幼龄蓝孔雀组织滴虫与球虫混合感染的诊断报告

本文对哈尔滨北方森林动物园内陆续出现机体消瘦、精神萎靡、排黄绿色、棕红色稀粪的5只幼龄蓝孔雀在死亡后进行病理剖检,发现病变主要集中在肝脏、盲肠、十二指肠。结合临床症状、病理变化、实验室检查、流行病学等综合分析确诊为孔雀组织滴虫与球虫混合感染。     

孔雀组织滴虫病的防治

孔雀组织滴虫病是由组织滴虫（原虫）引起的寄生虫病。组织滴虫寄生于禽类盲肠和肝脏，以肝脏坏死、盲肠溃疡，出血为特征。近些年来，各地动物园、养殖场均不断发生该病。孔雀组织滴虫病已成为孔雀饲养的主要预防病之一。一、发病原因组织滴虫寄生于肠上皮细胞内。虫体多随粪便排出体外，被孔雀食入即可感染。但更多见的形式是组织滴虫被寄生于孔雀盲肠内的异刺线虫吞食，在其体内循环。最终带滴虫的线虫随粪便排出体外。孔雀吃了这种带组织滴虫的线虫卵或吃了带滴虫的线虫卵的蚯蚓，线虫的卵壳被消化，线虫幼虫和组织滴出共同移行至盲肠部…     

一起鹌鹑组织滴虫病的诊疗报告

组织滴虫病又名盲肠肝炎或黑头病,是由组织滴虫属的火鸡组织滴虫寄生于禽类的盲肠和肝脏的一种急性寄生虫病。本病以肝脏坏死和盲肠溃疡为特征,通常多发生于火鸡,对其危害性也最大。但鸡、鹌鹑、孔雀、野鸡等也可感染发病。笔者曾收检某养殖场正在发病的9只小鹌鹑,经过流行病学、临诊症状、病理剖检及病原体检查,确诊为组织滴虫病,现报告如下:     

孔雀组织滴虫病的诊疗

组织滴虫病是由火鸡组织滴虫引起的鸡、火鸡、孔雀、鹌鹑以及鸭、鹅等禽类的一种寄生虫病,经消化道感染,该病主要侵害盲肠和肝脏,以肝的坏死和盲肠溃疡为特征,故又称盲肠肝炎。     

一例土鸡组织滴虫病的诊治

正组织滴虫病又称"黑头病"或者传染性盲肠炎,是动鞭毛亚纲单鞭毛科组织滴虫属中的火鸡组织滴虫以鸡异刺线虫为传播媒介,引起火鸡等禽类发病的一种急性原虫寄生虫病。鸡是组织滴虫病最易感动物,雉鸡、鸽子、鹧鸪、鹌鹑、孔雀等禽类也会被感染。该病的流行和传播具有明显的季节性,主要发生在温度较高、湿度较大的春季和夏季。组织滴虫感染宿主后可引起盲肠一系列病变和炎症,     

动物园绿孔雀肠道寄生虫流行特征调查

<正>孔雀是一种极具观赏价值的鸟类,但在人工养殖下因饲养、环境等因素的影响,易感染肠道寄生虫。对孔雀肠道寄生虫的研究主要集中于寄生虫感染的种类、感染率及感染强度等,对孔雀肠道寄生虫感染流行特征的研究少有报道。唐松元等~([1])对蓝孔雀肠道寄生虫感染情况调查发现,球虫感染强度为"+++",蛔虫感染强度为"+",异刺线虫感染强度为"+"。Zinke~([2])等在对鸟类寄生虫的调查发现,秋季是寄生虫感染的高发期,其中球虫感     

蓝孔雀链球菌、组织滴虫和沙门菌混合感染的诊治

<正>蓝孔雀是国家二级保护动物,其羽毛多彩绚丽,肉质鲜美,不仅具有观赏价值,也是一种很有开发前途的肉用与药用特禽,市场前景非常广阔。随着蓝孔雀养殖规模和区域的不断扩大,孔雀临床发病病例报道逐渐增多。2014年5月份,信阳市平桥区某孔雀养殖户饲养的60只成年种孔雀出现腹泻、流涎、死亡现象,经实验室诊断确定为链球菌、组织滴虫和沙门菌混合感染,现报道如下。1发病情况该养殖户共饲养成年种孔雀60只,当前正处于     

