奶牛低磷性红尿病的防治

正奶牛低磷性红尿病是指由于饲料中磷含量不足或牛体内磷的消耗量增加而引起的一种营养代谢病。临诊上以低磷酸盐血症、贫血、黄疸和血红蛋白尿为特征。常发生于3~6胎产后不久的高产乳牛,病死率高达25%~30%。1病因主要是由于奶牛饲料中磷缺乏或含量低,加上母牛产奶量高,磷排出量增加,导致磷供应不足出现低磷酸盐血症。     

安达地区奶牛低磷酸盐血症追踪调查报告

奶牛的低磷酸盐血症是由于饲料、饲草磷缺乏而引起的一种骨质代谢病，常发生于泌乳量高的优秀奶牛，致使体内钙磷比例严重失调，血磷极度下降。早在１９世纪国外就有报道。据１９９０年的不完全统计，我省西部有１８个市县不同程度地发生了奶牛的低磷酸盐血症，尤其以安达...     

安达地区奶牛低磷酸盐血症调查研究报告

１９９０年以来，安达及周围地区十几个市县的奶牛常不同程度的发生低磷酸盐血症。为查找病因、探讨发生机理、确定诊断方法及防治措施，我们从１９９４年开始，连续三年对安达地区养牛户奶牛的低磷酸盐血症进行流行病学调查、临床检查，并测定了病牛和假定健康牛的血清无机磷、钙、镁、碱性磷酸酶、羟膊氨酸及饲料和土壤磷含量。结果表明安达地区土壤含磷量低，导致植物性饲料的磷含量不足，是奶牛发生低磷酸盐血症的主要原因。流行情况和降雨量有关。临床多数表现为骨软症型，少数表现为血红蛋白尿型和混合型。饲料补磷和土壤增施磷肥为主要防治措施     

一例奶牛低磷性红尿病的诊治

奶牛红尿病临床实践中较为常见,而低磷性红尿病与其他红尿病又较难鉴别,经常造成误诊,延误治疗,造成损失。奶牛低磷性红尿病是指由于饲料中磷含量不足或牛体内磷的消耗量增加而引起的一种营养代谢病,临诊上以低磷酸盐血症、贫血、黄疸和血红蛋白尿为特征。多发生于产后不久的3～6胎高产乳牛,病死率高达25%～30%。     

奶牛产后瘫痪性疾病的鉴别诊断及防治

奶牛产后瘫痪性疾病是发生于产后奶牛的常见病,是由于奶牛产后血钙降低、奶牛酮病、奶牛低磷酸盐血症、维生素和微量元素缺乏、产伤性麻痹等原因而导致乳牛分娩前或分娩后发生瘫痪、卧地不起为特征的临床综合征。本类疾病症状相似,加上缺乏临床诊治手段,诊断较为困难,通常会延误治疗时机,造成不必要的经济损失。现针对临床上最多见的低血钙症、醋酮血症、低磷酸盐血症做一鉴别比较并提出治疗措施,供广大同行参考。     

“奶牛低磷酸盐血症的诊断与防治研究”通过鉴定

安达市畜牧局赵锡荣、闵友贵等同志进行的“奶牛低磷酸盐血症的诊断与防治研究”,于1990年7月10日由绥化地区科委组织通过省级研究成果鉴定。1990年2月至7月上旬黑龙江省西部有15个县市发生奶牛低磷血症,尤其安达发病率高。该课题组在较短     

奶牛低磷性红尿病的防治

奶牛红尿病在临床上常见,而低磷性红尿病与其他红尿病的症状较难区别,常易引起误诊。奶牛低磷性红尿病是指由于饲料中磷含量不足或牛体内磷的消耗量增加而补充不足引起的一种营养代谢病,患牛以出现低磷酸盐血症、贫血、黄疸和血红蛋白尿为特征,其常发于     

奶牛低磷性红尿病的防治

奶牛低磷性红尿病又称产后血红蛋白尿,是由于饲料中磷含量不足或牛体内磷的消耗量增加而引起的一种营养代谢病,临诊上以低磷酸盐血症、贫血、黄疸和血红蛋白尿为特征,常发生于产后不久的3～6胎高产乳牛,病死率高达25%～30%。现将本病的综合防治情况概述如下,供读者参考。     

