沼肥在苹果生产中的应用研究

以12-13年生长富2号红富士苹果树为试材,研究土施沼液、沼渣及叶面喷施沼液对苹果产量、品质和病虫防治的影响。结果表明,施用沼肥可促进树体生长发育,提升果实产量和品质,且对苹果叶螨、蚜虫及早期落叶病防治有显著效果。     

施用沼肥对提高果树产量和品质的效果试验

在库尔勒不同果树树种香梨、红枣、葡萄上施用沼肥后观察其对产量、品质及农产品质量安全的影响,采用土施和叶面喷施与常规施肥对比。结果表明,库尔勒香梨施用沼肥后增产8%,可溶性固形物含量提高3%,果形指数比对照低,果形美,但单果重、特级果率略有降低,检出氰戊菊酯含量比对照低0.14mg/kg;葡萄施沼肥后增产17%,可溶性固形物含量提高6.6%,单粒重提高2.2g,对果实纵横径和色泽影响不明显;红枣施沼肥后产量提高18.6%,可溶性固形物含量提高2.6%,一级果率施沼肥的提高12%,单果重提高1.2g,百叶鲜重提高7g,对果实纵横径及色泽影响不明显,农残均未检出。沼肥可提高所试树种的产量、果实可溶性固形物含量,同时降低农药残留,更为安全。     

沼肥施用方式对红枣植株养分含量的影响

在沼肥施用方式不同条件下分析红枣植株地上部分各器官N、P、K的含量。结果表明:不同沼肥施用方式处理的枣树对氮、磷、钾的吸收总量都表现为NKP,同时在整个生长过程中对磷素的吸收变化比较平缓;枣树地上部分植株各器官中的养分含量也均表现为NKP,与植株吸收总量保持一致;沼肥施用方式对枣树各器官中养分的含量产生了一定的影响,沼液喷施有利于植株对N、K养分的吸收和积累,而沼液滴施则有利于植株对P素的吸收和积累。     

施肥对保护地番茄果实品质及其产量的影响

采用二裂式区组设计的方法,以番茄为供试作物,以沼肥（沼液、沼渣）、猪粪和化肥为肥料,研究了不同施肥措施对番茄果实品质及其产量的影响.结果表明：与施用化肥相比,施用沼液番茄果实硝酸盐及Vc含量降低,总糖、总酸含量提高,糖/酸比均较适宜,番茄产量略有降低;与施用猪粪相比,施用沼渣降低了番茄果实硝酸盐及总酸含量,提高了Vc及总糖含量,糖/酸比值增大,番茄产量提高20.8%;与沼渣和化肥配合施用相比,沼渣与沼液配合施用改善了番茄果实的品质,其番茄果实硝酸盐含量降低,Vc、总糖、总酸含量和糖/酸比值均提高,而且番茄产量增加;和猪粪与沼液配合施用相比,猪粪与化肥配合施用番茄果实硝酸盐、Vc、总糖、总酸含量和糖/酸比值均提高,番茄产量增加.     

喷施沼液对苹果产量品质及蔗糖代谢相关酶活性的影响

以短枝"富士"苹果为试材,研究了叶面喷施不同体积分数的沼液对苹果产量品质及成熟过程中蔗糖代谢相关酶活性的影响。结果表明:喷施体积分数为75%的沼液,增加了果实维生素C、可溶性总糖和可滴定酸含量以及果实的果形指数,改善了苹果果实品质,提高了苹果的产量,与对照不喷清水不喷肥相比增产率最高,为13.7%,即667m~2可增产44.5kg。果实成熟后期,各喷肥处理下的蔗糖合成酶和蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性均高于对照CK,随着沼液喷施体积分数的增加,蔗糖含量逐渐增多;蔗糖含量与蔗糖合成酶和蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性呈极显著正相关,相关系数为0.648、0.530(P0.01)。因此,可以在苹果成熟后期叶面喷施沼液增加蔗糖合成酶和蔗糖磷酸合成酶的活性,进而提高果实内蔗糖含量,改善苹果的品质。     

沼肥在椪柑上的施用效果研究

对丽水市红壤上8年生"丽椪2号"椪柑进行施用沼肥试验。试验结果表明,施用沼肥比施专用复合肥产量提高15.5%～23.7%,单果重增加8.1%～12.9%,稳果率提高21.6%～24.0%;比施用农家肥在产量、单果重、稳果率等方面也都有所提高。施沼肥的植株病虫害较轻,果实果型整齐,无病虫斑点,从而提高了果实的商品性,达到较好的种植效益。综合看,花前肥、壮果促梢肥和采后肥分别施用沼渣30、60和30 kg/株,并在椪柑生长发育期间再辅以每15天浇施和叶面喷施沼液各一次最为适宜,值得广大农户推广应用。     

