prohibited the effects of ABA through enhancing the oxidative damages and suppressing the antioxidant defence systems under chilling stress. The results indicate the mechanism for rice with chilling tolerance is to enhance the capacity of antioxidant defence systems under chilling stress. Furthermore, ABA plays important roles in the tolerance of rice against chilling stress for it could induce the capacity of whole antioxidant defence systems including enzymatic and non‐enzymatic constitutions under chilling stress.     

Salinity Induced Accumulation of Free Amino Acids in Germinating Rice Seeds Differing in Salt Tolerance

Metabolic status of total and individual free amino acids were studied in endosperms and embryoaxes of four rice cultivars differing in salt tolerance, growing under increasing levels of saline stress. At all saline treatment levels and in controls salt tolerant cultivars had higher levels of total free amino acids in germinating seed parts than sensitives. Individual free amino acids which always maintained higher levels in germinating tolerant seeds over sensitives were aspartic acid, arginine, glycine and leucine. Salinity caused accumulation of free amino acids in germinating seed parts in all cultivars. Maximum accumulation was of arginine followed by leucine, alanine, valine, glutamine and proline. Individual amino acids accumulated greatly in tolerant cultivars than sensitives. Increased salinity caused decrease in the levels of aspartic acid, serine, glutamic acid, glycine, lysine and histidine in growing embryoaxes. Results suggest possible relationship between levels of free amino acids arginine, leucine, alanine, valine, glutamine and proline and degree of salt tolerance in rice. These all amino acids should be considered in combination as indices for salt tolerance in rice.     

水稻耐淹涝的研究进展

涝害一直是中国的主要灾害之一。概述了水稻受淹涝危害的主要表现、耐淹涝品种的特点和耐淹涝能力评价，淹涝胁迫对水稻的影响，水稻耐淹涝生理机理及遗传改良，并对进一步开展水稻耐淹涝研究提出了一些建议。     

直播早籼稻品种芽期耐冷性鉴定研究

低温胁迫是水稻生产面临的重要非生物胁迫之一,鉴定水稻种质资源芽期耐冷性,筛选耐冷品种对水稻生产具有重要意义。以江西地区主推的33份早籼杂交稻品种和8份常规稻为试验材料,设置12个芽期低温胁迫处理,以死苗率为指标探讨了早籼稻芽期耐冷性的适宜鉴定方法。同时在8℃低温处理10d,恢复生长后调查其成苗率、苗高、根长、根数、地上部生物量、根系生物量和根冠比。运用主成分分析、模糊隶属函数法和聚类分析法来探讨直播早稻芽期的耐冷性评价方法及筛选耐冷品种。结果表明,8℃低温处理10d,直播早籼稻品种死苗率的方差和变异幅度大,能较好地鉴别品种间耐冷性差异,是直播早籼稻芽期耐冷性鉴定的最合理方式;杂交稻品种的耐冷性强于常规稻;低温胁迫后成苗率、苗高、根长、根数、地上部生物量、根系生物量和根冠比基本低于25℃对照处理;利用主成分分析将7个单项指标转化为3个独立的综合指标（CI₁、CI₂、CI₃）,主成分分析表明,根系生物量和地上部生物量最能代表直播早籼稻对低温胁迫后的响应情况,可作为芽期耐冷性鉴定的评价指标。通过聚类分析,将41份早籼稻品种划分为3类,筛选出陵两优7108、两优287、锦两优816等9份强耐冷品种,株两优1号、潭两优83、株两优22等15份中度耐冷品种,温229、中早33、五丰优157等17份冷敏感品种。这些品种可以进一步为耐冷育种和生产服务。     

水稻低温胁迫不同时间的代谢物谱图分析

苗期低温严重影响水稻幼苗生长, 分析低温胁迫下幼苗体内代谢物变化特征有助于解析水稻应对胁迫的生理机制。采用气质谱联用仪(GC-MS)技术系统分析水稻品种IR64遭遇不同时间段低温后代谢物图谱的变化特征。结果表明, 草酸、戊糖酸-1,4-内酯、海藻糖及水杨酸参与了水稻低温胁迫早期应激性反应; 在低温胁迫过程中, 水稻植株主要通过苯丙氨酸、脯氨酸、谷氨酸、丝氨酸、苏氨酸、天门冬氨酸、缬氨酸、木糖醇、尿囊素和鼠李糖等含量的提高维持细胞渗透平衡。代谢物动态分析发现参与低温胁迫反应及胁迫恢复后进程的主要代谢物不同。研究结果为全面系统剖析水稻耐冷胁迫的分子生理机制打下了基础。     

抗冷与不抗冷水稻在低温期间叶片ABA与GA1水平变化的差异

采用抗冷性强的东乡野生稻（东野）和对低温敏感的６２２５两个籼稻品种。发现稻苗的抗冷性与低温期间内源脱落酸（ＡＢＡ）含量上升及赤霉素（ＧＡ１）含量下降均有密切关系。东野的抗冷性比６２２５强,可能是因为其内涵ＡＢＡ、ＧＡ１水平对低温的响应比６２２５迅速,东野的ＡＢＡ／ＧＡ１比值在低温２４ｈ时就已达到最大值,而６２２５直到低温１２０ｈ才上升到最大值。     

Water Relation, Photosynthetic Ability and Growth of Thai Jasmine Rice (Oryza sativa L. ssp. indica cv. KDML 105) to Salt Stress by Application of Exogenous Glycinebetaine and Choline

Rice reportedly possesses a very low capacity to accumulate glycinebetaine (Glybet), but may be accumulated by the exogenous application of Glybet or Choline (Cho) as an alternative way to improve its salt‐tolerant ability. The aim of this research was to determine whether Glybet accumulation could be induced in Thai jasmine rice by the exogenous application of Glybet and Cho, and to determine the effects of Glybet and Cho treatment on various growth parameters of seedlings cultured under salt‐stress conditions. Thai jasmine rice seeds were aseptically germinated in vitro on solidified Murashige–Skoog media, supplied with either Glybet or Cho in the culture media for 12 days and then treated with 342 mm NaCl (salt stress) for 4 days. GlyBet content, water relation, photosynthetic capabilities and growth characteristics of salt‐stressed seedlings were measured. The addition of Glybet or Cho to plant culture media containing 342 mm NaCl resulted in increased accumulation of Glybet in rice seedlings. Increased Glybet accumulation was strongly associated with a high efficiency of water usage (r = 0.96), which in turn correlated with increased maximum quantum yield of PSII (F_v/F_m) (r = 0.86). Moreover, the pigment concentrations of seedlings cultured under salt stress were maintained by a function of Glybet, led to high efficiency of photochemical and non‐photochemical quenching of PSII as well as to exhibit on net photosynthetic rate. Thus, our results suggest that the addition of either Glybet or Cho to the plant growth media can improve growth performance under salt stress conditions by increasing the salt tolerance of Thai jasmine rice. The exogenous application of Glybet and/or Cho to culture media may be an effective method of improving resistance to salt stress via the promotion of Glybet accumulation with in rice seedlings.