奶牛低磷血症的综合诊治

奶牛低磷血症多发生于泌乳量高的优秀奶牛,主要是由于饲料中原发性磷缺乏引起的,饲料搭配不当、饲养管理不合理,致使奶牛体内钙磷比例严重失调,也可导致血磷极度下降。主要对如何诊断及治疗奶牛低磷血症作一介绍,旨在为兽医同仁提供参考。     

奶牛肢蹄病的发生原因及防治措施

1发病原因日粮中缺钙、缺磷,或是高钙低磷、高磷低钙,都容易导致钙磷代谢障碍,从而引起奶牛肢蹄病。维生素D不足或活性下降时,可引起钙、磷代谢障碍。某些曲霉菌素中毒会干扰维生素D的活性,即使钙、磷充足也不能被很好利用,以致引发奶牛肢蹄病。粗饲料特别是干草品质低劣,也是引发奶牛肢蹄病的重要原因之一。     

从食物链源头上预防奶牛低磷血症的效应

在低磷地区以分组对比的试验方法 ,用不同含磷量的牧草在同等条件下喂饲两组低磷奶牛 ,定期采样分析 ,对各组奶牛血钙、血磷、超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 (GSH- Px)、丙二醛 (MDA)及牧草、土壤中磷含量、喂饲后奶牛生产性能等进行测定和观察。结果表明 :(1)在预试验期 ,对牧草施撒磷肥 ,收获后 ,土壤和牧草二者含磷量均明显提高。在其后的几年间再次测定该两项指标仍处于较高水平 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,后效应明显。 (2 )对低磷奶牛喂饲富磷牧草后 ,其血清磷由1.0 2 mm ol/ L提高到 2 .0 5 m mol/ L,两组差异极显著。 (3)对照组与试验组随着喂饲时间的延长 ,血清中抗氧化指标变化明显 ,试验组抗氧化能力增强 ,SOD、GSH- Px活性增强 ;MDA含量降低。(4)从对奶牛生产性能的测定看出 ,试验组生产性能有较大幅度地提高。     

乳牛口服大量β-胡萝卜素对维生素D3及钙磷代谢的影响

６头健康成年荷斯坦乳牛被随机均分为２组。试验组牛第１周每头口服β－胡萝卜素２３．０ｇ,以后每周每头口服１１．５ｇ,对照组不做任何处理。试验期共８周。结果表明,试验组乳牛血清钙及无机磷水平呈下降趋势;血清维生素Ｄ３活性代谢产物２５－ＯＨ－Ｄ３和１,２５－（ＯＨ）２－Ｄ３均呈现明显下降;至第５周末,血液β－胡萝卜素水平最高,２５－ＯＨ－Ｄ３水平下降非常明显。据此认为,乳牛对β－胡萝卜素的吸收存在一阈值,大剂量的β－胡萝卜素进入机体,可能直接干扰维生素Ｄ３的羟化,使其活性代谢产物呈下降趋势,但由于吸收阈值的存在,其对维生素Ｄ３和骨骼钙磷代谢的干扰作用可得到一定程度的减缓。     

Phosphorus homeostasis in dairy cows with abomasal displacement or abomasal volvulus