一起混养禽场鸡、火鸡盲肠肝炎诊治报告

正鸡盲肠肝炎又叫黑头病,是由组织滴虫引起的感染火鸡和鸡的一种急性原虫病,其他禽类也容易感染如野鸡、孔雀、珍珠鸡等,鸡异次线虫为组织滴虫的宿主,也是本病的传播者,该病主要侵害4~6周龄禽,主要表现为肝脏圆形坏死、盲肠栓塞、发病后期鸡头黑紫等特征性病变,温暖潮湿季节多发,尤其对散养禽业危害严重,笔者在此对本市一散养禽场,混养鸡、火鸡发病病例诊治情况进行报告,望对养殖朋友有所借鉴。     

褐马鸡组织滴虫病的诊治

<正>组织滴虫病又名盲肠肝炎或黑头病,主要是由组织滴虫寄生于盲肠和肝脏引起的,以肝脏坏死和盲肠溃疡为特征的一种急性寄生虫病。多发于火鸡,但也可使鸡、鹌鹑、孔雀、珍珠鸡、野鸡等感染发病。近日辽西动物园珍禽观赏区的褐马鸡发生了组织滴虫病,由于诊断准确、治疗及时,使疫情很快得到了控制。褐马鸡发生组织滴虫病的病例较少,现将诊治情况报道如下。1发病情况辽西动物园珍禽观赏区内,主要有孔雀、蓝马鸡、褐马鸡、珍珠鸡、火鸡以及各种飞鸟等珍禽。2013年6月11日,动物园的5只褐马鸡突然发病,     

孔雀组织滴虫病的诊治

孔雀组织滴虫病是由组织滴虫所引起的原虫性寄生虫病，该病的主要特点是盲肠和肝脏形成坏死性炎症，由于患病后机体血液循环障碍，病禽头部呈暗黑色，所以又称黑头病，孔雀进入育成期后对该病较为敏感。2005年9月，辽西动物园饲养的70多只孔雀有部分陆续发病死亡，通过临床症状、病理变化和实验室检查，确诊为组织滴虫病，现将诊治情况报告如下。     

Isolation and characterization of peacock Chlamydophila psittaci infection in China

The objective of this study was to isolate and identify suspected pathogens from peacocks and peacock farmers with severe pneumonia and to investigate its potential association with peacocks' pneumonia, caused by Chlamydophila psittaci infection. A clinical examination of infected peacocks identified birds with symptoms of anorexia, weight loss, yellowish droppings, airsacculitis, sinusitis, and conjunctivitis, whereas the infected farmers showed high fever and respiratory distress. Immunofluorescence tests detected chlamydial antigens in pharyngeal swabs (12 of 20) and lung tissue samples (four of five) from peacocks. One of four swabs taken from farmers was also positive by the same test. Specific anti-chlamydia immunoglobulin G was detected in 16 of 20 peacocks and four of four peacock farmers. The isolated pathogen was able to grow in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chicken embryos and McCoy cell lines and was identified as Chlamydiae by immunofluorescence assay and PCR. Avian influenza virus, Newcastle disease virus, and infectious bronchitis virus were eliminated as potential causative agents after pharyngeal swabs inoculated onto the chorioallantoic membrane of embryonate eggs failed to recover viable virus. PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism indicated the ompA gene from the isolate was similar to that of avian C. psittaci type B. Three-week-old SPF chickens challenged with the peacock isolate via intraperitoneal injection showed a typical pneumonia, airsacculitis, and splenitis. Subsequently, the inoculating strain was recovered from the lungs of challenged birds. This is the first report of C. psittaci infection in peacocks and peacock farmers.     

Detection of beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) and avian polyomavirus (APV) DNA in psittacine birds in Italy

Beak and feather disease (psittacine circovirus) and Budgerigar fledgling disease (avian polyomavirus) are viral diseases that can frequently affect captive psittacine birds. We designed the first survey to investigate the presence of beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) and Avian polyomavirus (APV) inside the population of captive psittacine birds in Italy. Samples were collected in 18 Italian psittacine breeding centres and four trade centres over a 4-year period. A total of 1516 birds were tested for BFDV and 877 birds were tested for APV by means of a polymerase-chain-reaction (PCR) assay. BFDV was found in 122 (8.05%) and APV in 7 (0.79%) birds. No significant difference in infection rate was found between imported and locally raised parrots. We report the first BFDV DNA isolation in wild birds imported to Italy from Papua New Guinea.     

