大豆下胚轴不定芽对卡那霉素和氯化钠耐性的研究

为探讨不同基因型大豆对卡那霉素和NaCl的耐性,以大豆黑农44、合丰35和淮豆9号的下胚轴为外植体,分别研究了不同浓度的卡那霉素和NaCl对不同基因型大豆下胚轴不定芽形成的影响.结果表明:大豆不同基因型对卡那霉素和NaCl的耐受性不同,且在伸长培养42 d时随卡那霉素和NaCl浓度的增加,不定芽诱导率、芽数和芽长均显著降低;黑农44、合丰35和淮豆9号卡那霉素的筛选浓度分别为100,150,100 mg·L-1,NaCl的筛选浓度分别为100,100,75 mmol· L-1.     

农杆菌介导不同基因型大豆品种子叶节遗传转化条件的研究

以黑农46、黑农53和黑农56的子叶节为转化受体,对农杆菌介导大豆子叶节遗传转化中的6-BA浓度、草丁膦浓度、侵染时间、共培养时间以及伸长培养基进行筛选,确定适合不同基因型的最佳转化条件。结果表明:黑农46、黑农53和黑农56的最佳6-BA诱导浓度分别为1.7、1.6和1.7 mg.L-1;最佳草丁膦筛选浓度分别为2.0、3.0和2.0 mg.L-1;同时确定了侵染时间、共培养时间和伸长培养基类型的最佳组合是侵染时间25 min、共培养时间3 d和Ⅲ型伸长培养基。     

利用农杆菌介导法转化大豆子叶节的影响因素研究

以3个大豆品种为材料,采用GUS瞬时表达的方法,对适合于大豆子叶节和胚尖转化的基因型进行筛选,结果表明:适合大豆子叶节转化的品种为东农50,适合胚尖转化的品种为黑农41。在子叶节转化系统中,摸索了农杆菌侵染浓度与侵染时间的最佳配比组合、乙酰丁香酮浓度和超声波辅助处理对大豆转化效率的影响。优化后的条件为:农杆菌侵染的浓度OD600=0.6,侵染时间30～40 min,乙酰丁香酮浓度200μmol.L-1,超声波辅助转化时间5 s。在上述条件下,成功获得了转基因植株,转化效率为2.3%。     

MYB转录因子AtPHR1转化大豆研究

以MYB转录因子AtPHR1表达载体为转化对象,采用农杆菌介导子叶节转化技术将其转入栽培大豆,研究不同萌发时间、预培养时间、菌液和侵染液浓度、大豆基因型以及筛选剂浓度对转化效率的影响.结果表明:以萌发5d大豆幼苗制备子叶节外植体,预培养1d,农杆菌菌液OD600为0.7,侵染液OD600为0.5或0.7进行转化,100 mg.L-1卡那霉素进行筛选的抗性芽诱导率最高;5个供试品种中,以五星2号的转化率最高,约为2.0％;经PCR检测转化后的大豆植株,获得了含有转录因子AtPHR1的5个大豆新材料.     

大豆子叶节对潮霉素敏感性研究

标记基因的利用是筛选和鉴定转基因植株的有效方法,使用潮霉素能抑制植物的生长.选用3个基因型大豆为材料,以褐化率、分化率为指标,研究了不同质量浓度潮霉素对大豆子叶节分化和丛生芽生根的影响.结果表明不同基因型大豆对潮霉素的敏感性不同,潮霉素对大豆子叶节适宜筛选浓度黑农35为6 mg·L-1、合丰35和合丰25为4 mg·L-1;丛生芽生根筛选浓度黑农35为2 mg·L-1、合丰35和合丰25为1 mg·L-1.     

农杆菌介导的下胚轴法转化大豆研究

以下胚轴为外植体,采用农杆菌介导方法成功将大豆的蓝光受体启动子pGmPLP1导入大豆基因组中,并且该基因在后代中得到稳定遗传表达.比较了栽培品种黑农44用子叶节法和下胚轴法转化的区别,发现用子叶节法不能获得高效转基因植株的品种可以顺利通过下胚轴法进行转化.     