Abnormal phosphorus homeostasis occurs in dairy cows with an abomasal displacement or volvulus. The goal of this study was to identify potential mechanisms for hypophosphatemia and hyperphosphatemia in cows with a left displaced abomasum (LDA), right displaced abomasum (RDA), or abomasal volvulus (AV). Accordingly, the results of preoperative clinicopathologic analyses for 1,368 dairy cows with an LDA (n = 1,189), RDA, or AV (n = 179) (data set 1) and for 44 cows with an AV (data set 2) were retrieved. Laboratory values were compared by Student's t-tests, and correlation and regression analyses were performed. Thirty-four percent of the animals from data set 1 (463/1,368) were hypophosphatemic (serum phosphorus concentration ([Pi]) < 1.4 mmol/L), and 9% (122/1,368) were hyperphosphatemic ([Pi] >2.3 mmol/L). Serum [Pi] was significantly lower (P < .05) in cows with an LDA (1.60 +/- 0.53 mmol/L; mean +/- SD) than in cows with an RDA or AV (1.85 +/- 0.68 mmol/L). For cows with an LDA, [Pi] was correlated with serum urea nitrogen concentration ([SUN]) (r = 0.34) and serum concentration of magnesium ([Mg]) (r = 0.20). For cows with an RDA or AV, linear correlations existed between [Pi] and [SUN] (r = 0.45), [Mg] (r = 0.43), and serum chloride concentration ([Cl]) (r = -0.27). Stepwise logistic regression analysis indicated that low [SUN] and the diagnosis of an LDA had the strongest associations with hypophosphatemia. In cows with hyperphosphatemia, [Pi] was most strongly associated with azotemia. In cows with an AV, the strongest correlations with [Pi] were found for [SUN] and serum creatinine. We conclude that hypophosphatemia in cows with an LDA is primarily due to decreased feed intake. In contrast, hyperphosphatemia in cattle with an RDA or AV appears to result from dehydration and decreased renal blood flow.     

饲粮添加不同水平维生素D_3对肉仔鸡生长性能和骨磷代谢利用的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加不同水平维生素D3(VD3)对肉仔鸡生长性能及骨磷代谢利用的影响。试验选用480只1日龄艾拔益加肉公雏,采用2×4双因子完全随机设计,设2个饲粮非植酸磷水平[0.45%和0.23%(实测值为0.44%和0.21%)]与4个VD3添加水平(0、1 000、2 000和4 000IU/kg),共8个组,每组6个重复,每个重复10只鸡。试验期21d。结果表明,与0.21%非植酸磷水平相比,0.44%非植酸磷水平显著提高肉仔鸡平均日增重(ADG)、平均日采食量(ADFI)、胫骨灰分含量和胫骨灰分磷含量(P0.05),显著降低料重比(F/G)和胫骨灰分磷绝对沉积率(P0.05);与不添加VD3相比,饲粮中添加VD3显著提高肉仔鸡ADG、15~21和1~21日龄ADFI、胫骨灰分含量和胫骨灰分磷绝对沉积率(P0.05),显著降低1~21日龄肉仔鸡F/G(P0.05);0.21%非植酸磷水平下,与不添加VD3相比,饲粮中添加VD3显著降低肉仔鸡死亡率(P0.05),显著提高21日龄肉仔鸡胫骨灰分磷重量(P0.05),添加2000IU/kg VD3显著提高14日龄肉仔鸡胫骨灰分磷重量(P0.05);0.44%非植酸磷水平下,与不添加VD3相比,饲粮中添加VD3显著提高肉仔鸡胫骨灰分磷重量(P0.05)。以上结果表明,饲粮中添加VD3可提高肉仔鸡的生长性能并降低死亡率,促进磷在骨骼中的代谢利用。     

Hemolytic anemia and red blood cell metabolic disorder attributable to low phosphorus intake in cows

Hypophosphatemia was induced in 2 cows by reducing phosphorus content in their feed after parturition. Serum inorganic phosphorus (Pi) values decreased to 1 mg/dl within 10 days after parturition; and RBC adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) and reduced glutathione values decreased to 50 and 70% of baseline values, respectively. Methemoglobin concentration was moderately higher than normal. These changes preceded the onset of hemolysis, and anemia progressed with decreases in PCV, hemoglobin concentration, and RBC counts. Serum Pi resumed its normal value when anemia was most severe. This RBC disorder was confirmed to be characteristic of hemolytic anemia in cows resulting from hypophosphatemia. The RBC glycolytic intermediates, total triose phosphate (combined glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate content) and fructose-1,6-diphosphate, greatly increased in vivo and in vitro with decreases in serum or plasma Pi and RBC ATP. From our results, we concluded that inadequate Pi in the plasma impairs the function and viability of RBC by hindering the production of ATP via disturbance of reactions at the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase step.     