Avian malaria in captive psittacine birds: detection by microscopy and 18S rRNA gene amplification

A cross-sectional survey was conducted to estimate the occurrence of malaria infection among captive psittacine birds (n=127) from three zoological gardens in Brazil. Malaria infection was evaluated by the association of direct examination of blood smears with amplification of the 18SSU rRNA gene of the Plasmodium genus, demonstrating an overall occurrence of 36%. Most infected bird species were Amazona aestiva (28/73), Ara ararauna (6/10), and Amazona amazonica (3/10). The low parasitemias observed among the infected birds suggest a chronic infection. The sequence analyses of 10 isolates indicate a potential occurrence of four distinct Plasmodium lineages. These findings provide new data on malarial infection in captive psittacine birds, and emphasize the need for better control of importation and exportation of these birds.     

B cell and macrophage response in chicks after oral administration of Salmonella typhimurium strains

Despite the fact that, in a number of countries, vaccination programmes are extensively used to control Salmonella infection in poultry, information on the immune mechanisms, especially the cellular response, is still needed. The aim of the study was to characterise the B cell and macrophage response in caecum (IgA+, IgM+, IgG+ cells, macrophages), bursa of Fabricius (IgM+ cells, macrophages), and spleen (IgM+ cells) of chicks after oral administration of a non-attenuated Salmonella (S.) typhimurium wild-type strain (infection) or an attenuated commercial live S. typhimurium vaccine strain (immunisation) to day-old chicks as compared to non-treated control birds using immunohistochemistry and image analysis. In caecum, higher counts of IgM-secreting cells were detected in infected animals compared with the controls from day 5 until day 12 of age. In contrast, in treated groups, IgA-secreting cells were found in higher numbers only between day 8 and 12 of age. Infected birds showed a higher number of IgA+ cells in spleen and bursa of Fabricius compared to the controls. In the bursa of Fabricius of immunised and infected birds, a depletion of strongly stained IgM+ cells and macrophages was established between day 5 and 9 indicating a possibly special and independent role of this organ during the immunological reaction against Salmonella organisms. The results suggest that IgM- and IgA-secreting cells are of importance in the caecal immune response of chickens against Salmonella strains. Immunised chickens always showed a weaker immune reaction compared to infected animals. Present findings regarding the B cell reaction within avian caeca prove a participation of both humoral and cellular immunity in defence against Salmonella strains. Immunohistochemical examination of the cellular response (B cells and macrophages) in relevant organs of chickens may be an important tool to evaluate the immunogenic characteristics of potential Salmonella live vaccine candidates.     

Methods of detection of Chlamydia psittaci in domesticated and wild birds

OBJECTIVE: To study the occurrence of Chlamydia psittaci in domesticated and wild birds and compare the sensitivity of molecular detection with cell culture isolation. DESIGN: Study of cell culture isolation and PCR detection of C psittaci in avian samples. PROCEDURE: Samples were obtained from 485 birds. Domesticated birds were selected at random from pet shops, private aviaries and zoos, while wild birds were captured locally, sampled, and immediately released. Swabs were collected from choanal slit, conjunctiva and cloaca of each bird and pooled. Samples were divided into equal portions for use in PCR dot-blot and cell culture detection. PCR and dot-blot detection was based on the ompB gene. RESULTS: Prevalence of infection varied markedly between flocks of captive birds. It was highest where there were frequent changes in the flock members or where there were many birds confined in small areas. C psittaci was not detected in wild birds or water birds. The sensitivity of cell culture compared to PCR dot-blot detection was 68%. All samples positive by cell culture were also positive by PCR. CONCLUSIONS: PCR-dot blot detection of C psittaci in birds appears to be more sensitive than cell culture isolation in this study. C psittaci infection of birds may occur in clinically normal captive birds.     