引进大豆种质遗传转化适用基因型的筛选

以引进种质"越黑"、"越褐"、Moshidou Gong503(半野生种)、日A、日B1、日B2的子叶节为受体材料,采用农杆菌介导法转入抗虫基因cryI,筛选组织培养适应性强,转化效率高的引进大豆种质。并对适宜遗传转化的基因型在萌发阶段和芽诱导阶段的适宜6-BA浓度进行筛选。结果表明:参试品种中"越褐"为适用于子叶节器官发生途径的基因型;萌发阶段添加浓度为0.1 mg.L-1的6-BA,可获得最佳轴根比,此时的无菌苗下胚轴粗壮无须根;萌发阶段和芽诱导阶段6-BA的最佳浓度分别为0.1和1.7 mg.L-1。     

根癌农杆菌介导的大豆子叶节转化体系的优化

以13种不同基因型的大豆为材料,研究了大豆外植体再生过程中不同大豆基因型对丛生芽数目的影响,选取优势基因型为受体材料,比较了在草丁膦和潮霉素筛选压力下外植体的再生情况,并确定其合适的筛选浓度,在对农杆菌介导的子叶节转化体系优化的基础上进行了大豆转化效率的研究。结果显示:在相同的芽诱导条件下,山宁14产生的丛生芽最多,更适合于大豆子叶节转化;与其它筛选剂相比,采用潮霉素的梯度筛选更有利于抗性苗的成活,其最适筛选浓度为8 mg.L-1;通过检测GUS基因的表达和分子鉴定证明外源的GUS基因已插入到转基因植株的基因组中,转化效率达到3.2%。     

农杆菌介导法将Bt(cryⅠA)基因导入大豆的研究

构建含有Bt(cry Ⅰ A)基因的植物表达载体pCAMBIA3300-Bt,以大豆子叶节为受体,通过农杆菌介导法将Bt基因导人大豆品种黑农37中,获得转基因植株.并进行人豆的再生和遗传转化系统优化的研究,以获得较高的转化率.结果表明:在6-BA浓度为1.7 mg·L-1时,丛生芽分化率最高,确定该品种大豆在从生芽分化阶段的草铵膦筛选浓度为3.5 mg·L-1获得转化质粒pCAMBIA3300-Bt的转基因植株,其中T1代PCR阳性植株19株.采用real-time PCR的方法对T1代抗性植株进行Bt基因的转录水平的分析,初步证明Bt基因已整合到受体大豆的基因组内.     

卡那霉素和草铵膦对不同基因型大豆胚尖不定芽诱导的影响

以合丰35、黑农44和吉林35的胚尖为外植体,分别考察了不同浓度的卡那霉素和草铵膦对不同基因型大豆胚尖不定芽诱导的影响。结果表明,不定芽诱导率合丰35和吉林35在卡那霉素100 mg.L-1时与对照差异不显著,黑农44在100 mg.L-1处理时显著低于对照;芽数吉林35在卡那霉素100 mg.L-1时显著低于对照并高于其他浓度,而合丰35与黑农44在100 mg.L-1时芽数与对照差异不显著;3种基因型大豆胚尖不定芽伸长均在卡那霉素浓度为100 mg.L-1时受到显著抑制。草铵膦浓度在0.2～1.2 mg.L-1时对合丰35和吉林35的芽数没有影响,但黑农44在1.0 mg.L-1时芽数开始显著低于对照;芽长合丰35、黑农44和吉林35分别在0.6、0.2和0.2 mg.L-1时显著低于对照。因此,合丰35、黑农44和吉林35的适宜卡那霉素的筛选浓度为100 mg.L-1,草铵膦浓度分别为0.6、0.2和0.2mg.L-1。     

Preparation and characterization of fibers of waste and fresh polyethylene terephtalate and mixtures of them

Textile fibers were obtained from secondary polyethylene terephtalate (PET) and its mixtures with primary PET at initial orientation of 18000–33000 %, rate of additional orientation drawing 3.5–6.5 times and temperature of thermal fixation 363–413 K. The fibers’ tensile strength was found to decrease and elongation at break to increase with the decrease of their linear density under the conditions of fibers formation. For the fibers based on polymer mixtures, the presence of oxidized fragments in the secondary PET limited the compatibility of the two polymers which resulted in deteriorated tensile properties. The linear density (4–16 dtex), tensile strength (30–50 cN/tex) and elongation at break (20–60 %) of the PET fibers obtained were close to these for the industrially produced polymer fibers. The values of the average diameter of the fibers formed and oriented under laboratory conditions allows classifying them between the fine and the coarse textile fibers which makes them suitable for the textile industry.     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

Characteristics of photosynthesis and conductance of potato canopies and the effects of cultivars and transient drought

Gas-exchange characteristics of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) canopies were determined with crop enclosures under condition of optimal water supply, during soil water depletion, and during recovery from drought-stress. The plants were grown under a rainshelter in large containers with 2-m² surface area. Control plants received water throughout the growth period. In Expt. 1, transient drought was imposed by interrupting water supply completely for 22 days. During the 33-day period of drought treatment in Expt. 2, the stressed plants received half the amount of water that was given to the control plants (irrigations 2–3 times per week).

During soil water depletion, stomatal conductance of the canopy was reduced earlier and more than photosynthesis. This resulted in a lower internal carbon dioxide concentration in the leaves of stressed plants and a higher ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. The value of that ratio increased as soil water potential dropped.