铜对奶牛免疫能力的影响

[目的]检测实验奶牛血清中的微量元素铜的水平及相关指标的变化规律。[方法]实验所用实验动物均选自黑龙江地区某奶牛场,常规水平饲养管理,TMR全混合日粮自由采食。根据DHI数据随机选择体重、胎次(2~3次)、泌乳期(0~10d)、体况和饲养管理高度相似的泌乳奶牛50头。[结果]实验奶牛血清铜水平与IL-2的相关性为R=0.355,显著性为P=0.011。实验奶牛血清铜水平与IL-2呈显著正相关,泌乳奶牛血清中的IL-2会随着铜水平的升高而有所升高。实验奶牛血清铜水平与IL-1的相关性为R=0.215,显著性为Ρ=0.133,P>0.05。实验奶牛血清铜水平与IL-1不相关。实验奶牛血清铜水平与TNF-α的相关性为R=0.185,显著性为P=0.198,P>0.05。[结论]实验奶牛血清铜水平与TNF-α不相关。     

Effects of cortisol secreted via a 12-h infusion of adrenocorticotropic hormone on mineral homeostasis and bone metabolism in ovariectomized cows

To evaluate the effects of endogenously secreted cortisol on mineral homeostasis and bone metabolism in cows, 4 ovariectomized Holstein cows were infused for 12 h with either an adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) solution (0.5 mg/2 L isotonic NaCl solution per cow) or isotonic NaCl solution in a 2 × 2 crossover design. ACTH infusion stimulated cortisol secretion and increased plasma cortisol concentrations for 18 h (P < 0.001), leading to an elevated plasma glucose concentration until 36 h (P < 0.001). Plasma calcium and magnesium concentrations in ACTH-infused cows fluctuated within normal ranges, whereas hypophosphatemia was observed unequivocally. The biochemical bone resorption markers tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b and hydroxyproline decreased following ACTH infusion (P < 0.001 and P = 0.003, respectively). Similarly, the bone formation marker, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, decreased continuously until 72 h after the ACTH infusion (P < 0.001). These results demonstrate that increased secretion of cortisol via a 12-h ACTH infusion disrupted homeostasis of inorganic phosphate and suppressed bone metabolism in ovariectomized cows without involving gonadal steroid hormones.     

Effects of oral administration of "rumen-bypass" vitamin D3 on vitamin D and calcium metabolism in periparturient cows

Eleven late-pregnant Jersey cows were assigned to two groups; a group (PO-RBVD group) consisting of five cows treated with an oral administration of 10 million I.U. of an encapsulated form of vitamin D3 ("rumen-bypass" VD3; RBVD3) and another group (IMVD group) consisting of the other six treated with an intramuscular injection of 10 million I.U. of vitamin D3 (VD3). The cows received the RBVD3 or VD3 administration at 7 days before the expected parturition. The changes in the plasma concentrations of vitamin D metabolites, ionized Ca (Ca++) and inorganic phosphorus (iP) were evaluated. Of the vitamin D metabolites, the plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in PO-RBVD group increased significantly after the RBVD3 administration and remained in high levels that were significantly higher than those in IMVD group. This suggested that RBVD3 was absorbed rapidly and excellently from the post-ruminal digestive tract without the degradation by ruminal microorganisms. The plasma Ca++ and iP concentrations in PO-RBVD group tended to be higher after the administration and around parturition than those in IMVD group. From these observations, it was suggested the oral RBVD3 administration had more potent ability to prevent parturient paresis compared with the VD3 injection used widely in Japan.     

Hypophosphatemia

Severe hypophosphatemia (i.e., serum phosphorus concentration below 1 mg/dl) occurs infrequently in veterinary patients. It is most often associated with diabetic ketoacidosis in small animals. Phosphate is necessary for the production of 2,3 diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP); both are important for normal cellular metabolism. Consequences of severe hypophosphatemia may include hemolytic anemia, seizures, altered mentation, cardiomyopathy, and skeletal muscle weakness. Parenteral phosphate therapy is necessary in most cases of severe hypophosphatemia.