松茸的生活史及栽培法

一、生活史松茸(Tricholoma matsutake Ito et Imai.)为菌根菌,子实体单生或群生,在林下一般形成园形蘑菇圈或环形菌环。成熟子实体菌盖下面菌褶的两侧是子实层,子实层由栅状排列的担子构成,其顶端产生与其他担子菌相同的4个担孢子,但有单核担孢子和双核担孢子两种类型。单核孢子萌发成为单核菌丝(一次菌丝),与其他异性单核菌丝进行胞质融合而成为双核菌丝(二次菌丝)。另一种则是双核担孢子萌发后直接形成双核菌     

菌核侧耳担孢子收集及萌发条件

以东华虎奶-1号(Pleurotus tuber-regium)子实体为材料,采用了弹射、贴壁、菌褶冲洗等方法收集担孢子,结果表明,菌褶冲洗法是菌核侧耳担孢子收集的最佳方法。孢子萌发条件的研究结果表明,菌核侧耳孢子萌发对温度和湿度的要求较高,最适温度为30℃;无机盐离子和光照、黑暗交替处理都能促进孢子的萌发。     

姬松茸子实体多糖高速剪切提取及其抗氧化活性

姬松茸多糖具有显著的抗肿瘤、抗疲劳、抗突变、抗氧化等功能。为提高姬松茸多糖得率、缩短提取时间,而采用高速剪切提取技术从姬松茸子实体中提取多糖。在单因素试验的基础上,根据中心组合试验设计原理,采用3因素3水平的响应面分析法优化提取工艺。最终确定最佳提取条件为液料比27 mL/g,转速22 000 r/min,剪切时间6.60 min,此时多糖实际得率为(12.33±0.020)%,与预测值12.48%相近。并通过乙醇梯度沉淀获得ABM40、ABM60、ABM80 3个姬松茸多糖组分,进而对其进行体外抗氧化活性测定。结果表明,3个多糖组分均表现出良好的ABTS自由基和DPPH自由基的清除能力,且具有一定的还原力。     

灵芝子实体提取液中孢子的回收纯化方法

灵芝孢子一般是从成熟的灵芝子实体上收集，但由于收集方法的限制，灵芝孢子不能全部回收。笔者从灵芝子实体中提取多糖过程中发现灵芝子实体中孢子的残留量较高。为此，摸索出一条切实可行的灵芝孢子回收纯化方法，并介绍如下：将灵芝子实体浸提液用１００目尼龙网滤去子...     

松茸的特性

松茸(Armillaria matsutake)很名贵,日本誉为食菌之冠。现将有关松茸人工栽培的基础知识摘译如下。 (一)特性 1.孢子:收集到的成熟孢子,发芽力可保持5个月以上。成熟孢子,在蒸镏水、松根浸出液、碱性或酸性液中均能萌发,且萌发时间并不延长,在16、18、28℃下分别于20、18、12小时萌发。未成熟孢子,部分亦     

不同产地松茸子实体营养和功能成分比较

为比较不同产地松茸子实体的营养和功能成分差异,以6个不同地区的野生松茸子实体为材料,用分光光度法、高效色谱法分别对松茸子实体的营养成分与功能成分进行测定。结果表明,不同产地的松茸子实体中蛋白质、脂肪、粗纤维与粗多糖含量均有一定差异。松茸子实体中氨基酸成分十分丰富,其中必需氨基酸与鲜味氨基酸谷氨酸分别占总氨基酸的40%与20%左右。来自四川的松茸子实体中糖醇种类相较其他产地更为丰富。共检出10种核苷类物质,其中四川小金松茸中的核苷成分显著高于其他产地,为4.42 mg·g-1。不同松茸子实体中的多糖均含有3个峰,分子量分布特征基本相似,其中低分子量组分的峰面积占比最高,表明松茸多糖中主要成分为分子量为1.52×105～4.00×105的低分子量多糖。研究发现,6个产地野生松茸中营养与功能成分存在一定差异,可能与营养因素与环境因素有关。     

羊肚菌的自交和杂交试验初探

羊肚菌的菌种一般是从子实体的组织块或孢子分离而得，但是用这样的菌种多半不能栽培出子实体。这可能与栽培方法有关，也可能与菌种有关。为了培育能在生产上应用的菌种，亦即能产生子实体的菌种，笔者进行了羊肚菌的自交和杂交试验。１材料与方法１．１菌株与培养基　从野生羊肚菌分离而得，分别定名为Ａ，Ｂ，Ｃ，Ｄ。培养基：以ＰＤＡ为基础，加入少量其它成分。１．２方法和步骤　用多孢子分离法取得纯净的孢子悬液后，再稀释成每滴液体约只含１个孢子的孢子悬液。用一般方法制作较薄的加富ＰＤＡ平板。每个平板上确定１４个点，每个点…     

