利用触发相机在中国湖南省壶瓶山国家级自然保护区追踪华南虎

2001—2003年的20个月里,我们在中国湖南省壶瓶山国家级自然保护区内设置了一些触发相机,以确定该地区是否存在华南虎（Pantheratigrisamoyensis）。共设置r3种触发相机,包括TrailMaster（美国）的主动式和被动式相机以及WildlifeTwo（中国深圳）的被动式相机。首先在保护区西部沿着小路和动物足迹放置了一些相机。之后又从2002年开始在保护区东部追加放置了一些相机,这是因为有村民报告在这一区域发生了家畜丢失,发现猫科动物足迹以及听到吼叫声。在2002年5月到2003年12月的20个月期间,共8307个拍摄日,获得6180张照片,其中有1437张包括野生动物（平均每100个拍摄日17张野生动物照片）。合计拍摄到33种野生动物。,野猪（Susscrofa）、红腹锦鸡（Chrysolophuspictu．s）和毛冠鹿（Elaphoduscephalophus）是被拍摄最频繁的物种。既没有拍到虎和其他大型猫科动物,也没有拍到水鹿（Cervusunicolor）这种虎重要的猎物。最频繁被拍摄到的猫科动物是豹猫（Prionailurusbengalensis）。村民偶尔报告的掠走山羊的事件可能是豹（Pantherapardta）造成的,但是不能确定。利用触发相机调查超过1000d没有拍摄到虎,这一充分的证据足以支持该调查区没有虎的结论（d=0．05）。20个月超过8300个拍摄日没有在壶瓶山拍摄到虎,显示该地区没有虎。值得注意的结果是拍到红腹锦鸡、黄喉貂（Martesflavigula）、毛冠鹿和黑熊（Ursusthibetanus）的频率很高。这些物种是中国或国际受保护物种,包括被列为国内受保护物种,或同时列为国际受保护物种,又或者像毛冠鹿这种几乎是未知的物种。壶瓶山国家级自然保护区附近有3个保护区。我们讨论建议将这4个保护区合并为一个更大的保护地域来保护虎及其猎物。并且在此简要地评论了我们使用的3种触发相机的性能。     

甘肃连城国家级自然保护区地栖鸟兽红外相机初步监测

为了解甘肃省连城自然保护区内野生动物资源现状,于2017年8月至2018年7月,在保护区内布设61台红外相机并开展调查工作。结果共记录到兽类4目9科15种,鸟类4目18科42种,其中梅花鹿(Cervus nippon)、林麝(Moschus berezovskii)、马麝(Moschus chrysogaster)、斑尾榛鸡(Bonasa sewerzowi)为国家Ⅰ级重点保护野生动物,马鹿(Cervus elaphus)、青鼬(Martes flavigula)、荒漠猫(Felis bieti)、血雉(Ithaginis cruentus)、蓝马鸡(Crossoptilon auritum)为国家Ⅱ级重点保护野生动物。相对丰富度最高的5种动物为狍(Capreolus pygargus)、喜马拉雅旱獭(Marmota himalayana)、赤狐(Vulpes vulpes)、猪獾(Arctonyx collaris)、蓝马鸡(Crossoptilon auritum)。兽类和鸟类物种数月变化均较为明显,2018年6月最多,2017年12月至2018年1、2月受冬眠和迁徙影响相对较低。本研究提供了甘肃省连城自然保护区部分地栖兽类和鸟类资源的最新现状,同时丰富了祁连山鸟兽调查数据,为祁连山国家公园体制建设及保护区生物多样性监测提供基础资料。研究表明红外相机在调查大中型兽类、地栖性鸟类以及夜行性动物方面具有明显的优势,而对于小型兽类和非地栖性鸟类则有一定的局限性。     