Water-use efficiency ( ) increased during drought stress. The cultivar Bintje showed a larger ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of the canopy and a higher than cv. Saturna, both for optimal water supply and during drought stress.

Photosynthesis and conductance of the canopy started to recover immediately upon rewatering, even when relative values had declined to 20–30% during the preceding stress period. After release from stress, the leaves in the top layer of the canopy had a higher stomatal conductance in treated plants than in control plants.     

水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式示范

2017—2018年,在同安镇粮食产能区示范推广水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式,取得了显著成效。融合技术示范区比常规区减少用药2~3次,用药量减少37.6%,防治成本降低400元/hm^2;水稻产量增加12.8%,收益增加2 835元/hm^2。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

生物质能作物——甘薯开发利用现状及趋势

甘薯是世界上重要的粮食、饲料、工业原料及新型能源用块根作物，在我国乃至世界再生能源开发中起到重大作用，其分布地域广，适应性强，沙荒地、岗坡地均可种植。生物产量高，而且种植栽培容易。甘薯含淀粉15％～30％，晒干率20％～35％，世界各国以薯干或淀粉为原料生产乙醇有着悠久的历史。随着全球能源的日趋紧张，乙醇作为一种可再生的环保燃料．将快速步入全球成品油市场，在替代汽油供应方面起到越来越大的作用。各国正在推行或制定燃料乙醇计划，并着眼于生物燃料乙醇应用方案，认为甘薯可能是摆脱将来粮食和能源危机的“最后一张王牌”。     

棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术应用与推广

经过多年实践,探索总结出抗病虫品种、频振式太阳能杀虫灯、糖盆诱蛾、黄蓝板诱虫、生物多样性控虫等绿色防控技术,形成了切合库尔勒实际的棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术模式。介绍了上述技术措施及其在当地棉田的推广应用效果。     

热区蔬菜质量安全分析与评价

对影响我国热区主要蔬菜产前、产中、产后的质量安全相关因素与现状进行调研,获取基础数据与有关信息。对比分析国内不同生产区质量安全存在的差异与差距,研究我国热区蔬菜从生产至市场各个环节的质量安全评价方法,提出建立我国热区蔬菜质量安全评价体系方案。     

春季氮肥和多效唑调控对小麦生育和产量的影响

为明确春季调控措施对冬小麦生长发育和籽粒产量的影响,以冬小麦品种石新828为材料进行田间试验,4个处理分别为:起身期追全部氮肥(除基肥外,下同)并叶面喷多效唑(N1);起身期追2/3氮肥并喷多效唑+拔节期追1/3氮肥(N2);起身期追1/3氮肥+拔节期追2/3氮肥(N3);拔节期追全部氮肥(N4)。生育期间测定群体和个体生育特性,成熟期调查产量性状。结果表明,N1和N2处理小麦拔节期的总茎数、叶面积指数(LAI)和干物质积累量均显著高于N4和N3处理。孕穗期N4和N3处理小麦的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量显著高于N1和N2处理。开花到成熟期各处理的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量差异均不显著。孕穗期前,不同处理的株高差异不显著,孕穗期后,N4处理的株高最高,且显著高于N1处理。各处理基部节间直径和中上部节间长的差异不显著,N4处理基部第一节间长度显著大于其他处理。随追氮时期前移或前期施氮量增多,不孕小穗数减少,结实小穗和穗粒数增加,N1比N4处理不孕小穗数显著减少,结实小穗和穗粒数显著增多。N1处理小麦成熟期的千粒重最高,且显著高于N4处理。N1处理的籽粒产量最高,且显著高于N3和N4处理。起身期追氮配合多效唑调控,可以获得比拔节期追氮更高的穗粒数和千粒重,从而获得更高的产量。     

施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响

采用盆栽试验，研究施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响，结果表明：适量施用镁肥，可以促进烟草的生长发育、改善其农艺学性状，影响烟株对其它营养元素的吸收与积累，提高烟叶产量，并能使烟叶N，P，K，Ca等营养元素含量更趋协调。随着施镁量的增加，烟叶中镁含量提高10．7％～71．4％，烤烟单株吸镁量、叶片叶绿素含量、干物质产量分别提高17．6％～115．4％，1．9％～23．ooA和6．3％～25．7％，而对烟叶含钾量没有明显影响。在镁比较缺乏的土壤上，镁肥作基肥施比叶面喷施的效果好，基肥施镁结合叶面喷镁的效果最佳；叶面喷镁，肥料用量少、成本低、见效快，是一种有效的镁肥施用方法；提高镁肥用量，施镁的效果更加显著。