草菇担孢子萌发条件的研究

草菇担孢子可以作为基因工程技术的受体和进行转基因草菇的后代遗传稳定性分析,其萌发率直接影响着试验的结果。试验对影响草菇担孢子萌发的因素进行了研究。结果表明：氯胺T消毒5min,其萌发率最高,为0．2077％;萌发率最高的是③号培养基;采用孢子印方法收集的草菇担孢子的萌发率高于自然弹射方法收集的萌发率;草菇担孢子的最佳萌发温度为36℃。     

金针菇生活史中核相变化

以金针菇(Flammulina velutipes)子实体、初生菌丝和次生菌丝为材料,采用荧光染色法对子实体的囊状体、担子、担孢子,初生菌丝和次生菌丝、粉孢子进行镜检、观察细胞核。结果为子实体中囊状体无细胞核,只有担子和担孢子内有细胞核,细胞核分裂不同步;细胞核变化过程为:由双核经历核融合,形成单核,经过二次减数分裂和一次有丝分裂后形成8个核,以2个为一组进入担孢子,形成双核担孢子,最后留下无核的担子。初生菌丝(由担孢子萌发的菌丝)细胞核不定,为1~5个核,次生菌丝(初生菌丝细胞质融合形成的双核菌丝)细胞核为2个,初生菌丝和次生菌丝形成的粉孢子均为1~2个核,以单核为主。     

姬松茸胞外多糖抗肿瘤活性研究

通过深层发酵培养姬松茸菌丝体,滤取菌丝体后获得菌丝体培养液,经沉淀离心收集其胞外粗多糖,再用蒸馏水溶解,取可溶性部分.对接种S-180的小白鼠24h后腹腔注射给药,连续10d,剂量为10 mg/kg·d.5周后剥取瘤块,与对照组比较瘤重.结果发现,姬松茸深层发酵生产的胞外多糖对小鼠接种的腹水瘤S-180有较强的抗性,肿瘤抑制率达到44.53%,完全抑制率达到50%.     

Effects of radiation from 188Re on smooth muscle cell proliferation

AIM: Although endovascular radiotherapy inhibits neointimal hyperplasia, the exact alterations induced by β-particles irradiation remain to be elucidated. The objective of this study was to investigate the ability and the cellular mechanism of local β^-particles emission from ¹⁸⁸Re to inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). METHODS: The SMCs in vitro were irradiated by ¹⁸⁸Re with single doses of 2.6 Gy-25.8 Gy. The effects of β-particles on SMCs, such as effective irradiate doses, the period of inhibition for SMCs proliferation, the changes of cell proliferation rate and DNA synthesis rate, cell cycle progression and related gene expression, were investigated by cell count, [³H]-TdR incorporation, cell cycle progression analysis, cell viability and immunocytochemistry, respectivecy. RESULTS: β-particles irradiation with dose of 5.2 Gy could inhibit significantly SMCs proliferation. At dose of 20.6 Gy DNA synthesis inhibitory rate was 92%, SMCs proliferation rate was only 3%. Renoval of ¹⁸⁸Re did not abolish the inhibitory effects of β-particles on SMCs proliferation. The expression of P53 was up regulation and PCNA was down regulation after irradiation. CONCLUSION: β-particles from ¹⁸⁸ Re was significantly effective and permanent in inhibiting SMCs proliferation, and inhibitory effect was in dose-dependet manner ED50was 5 Gy, the best dose to inhibit SMCs proliferation was 20 Gy. β-particles irradiation induced SMCs to occur G₀/G₁ arrest, damaged the ability of SMCs reproliferation and led to cell clonogenic death. P53 and PCNA had regulatiory effects on SMCs proliferation after β-particles irradiation.     

Effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin and expression of c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy

AIM:To study the effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin (ET) and the expression of proto-oncogene c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy. METHODS: The level of c-fos mRNA were measured by in situ hybridization. The ET in plasma were measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS:After eight weeks of treatment with L-Arg, the expression of c-fos decreased markedly (P＜0.01). The ET content in plasma also decreased significantly by L-Arg(P＜0.01).CONCLUSION: Plasma ET content and the expression of c-fos in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy could be decreased by L-Arg administration.     

