复方中草药免疫增强剂对蛋鸡免疫效果的研究

选用3种中草药配方，采用1％、1．5％、2％3个添加水平，进行9个试验组和1个对照组比较研究。对试验鸡的45d免疫器官质量和T、B淋巴细胞进行检查，对不同日龄鸡新城疫（ND）和传染性法氏囊（IBD）的抗体效价、中性粒细胞吞噬功能和T淋巴细胞转化率进行检测。结果表明，试验组脾质量、法氏囊质量及T、B淋巴细胞相对数高于对照组（P〈0．05），以配方B为最高，其次为配方A。试验组抗体效价、中性粒细胞吞噬率、吞噬指数和T淋巴细胞转化率高于对照组（P〈0．05），其中ND抗体效价、IBD抗体效价20d前组间差异不显著，34d后组间差异趋于显著。54d和126d时，A、B、C3配方中性粒细胞吞噬率和吞噬指数组间差异显著（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）；T淋巴细胞转化率组间也存在极显著差异，其中配方A中的1组具有明显优势。重复试验结果基本相似。     

鸡传染性法氏囊病免疫复合物疫苗和活疫苗对免疫鸡NF-κB、IL-6、IL-8、IL-10、MHC-ⅡmRNA表达的影响

为研究鸡传染性法氏囊病(IBD)免疫复合物疫苗和活疫苗免疫对鸡外周血淋巴细胞中NF-κB、IL-6、IL-8、IL-10、MHC-Ⅱ等5种免疫因子mRNA表达的影响,试验用IBD免疫复合物疫苗和BX株活疫苗免疫1日龄SPF鸡,并设立空白对照组,于免疫后7 d、14 d、21 d、28 d、35 d、42 d取外周血,分离淋巴细胞,用SYBR GreenⅠ实时荧光定量RT-PCR方法测淋巴细胞中NF-κB、IL-6、IL-8、IL-10、MHC-ⅡmRNA表达水平。结果表明:免疫后7～42 d,活疫苗组NF-κB、IL-6、IL-8、IL-10、MHC-ⅡmRNA表达均呈现上调,且上调时间主要在免疫后7～14 d;免疫复合物疫苗对NF-κB、IL-6、IL-8、IL-10、MHC-ⅡmRNA表达基本无影响。提示IBD活疫苗免疫对鸡外周血淋巴细胞免疫功能影响大于免疫复合物疫苗。     

鸡传染性法氏囊病免疫复合物疫苗和活疫苗免疫鸡的NF-κB、IL-6、IL-8、IL-10、MHC-Ⅱ应答特性比较

为比较鸡传染性法氏囊病(IBD)免疫复合物疫苗和活疫苗免疫对鸡外周血和脾脏淋巴细胞中NF-κB、IL-6、IL-8、IL-10、MHC-Ⅱ等5种免疫因子表达水平的影响,试验用IBD免疫复合物疫苗和BX株活疫苗免疫1日龄SPF鸡,并设立空白对照。于免疫后7 d、14 d、21 d、28 d、35 d、42 d取外周血和脾脏,采用ELISA方法测外周血血清和LPS刺激后脾脏淋巴细胞培养上清中NF-κB、IL-6、IL-8、IL-10、MHC-Ⅱ浓度。结果表明,免疫复合物疫苗免疫对鸡外周血中NF-κB、IL-6、IL-8、IL-10、MHC-Ⅱ表达基本无影响,活疫苗免疫能引起NF-κB、IL-6、IL-8、IL-10、MHC-Ⅱ表达水平上调;免疫复合物疫苗和活疫苗免疫再经LPS刺激后均能引起脾脏淋巴细胞中NF-κB、IL-8、IL-10表达水平上调,但对IL-6表达水平起下调作用,对MHC-Ⅱ表达水平无影响。提示IBD活疫苗免疫对鸡外周血和脾脏免疫功能的影响更大,结果为IBD免疫复合物疫苗的研发提供依据。     