杭州市2010～2012年野生动物救护情况分析

杭州市野生动物救护中心于2010～2012年救护野生动物98种491只,其中杭州市有分布的动物种类占84．7％,在救护动物种类和数量上鸟类最多,其次为爬行类、哺乳类,最少为两栖类。救护动物的成活率两栖类（93．8％）和爬行类（92％）均比较高,而兽类（54．5％）最低。3a期间救护动物月分布频次亦为鸟类最高,依次为爬行类、兽类、两栖类：救护动物高峰为4～6月、8月、10—11月。本文通过对这些救护动物的种类分布、数量、保护级别、成活率、救护病因、救护主体和救护频次等进行分析,讨论出了今后救护野生动物更有效的方法,旨在促进杭州市野生动物救护工作。     

运用红外相机技术首次记录白化豪猪

宝天曼以古老繁茂的原始森林及丰富独特的野生动植物资源在同纬度居全国之首位,素有“天然的物种基因库”“中州绿色明珠”之美誉。为促进河南内乡宝天曼国家级自然保护区野生动物资源保护与管理,本研究于2015年4月在内乡宝天曼国家级自然保护区开始利用红外相机技术对区内陆生大中型兽类和地面活动鸟类进行了监测。2022年9月4日,于内乡宝天曼保护区葛条爬林区红外相机中拍摄到白化豪猪,根据所获得的野生个体影像资料信息确定为成年豪猪个体,这为河南省白化动物研究增添新的证据,对了解白化豪猪物种在区域的分布、栖息环境、行为等调查奠定基础,完善了内乡宝天曼保护区野生动物资源本底资料,对野生动物长期监测研究和自然保护区管理提供了参考数据。     

九万山国家级自然保护区鸟兽多样性红外相机监测初报

2020年8月—2021年7月,在广西九万山国家级自然保护区核心区、缓冲区和实验区共布设50台红外相机,对区内的野生动物资源进行连续监测。研究期间共记录到兽类17种（4目10科）和鸟类19种（5目10科）,其中国家二级重点保护野生动物12种。兽类中,相对多度指数前5位的依次是小泡巨鼠（Leopoldamys edwardsi）、赤麂（Muntiacus vaginalis）、野猪（Sus scrofa）、红腿长吻松鼠（Dremomys pyrrhomerus）和鼬獾（Melogale moschata）;鸟类中,相对多度指数前3位的依次是白鹇（Lophura nycthemera）、虎斑地鸫（Zoothera aurea）和白眉山鹧鸪（Arborophila gingica）。核心区、缓冲区和实验区中的兽类、鸟类物种数以及鸟兽物种总数均不存在显著性差异;物种多样性指数中,仅鸟兽物种多样性指数间存在显著差异,核心区显著高于实验区和缓冲区。鼬獾为夜行性动物,赤麂、野猪、褐胸噪鹛（Garrulax maesi）、白鹇和白眉山鹧鸪为昼行性动物。监测结果初步掌握了九万山国家级自然保护区内鸟兽物种...     

西昌学院北校区校园冬季鸟类区系组成与群落结构

2013年11月—2014年1月采用样线法对西昌学院北校区校园鸟类进行了调查,共记录校园鸟类57种,隶属于8目26科,优势种为黑喉红臀鹎、白鹭、[树]麻雀。其中,古北界种类17种（29.82%）、东洋界种类29种（50.88%）、广布种11种（19.30%）,区系组成具有明显的东洋界特征;留鸟40种（70.17%）,冬候鸟2种（3.51%）,夏候鸟8种（14.04%）,旅鸟7种（12.28%）;四川省重点保护鸟类2种,被列入国家三有动物名录的鸟类46种（其中1种被列入CITES附录Ⅱ）;乔灌林生境中观察记录鸟类最多（49种）,其次为疏林灌丛（33种）,草丛生境中雀形目鸟类所占比例最高（84.66%）。     

浙江省鸟类新纪录——绿翅金鸠

2018年1～8月,利用红外相机开展苍南莒溪省级自然保护区(拟建)野生动物资源本底调查。2018年3月28日8:00于大石林区CN22监测点拍摄到绿翅金鸠雄性成体1只,栖息地类型为常绿落叶阔叶林。查阅相关文献,证实绿翅金鸠为浙江省鸟类新纪录,由此绿翅金鸠在中国境内的分布由福建向北扩至浙江南部山区。绿翅金鸠在浙江的分布与繁殖有待继续开展监测和研究。     