多效唑对猕猴桃离体试管苗生长及内源激素的影响

多效唑（ＰＰ３３３）处理猕猴桃试管苗，降低了其生长强度；植株体内的ＧＡ３、ＩＡＡ和ＺＴ含量下降，ＡＢＡ的含量上升，乙烯释放率增加；并且能降低外源的ＧＡ３和ＩＡＡ促进生长的作用，而外源的ＧＡ３和ＩＡＡ又能不同程度地逆转多效唑的抑制作用，使植株恢复生长。     

Proteomic analysis between pathological scars and normal skin

AIM: To investigate and screen the sensitive proteins in the formation mechanism of pathological scars by comparing the results of differential proteomic analysis between pathological scars and normal skin.METHODS: Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was used to detect the protein expression profiles in 8 keloid patients, 8 hypertrophic scar patients and 3 matched normal skin patients.The proteins that showed differential expression of over 4-fold change were cut and analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry.RESULTS: A two-dimensional protein profiling comparison between pathological scars and normal skin was successfully established.On average, 2 978 spots in keloid, 2 975 spots in hypertrophic scar and 3 053 spots in normal skin were identified using gel analysis software.Compared with normal skin, there were totally 36 differentially-expressed proteins in keloid and hypertrophic scar identified from the spots of over 4-fold change, including 16 proteins in both keloid and hypertrophic scar (8 up-regulated and 8 down-regulated), 11 only in keloid (9 up-regulated and 2 down-regulated) and 9 only in hypertrophic scar (4 up-regulated and 5 down-regulated).CONCLUSION: Proteomic analysis can identify the proteins with variance of pathological scars versus normal skin, thus providing probable new clues to reveal the formation mechanism of pathological scars.     

Compositional and Functional Properties of Saskatoon Berry and Blueberry

Abstract

Saskatoon berry (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt., Rosaceae) and blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L., Ericaceae) are substantially equivalent in all characteristics that are important to the consumer, including fruit color, shape, size, nutrition, texture, and uses. In addition, both fruits are native to North America and they have practically identical historical uses and known health benefits. Their composition, processing, nutritional value and metabolism, intended uses, and levels of undesirable substances are compared.     

Cryopreservation of shoot apices of hawthorn in vitro cultures originating from East Asia

The objective of this study was to establish a cryopreservation protocol for hawthorn shoot apices (Crataegus pinnatifida Bge.). Cryopreservation was carried out via encapsulation–dehydration, vitrification, and encapsulation–vitrification on shoot apices excised from in vitro cultures. We began by showing that cold-acclimation enhanced the regrowth of cryopreserved apices from 10.0 to 65.5% in encapsulation–dehydration. We then decided that the encapsulation–dehydration method was an optimal cryopreservation method for hawthorn shoot apices in terms of its high recovery after cryopreservation as well as its ease of use compared with vitrification and encapsulation–vitrification. In encapsulation–dehydration, the protocol leading to optimal regrowth was as follows: after cold-acclimation at 5 °C in the dark for 2 weeks, excised shoot tips were pretreated for 24 h at 25 °C on hormone-free Murashige and Skoog [Murashige, T., Skoog, F., 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue culture. Physiol. Plant. 15, 473–497] (MS) basal medium with 0.4 mol/L sucrose, then encapsulated and precultured in liquid MS medium with 0.8 mol/L sucrose for 16 h at 25 °C. Precultured beads were dehydrated for 6 h at 25 °C in the dessicator containing 50 g silica gel to a moisture content of 15.3% (fresh-weight basis) before cryostorage for 1 h. In addition, we examined the effect of adding glycerol to both the alginate beads and loading solution to enhance regrowth after cryopreservation in encapsulation–dehydration. In the present study, it was shown that adding 0.5 mol/L glycerol resulted in high regrowth percentages (82.5–90.0%) in four Crataegus species.     

Coupling past management practice and historic landscape change on John F. Kennedy Space Center,Florida

Historic landcover dynamics in a scrubby flatwoods (Tel-4) and scrub landscape (Happy Creek) on John F. Kennedy Space Center were measured using aerial images from 1943, 1951, 1958, 1969, 1979, and 1989. Landcover categories were mapped, digitized, geometrically registered, and overlaid in ARC/INFO. Both study sites have been influenced by various land use histories, including periods of range management, fire suppression, and fire management. Several analyses were performed to help understand the effects of past land management on the amount and spatial distribution of landcover within the study sites. A chi-squared analysis showed a significant difference between the frequency of landcover occurrence and management period. Markov chain models were used to project observed changes over a 100-year period; these showed current management practices being effective at Tel-4 (restoring historic landscape structure) and much less effective at Happy Creek. Documenting impacts of past management regimes on landcover has provided important insight into current landscape composition and will provide the basis for improving land management on Kennedy Space Center and elsewhere.     