缓释复方免疫增强剂对鸡传染性法氏囊病疫苗免疫增强效果研究

将100只20日龄海兰褐蛋雏鸡随机分成试验组和对照组．分别肌肉注射IBDB87疫苗0．5mL／只,同时给试验组雏鸡投服缓释复方免疫增强剂l粒／只．对照组鸡不投服．在免疫前和免疫后10、20、30d,每组随机采血．测定鸡IBD抗体阳性率、T淋巴细胞ERFC形成率、脾脏和法氏囊指数。结果表明．免疫后不同时期鸡IBD抗体阳性率、T淋巴细胞ERFC形成率、睥脏和法氏囊指数试验组显著或极显著高于对照组．说明缓释复方免疫增强剂可以提高鸡体液免疫功能和细胞免疫功能．促进免疫器官生长发育．     

泰山松花粉多糖对鸡感染vvIBDV诱导的免疫抑制的免疫调理作用

鸡传染性法氏囊超强毒株(vvIBDV)可引起鸡群高死亡率及严重的免疫抑制,给养禽业带来巨大的经济损失。为了探究泰山松花粉多糖(TPPPS)对鸡传染性法氏囊病(IBD)的免疫调理作用,本研究以IBDV GX8/99超强毒株经鼻腔感染19日龄SPF鸡,并分别于感染前、后连续14d口服饲喂TPPPS,同时设置IBD疫苗对照组,病毒对照组和健康对照组,分别对各组试验鸡体质量及法氏囊指数、法氏囊带毒量及抗体变化,以及其他相关免疫学指标进行检测比较。结果显示,连续14d口服TPPPS后,试验鸡体质量及法氏囊抑制程度得到明显改善,法氏囊带毒量减少,法氏囊损伤程度降低,IBD抗体分泌提前、分泌量增加,IL-2、IL-4细胞因子分泌水平提高,T淋巴细胞转化率、CD4+和CD8+T细胞数增加,ND抗体水平提高,其中TPPPS预防组的各项检测指标均高于TPPPS治疗组和IBD疫苗组。结果表明,TPPPS对vvIBDV诱导的鸡群免疫抑制具有一定的免疫调理作用,且以在病毒接种前口服TPPPS发挥的免疫调理作用最显著,TPPPS可以作为免疫增强剂用于防控vvIBDV的早期感染,降低其免疫抑制程度,减少经济损失。     

鸡传染性法氏囊病免疫复合物疫苗与活疫苗免疫鸡病毒载量和免疫效果的比较研究

为比较鸡传染性法氏囊病(IBD)免疫复合物疫苗与活疫苗免疫鸡法氏囊及外周血淋巴细胞(PBMC)中的病毒载量及免疫效果,本研究采用IBD免疫复合物疫苗和鸡传染性法氏囊病毒(IBDV)BX株活疫苗免疫1日龄SPF鸡,于免疫后7d、14d、21d、28d、35d、42d采用SYBRGreenI荧光定量PCR、ELISA方法及中和试验检测免疫鸡法氏囊和PBMC中IBDV载量和免疫鸡血清中IBDV抗体滴度,并攻毒,计算两种疫苗的保护率。结果显示,活疫苗免疫7d时IBDV在法氏囊和PBMC中的载量均比其它时间点的高,在14d时到达到最高,之后逐渐下降;两种疫苗刺激产生的IBDV抗体滴度随免疫时间的延长呈升高趋势;在免疫后7d攻毒两种疫苗的保护率均为0,其它时间的攻毒保护率均为100%。本研究结果表明,IBD免疫复合物疫苗与活疫苗免疫后病毒在鸡体内开始大量复制的时间并不相同,但免疫效果基本相同。本实验为IBD免疫复合物疫苗的研发提供实验依据。     