施用沼肥对设施茄子产量和品质的影响

在田间研究沼肥与复合肥不同处理对茄子产量和品质的影响。试验结果表明,施用沼肥可以促进茄子植株生长发育,提高产量,改善果实性状及品质,可适度替代化肥用于农业生产。     

施用钾肥对黄土丘陵区山地矮化密植红枣产量与品质的影响

采用田间试验研究了黄土丘陵区山地微灌条件下矮化密植红枣施用钾肥对红枣生长、产量及品质的影响。结果表明:施用钾肥明显提高红枣叶绿素含量,土壤水分充分时叶绿素增加效果更明显;钾肥能促进红枣叶片伸展增大,促进新生枝条生长发育和提早达到丰产,施用钾肥增大果个,增加红枣产量,3个试验点红枣产量分别提高18.11%、56.56%、23.68%,品质得到改善,VC含量增加6.56%。施用钾肥可提高黄土丘陵区山地矮化密植红枣产量,改善品质。     

沼液肥替代化肥对草莓产量和品质的影响研究

为充分发挥沼液肥的优势,降低化肥施用量,采用田间试验方法,以草莓为研究对象,研究不同用量沼液肥替代化肥下的草莓产量和品质性状。结果表明:沼液能显著增加草莓的产量和提高草莓的品质,化肥用量60%,添加沼液40%时,草莓产量最高,为30 579 kg/hm2;化肥用量60%~70%,添加沼液30%~40%时,草莓果实品质最好。试验表明沼肥作为普通肥料的替代物施加给草莓,可节约化肥成本,提高经济效益。     

保护地黄瓜栽培管理中沼液施用技术研究

为确定不同浓度的沼液喷施黄瓜的效果,选用不同浓度的沼液对黄瓜进行叶面喷施,测定其对黄瓜生长进程和产量的影响。研究结果表明,利用沼液喷施后黄瓜果实品质好,瓜条鲜嫩,商品性状好,生长势强、整齐一致,表皮亮绿,瓜条顺直,而且病虫害明显轻于对照,其中浓度为40%的沼液喷施后黄瓜产量最高,达到8 463.65 kg/667 m2,可溶性固形物含量达到3.0%,较清水对照分别提高10.19%和36.36%;VC含量为8.5 mg/100 g,比对照提高8.97%。     

水氮互作对红枣光合特性与产量的影响

以滴灌为条件、设置不同水肥处理,研究水氮互作对红枣光合、产量与品质的影响。结果表明:土壤中增施氮素有利于枣树叶片的净光合速率,而增加土壤水分则会导致枣树叶片的蒸腾速率增大;在设计水平范围内,增加土壤含水量会降低红枣果实的单果重和果形指数;水和氮的产量效应趋势均呈抛物线形,水的正效应和负效应都相对明显,而氮肥的正效应明显,负效应平缓;土壤水分和氮素含量过高会降低红枣果实还原糖与VC含量,蛋白质的含量却随着土壤中氮肥量的增加而增加。     

The effect of temperature on certain chemical changes and the storage behaviour of jujube fruits (Zizyphus spinachristi (L.), Willd.)

Summary

Jujube fruits (Zizyphus spinachristi (L.) Willd.) cv. Bambawi were harvested at the mature green stage and stored at 10°C and 27–30°C. Titratable acidity and total chlorophyll decreased as the fruit matured, the rate of decline being more rapid at the higher temperature. Total soluble solids, carotenoids and ascorbic acid contents of the fruit increased towards maturity, the increase being faster at the higher temperature. Jujube fruits could be stored for six days at room temperature and twenty-five days under refrigeration at 10°C.     

鲜枣采后生理及贮藏研究进展

枣（ZizyphusjujubaMill．）原产中国。鲜枣富含维生素C,营养价值高,果实一经变软,维生素C几乎全部被氧化。鲜枣果实具有独特的采后生理特点,贮藏保鲜难度较大。综述了80年代以来国内外在鲜枣采后生理包括果实形态、呼吸类型、内源激素、软化机理及营养成分变化等方面的研究进展,介绍了影响鲜枣贮藏寿命的外界因子及内在因素。     

猕猴桃授粉方式筛选

以红心猕猴桃为试材,设置了5种不同的授粉方式,研究不同授粉方式对红心猕猴桃坐果率、果实外观性状、内在品质及产量的影响,以期为猕猴桃优质高产技术研究提供参考。结果表明:在5种授粉方式中,人工点粉处理猕猴桃的坐果率和单株产量达到最高值,分别为77.12%和30.50kg;从果实外观来看,3号花粉悬浮液(白砂糖2g·L^-1+硼酸1g·L^-1+琼脂2g·L^-1+0.2g·L^-1吲哚丁酸+花粉2g·L^-1)喷雾授粉果实的横径和单果质量的最大,分别为5.17cm、85.70g;从果实内在品质来看,可溶性固形物含量和可滴定酸含量最高的处理为人工点粉处理,分别为17.2%和0.82%,而总糖含量和维生素C含量最高的处理为1号花粉悬浮液喷雾处理,分别为13.28%和1.12mg·g-1。综合分析可知,利用人工喷雾等器械授粉能更好地节约生产成本,提高猕猴桃的坐果率,增加产量,有效改善果实的外观性状和内在品质,因此认为1号花粉悬浮液(白砂糖2g·L^-1+硼酸1g·L^-1+琼脂2g·L^-1+花粉2g·L^-1)处理更适宜用于猕猴桃大面积大规模生产。     