XBP-01 accelerated apoptosis induced by oxidized low density lipoprotein in vascular smooth muscle cells

AIM: Previous studies performed with XBP-01 in vitro indicated that XBP-01 could inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells from being transformed into foam cell and could eliminate the atherosclerotic plaque in C57BL/6J mouse. This experiment is to investigate its mechanism of eliminating plaques in vitro. METHODS: The cultured porcine artery smooth muscle cells incubated with XBP-01 of 0.1 mg/L for 24 h after preincubated with oxidized low density lipoprotein of 15 mg/L for 72 h in vitro. The samples were analyzed by fluorescence microscope, confocal microscope system and flow cytometry. RESULTS: Apoptosis was triggered by being incubated with oxidized low density lipoprotein and this process was accelerated additionally by being incubated with XBP-01. CONCLUSION: XBP-01 can be effective in eliminating atherosclerotic plaque by accelerating the process in which oxidized low density lipoprotein induced smooth muscle cell apoptosis.     

Metallothionein inhibits homocysteine-induced proliferation of rat vascular smooth muscle cells

AIM:To investigate the effect of metallothionein(MT) on proliferation of rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) stimulated by homocysteine and its mechanism. METHODS:VSMCs proliferation was measured by [³-H]-TdR incorporation, mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)activity were determined by immunoprecipitation method, the intracellular contents of MT and malondialdehyde (MDA)were assayed by -hemoglobin saturation method and TBA reaction, respectively, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage was measured by NADH oxidation. RESULTS:Hcy(10^-6-10^-4 mmol/L) stimulated [³-H]-TdR incorporation by the VSMCs in a concentration-dependent manner. Compared with control, [³-H]-TdR incorporation in VSMCs treated with 0.1 mmol/L Hcy was increased by 4.2 fold (P＜0.01). Meanwhile, Hcy enhanced MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH release (P＜0.01)in a concentration-dependent manner. Treatment of VSMCs with MT alone did not change above parameters, compared with control. However, MT (10^-6-10^-4 mol/L)attenuated significantly Hcy-stimulated proliferation of VSMCs (P＜0.01)in a concentration-dependent manner. And MT inhibited obviously Hcy-induced activation of MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH release. Preincubation of VSMCs with 0.5 mmol/L ZnCl₂ for 6 h induced an increase cellular MT content by 5.7-fold (P＜0.01). The MT-overexpressed VSMCs resisted Hcy-stimulating action on MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH leakage (P＜0.01). CONCLUSION:These results show that MT has an inhibitory effect on Hcy-induced VSMCs proliferation, and that MT could inhibit Hcy-stimulated MAPK activity and lipid peroxidation.     

The effect of exposure on landscape scale soil surface temperatures and species distribution models

Species distribution models (SDMs) often use elevation as a surrogate for temperature or utilise elevation sensitive interpolations from weather stations. These methods may be unsuitable at the landscape scale, especially where there are sparse weather stations, dramatic variations in exposure or low elevational ranges. The goal of this study was to determine whether radiation, moisture or a novel estimate of exposure could improve temperature estimates and SDMs for vegetation on the Illawarra Escarpment, near Sydney, Australia. Forty temperature sensors were placed on the soil surface of an approximately 12,000 ha study site between November 2004 and August 2006. Linear regression was used to determine the relationship with environmental factors. Elevation was correlated more with moderate temperatures (winter maximums, summer minimums, spring and autumn averages) than extreme temperatures (summer maximums, winter minimums). The correlation (r ²) between temperature and environmental factors was improved by up to 0.38 by incorporating exposure, moisture and radiation in the regressions. Summer maximums and winter minimums were predominately determined by exposure to the NW and coastal influences respectively, while exposure to the NE and SW was important during other seasons. These directions correspond with the winds that are most influential in the study area. The improved temperature estimates were used in Generalised Additive Models for 37 plant species. The deviance explained by most models was increased relative to elevation, especially for moist rainforest species. It was concluded that improving the accuracy of seasonal temperature estimates could improve our ability to explain the patchy distribution of many species. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.