Effects of cage contamination with coccidia and salmonella on acute salmonellosis in young chickens

The effects of concurrent cage contamination with Salmonella typhimurium and Eimeria tenella on the establishment of salmonella infection in day-old chickens were investigated. Chickens were divided into five groups: uninfected recipient birds placed in a cage contaminated by donor birds infected with E. tenella and S. typhimurium; E. tenella-infected recipients placed in a cage contaminated by S. typhimurium-infected donors; uninfected recipients placed in a cage contaminated by S. typhimurium-infected donors; E. tenella-infected recipients placed in a cage contaminated by uninfected donors; and uninfected recipients placed in a cage contaminated by uninfected donors. Three identical trials were conducted. Recipient birds were necropsied 4, 7, and 11 days after caging. In the cage where donor birds infected with both organisms had been reared, S. typhimurium counts in feces and number of feces positive for S. typhimurium were significantly (P less than 0.05) greater than those in the other cages on days 0, 4, and 7 after caging. Moreover, in this cage, more chicks died, counts of S. typhimurium in cecal contents were greater, and more birds were positive for S. typhimurium than in the other groups. This suggests that S. typhimurium infection in day-old chickens is enhanced in cages contaminated with E. tenella and S. typhimurium compared with infection in cages contaminated with S. typhimurium alone.     

Observations on helminth infections of free-living and captive rheas (Rhea americana) in Brazil

The present work describes helminth infection of eight free-living and 12 captive rheas (Rhea americana) from, respectively, Pantanal of Mato Grosso do Sul State, and Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo State, Brazil. Captive birds were young and had a high mortality rate, while free-living birds were adult and apparently healthy. Infections were evaluated by post-mortem examination of internal organs and recovery of helminths using standard parasitological procedures. Seven species of nematodes (Sicarius uncinipenis, Torquatoides crotophaga, Deletrocephalus dimidiatus, D. cesarpintoi, Paradeletrocephalus minor, Capillaria venteli and Dicheilonema rheae) and two species of cestodes (Houttuynia struthionis and Chapmania tauricolis) were identified. P. minor, which inhabits the large intestine, was the most common helminth in free-living birds (63.9%). In captive rheas, a mean parasitic load of 173 helminths per host was found. The gizzard of these birds was the most parasitized organ and S. uncinipenis was most common (92.5%). Parasitism of free-living and captive birds and associated pathology are discussed.     

Evidence of Chlamydophila psittaci infection in captive Amazon parrots in Brazil.

The prevalence of Chlamydophila psittaci (formerly Chlamydia psittaci) infection was assessed in 95 apparently healthy, captive Amazon parrots from three breeder collections in southeastern and west-central Brazil. Cloacal swabs from 95 birds were tested for chlamydial antigen, which was detected by direct immunofluorescence (DIF), and serum samples from 44 of these birds were tested for antibodies to C. psittaci using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The prevalences of active infection as detected by DIF were 16.7%, 22.2%, and 56.1%, and seroprevalences were 100%, 87.5%, and 60% in flocks A, B, and C, respectively. We can therefore infer that C. psittaci may be widespread in captive parrot populations in Brazil.     

A survey to detect subclinical polyomavirus infections of captive psittacine birds in Germany

Infections of avian polyomavirus (APV) are known to cause fatal disease in a wide range of psittacine and non-psittacine birds. Here, we present a survey to investigate the existence of subpopulation of persistent or subclinically infected parrots inside the population of captive psittacine birds in Germany. DNA was isolated from feathers of 85 symptom-free birds from 20 different genera (all psittaciformes) taken from 30 different breeders from all over Germany. The presence of APV was analysed by performing polymerase chain reaction assays (PCR). APV was detected in none of the samples, indicating that the existence of a subpopulation of captive psittacine birds having a persistent APV infection in Germany seems to be relatively low.     

福州动物园圈养鸟类肠道寄生虫调查

为调查福州动物园圈养鸟类消化道寄生虫感染情况,采集16种禽类31份粪便样品,应用饱和盐水漂浮法和自然水洗沉淀法收集虫卵,麦克斯特计数法对采集的粪便样本进行虫卵测定。检查结果显示,寄生虫感染阳性样品数有23份,占样品总数的74%。总共检出6种寄生虫感染,按感染例数从大到小排序为:球虫(9例)、吸虫(7例)、绦虫(6例)、线虫(5例)、鞭虫(4例)、纤毛虫(3例)。感染寄生虫的禽类中,孔雀的感染强度最高,EPG为9 150个/g;其次是巨嘴鸟,EPG为4 500个/g;第三是东方白鹳,EPG为3 300个/g。其他鸟类的EPG分布在0~2 100个/g。该调查结果为福州动物园圈养鸟类寄生虫病的防治以及制定科学的驱虫程序提供可靠的依据。