热水及加钙处理对冬枣果实货架期间衰老相关生理的影响

 用50～55℃热水处理冬枣6～8 min能显著抑制货架期间其相对电导率、丙二醛含量、褐变指数的上升以及硬度下降, 抑制多酚氧化酶、外切和内切多聚半乳糖醛酸酶活性上升, 延长货架期。热水中加入1% CaCl₂ 可进一步提高处理效果, 但对多酚氧化酶和褐变指数影响不大。     

早熟梨不同肥料的研究

通过研究不同肥料对早熟梨产量、果实品质及树体生长的影响表明:不同肥料对幼树生长、坐果率、单果重和品质都有较大的影响。施用氮、磷、钾配合的洋丰复合肥比单施其他肥料明显促进幼树的生长,果实纵径和横径增长较快;施用有机肥和洋丰复合肥的果实固形物、总糖和Vc含量最高。因此,生产早熟梨,施肥上应以有机肥为主,再施以适量的氮、磷、钾配合的复合肥,有利于全面提高产量和质量。     

酵素有机肥对京郊桃的产量品质与贮藏性的影响

以6 a生"久保"品种桃和4 a生"北京24号"品种桃为试材,比较了基施酵素有机肥,配合叶施和根灌酵素处理,基施农家肥,配合叶面喷肥处理及常规施肥3种处理对桃果实产量、品质和贮藏性的影响.结果表明:在3种施肥处理中,施用酵素有机肥的处理能够显著提高"久保"桃和"北京24号"桃果实产量,分别为8 250 kg/hm2和4 365 kg/hm2;可溶性固形物含量分别增加1.36%和1.92%,Vc含量分别降低0.64 mg/100g和0.68 mg/100 g,着色指数分别增加63.5%和67.7%;并且贮藏中烂果率降低13%.     

Water spray as a potential thinning agent for date palm flowers (Phoenix dactylifera L.) c.v. ‘Lulu’

Flower or fruit thinning is a critical cultural practice in the date palm production chain that affects fruit development, quality and yield and regulates tree yearly bearing. Development of a save and economic thinning agent for date palm is critically required especially under harsh conditions. During 2004 and 2005 seasons, water spray for 3 min was applied at different times following mechanical pollination on ‘Lulu’ date palm cultivar growing under Al-Ain oasis conditions. The results showed that water spray following pollination generally decreased fruit set percentage to different extent depending of the time of application. In this respect, the most effective treatment was water spray after 4 h following pollination. This treatment significantly decreased fruit set percentage (48%) compared to the control (79%), as the mean of both seasons. However, the other treatments including water spray 1 h before pollination also decreased fruit set percentage but to a lesser extent. Fruit quality characteristics especially fruit and flesh weight, length and diameter were significantly increased by water spray treatments during the 2004 season, in contrast to the 2005 season. Thinning with water significantly decreased both bunch weight and total yield per tree at the Tamr stage especially when applied after 4 h following pollination. To the best of our knowledge, this is a pioneer study investigating the role of water as a potential thinning agent for date palm flowers. The use of water spray as a save and economic thinner needs, however, more research work to justify the time following pollination and duration of application which may vary upon cultivar, method of pollination and district.     

柑桔配方施肥对产量品质及抗寒性的效应

本试验以10-11年生枳砧温州蜜柑龟井为试材，以含氮、磷、钾不同比例的五种复合肥和尿素（CK）为处理，进行配方施肥试验，结果表明，合理的配方施肥能够提高座果率和产量，改善果实的品质，增强树体的抗寒性。     

The inhibition of flower bud differentiation in ‘Crimson Gold’ nectarine with GA3 as an alternative to hand thinning

The reduction of flower bud density by gibberellin sprays, to adjust the cropping level, is a novel approach to fruit thinning of peach and nectarine. A linear reduction in the number of flowers developed per unit of shoot length was found following the spray application of increasing concentrations of GA₃, in the nectarine cultivar ‘Crimson Gold’. These reductions in flower number led to reductions in yield at harvest, and increases in mean fruit weight. Flowering was slightly delayed by the GA₃ treatments, but no differences in ripening were detected at harvest, this depending rather on fruit size. The yield obtained by the application of 200 mg l⁻¹ GA₃ corresponded to that obtained with a very good thinning level, as established by hand thinning. No secondary effects on vegetative growth followed either the application of GA₃ or the reductions in crop load by means of hand thinning. Decreasing crop-loads have resulted in an increase in fruit size and an advance of fruit ripening, measured by greater levels of soluble solids and lower flesh firmness. A good commercial quality fruit size was obtained for crop-loads of 300 fruits per tree or less.