鸡传染性法氏囊病免疫复合物疫苗与活疫苗体外介导鸡淋巴细胞NF-κB表达的调节通路研究

为研究鸡传染性法氏囊病(IBD)免疫复合物疫苗与活疫苗体外刺激对鸡淋巴细胞NF-κB表达的影响,以及IBD免疫复合物疫苗和活疫苗引起淋巴细胞NF-κB的表达是否与PKC通路、PTK通路、Ca2+通道的调节有关,以及对细胞内Ca2+浓度的影响,试验选取28日龄SPF鸡脾脏,分离脾脏淋巴细胞,分别用IBD免疫复合物疫苗和BX株活疫苗刺激,另外设立分别加入PKC抑制剂、PTK抑制剂、Ca2+抑制剂、NF-κB抑制剂的对照组,加LPS的阳性组,加PBS的空白组。体外分别培养21h和45h后,ELISA方法测定细胞培养上清中NF-κB浓度,激光共聚焦显微镜观察细胞内NF-κB核移位情况,流式细胞仪测定细胞内Ca2+浓度。结果表明,IBD免疫复合物疫苗和活疫苗体外刺激均能够引起NF-κB、Ca2+浓度升高,使NF-κB发生核移位,但免疫复合物疫苗引起细胞内Ca2+浓度的升高与对照组无显著性差异,活疫苗与对照组差异显著(P0.05)。提示IBD免疫复合物疫苗和活疫苗体外刺激能够激活淋巴细胞内NF-κB,引起Ca2+浓度的升高,但两种疫苗引起NF-κB表达的上调与PKC、PTK通路无相关性,与Ca2+通道的调节有关。     

鸡传染性法氏囊病中等毒力活疫苗对SPF鸡法氏囊损伤及组织结构影响的研究

用A、B、C三种IBD中等毒力商品化活疫苗分别免疫SPF鸡，9日龄首免、22日龄二免。并于二免后2、9、21d，每组扑杀5只，测定法氏囊的囊／体重比、囊指数，同时观察病理变化，综合评价3种疫苗对免疫鸡法氏囊组织的损伤程度。结果表明，A、B、C三种中等毒力IBD活疫苗于二免后2d，试验鸡法氏囊均处于轻微肿胀状态；二免后9d，试验鸡的法氏囊有不同程度的萎缩；二免后21d，试验鸡的法氏囊组织已基本恢复。这表明，试验用3种中等毒力IBD活疫苗对鸡法氏囊组织均会造成一定的损伤，在损伤的程度上，A苗为最大、B苗次之、C苗最轻，且这种损伤在一定时期内是可以恢复的。     

法氏囊活性肽对鸡体增重及饲料转化率的影响

把不同剂量的法氏囊活性肽 (BS)冻干粉与传染性法氏囊病 (IBD)活苗混合后 ,对 2 1日龄SPF鸡滴鼻点眼 ,同时另选一批同样生长状态的鸡 ,在颈部皮下接种IBD细胞毒油苗 ,同时肌肉注射上述不同剂量法氏囊活性肽 ,观察法氏囊活性肽对鸡生长性能的影响。结果发现 :免疫后7d ,活苗 0 2mLBS组增长最快 ,比免疫对照组多增 82 5 % ,并且饲料报酬高。但从整个试验期看 ,0 4mLBS组增重效果较好 ,比免疫对照组多增 1 9 8% ,并且有较高的饲料转化率。而肌肉注射BS组中 ,高剂量 (0 8mL)BS组的增重效果一直很好 ,比对照组总增重平均多增 7 2 3 % ,并有较高的饲料报酬。这说明滴鼻点眼或是肌肉注射 ,BS都有促生长的作用     

缓释复方免疫增强剂对4种鸡传染病疫苗免疫增强效果研究

为了验证缓释复方免疫增强剂对鸡减蛋综合征(EDS-76)、鸡新城疫(ND)、鸡传染性支气管炎(IB)和鸡传染性法氏囊病(IBD)4种疫苗的免疫增强作用,试验选用30日龄海兰褐蛋鸡80只,随机分为4组,每组又均分为试验组和对照组,分别注射EDS-76、ND、ND-IB和IBD疫苗,同时对试验组雏鸡投服缓释复方免疫增强剂1粒/只,在免疫前、免疫后12、27 d采血测定抗体效价(或阳性率)、T淋巴细胞花环形成率和ANAE阳性率。结果表明,试验组鸡EDS-76、ND、IB抗体效价和IBD抗体阳性率、T淋巴细胞花环形成率和ANAE阳性率均显著或极显著高于对照组。以上结果说明,缓释复方免疫增强剂可以提高EDS-76、ND、ND-IB和IBD4种疫苗抗体效价(或阳性率),增强鸡体液免疫功能和细胞免疫功能。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.