肃南肃北草原野生动物资源调查研究

通过对肃南、肃北草原野生动物资源3年的调查研究分析,结果表明,祁连山地及马鬃山区草原地带活动的主要陆生脊椎野生动物种群可划分为5个类群,高山寒漠动物群、高山草甸动物群、荒漠动物群、沼泽动物群和村庄农田动物群,有蹄类、食肉类、爬行类、两栖类、鱼类、啮齿类、鸟类及昆虫类约有800多种;国家级保护动物共有34种,占肃南、肃北鸟兽种数的26%。其中国家一级保护动物有10种;国家二级保护动物有24种。     

辽宁省鸟类新记录二种

辽宁省鸟类新记录二种于达敏刘英铎（沈阳市辉山风景区）（北票市农业区划办）邱英杰常家传（辽宁省林业厅）（东北林业大学野生动物资源学院）１９９２－１９９３年我们在辽宁省北票市进行动物资源调查中，发现２项辽宁省鸟类分布新记录，报道如下．１．在大黑山林场（努...     

甘肃张掖积极保护野生动物资源

甘肃省张掖地区各级领导,把保护野生动物和护林防火结合起来,作为领导干部任期目标管理的一项内容.这个地区南有祁连山20多万hm~2天然森林,北有广阔的戈壁荒漠草原,野生动物资源十分丰富.仅祁连山陆栖动物种类就有219种,其中兽类47种,鸟类165种,两栖爬行类13种.这些动物中,国家一级保护动物12种,二级38种,如白唇鹿、雪豹、普氏原羚、西藏野驴、罕见的金雕、玉带海雕、斑尾榛鸡等.     

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in wildlife on three deer farms with a history of Johne's disease

Abstract

AIM: To determine the prevalence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) infection in wildlife, in pastoral landscapes with a recent history of clinical Johne's disease in livestock.

METHODS: A total of 449 wild mammals and birds from three farms in the South Island of New Zealand with recent histories of clinical Johne's disease in their deer herds were trapped and examined for gross pathological changes in the gastrointestinal tract. Additionally, individual mesenteric lymph nodes from 380 mammals, and segments of gastrointestinal tract from 32 birds were excised, homogenised and cultured for viable Map bacilli. The prevalence of Map infection was then calculated for the various species. Faecal samples from those mammals which had culture-positive tissues were further cultured for the presence of Map.

RESULTS: Gross pathological changes were identified in the gastrointestinal tract of four brushtail possums, one cat, six ferrets, 12 hares, six hedgehogs, three rabbits, one stoat, and one paradise shelduck. Infection with Map in the gastrointestinal tract was confirmed in only three of these cases, one each of brushtail possums, hares and hedgehogs. In contrast, Map infection in the absence of gross pathological changes was frequently recorded in enteric tract tissues of mammals and birds. Among mammals, Map infection was recorded in 18/73 (25%) brushtail possums, 4/23 (17%) cats, 15/42 (36%) hedgehogs and 29/113 (26%) rabbits. Among birds, intestinal tract tissue Map infection was recorded in 3/17 (18%) paradise shelducks. Among 64 of the 74 mammals which had Map culture-positive tissues, 38% (n=5) of hedgehogs and 11% (n=3) of rabbits also had culture-positive faecal samples.

CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first to identify that Map infection can be prevalent in wildlife in New Zealand. There was a high prevalence of Map infection among both scavenging and grazing wild animals. Both mammals and birds are capable of harbouring viable Map organisms in their gastrointestinal tract; further, viable Map was excreted into the environment via faeces by hedgehogs and rabbits.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Previous studies overseas have postulated a role of wildlife as reservoirs of Map infection and possible vectors of Johne's disease to livestock. Here, brushtail possums, hedgehogs and rabbits and in particular were identified as potential wildlife hosts for Map infection in NewZealand. This suggests that several wildlife species could contribute to the persistence of Map infection within a wildlife/livestock complex, and potentially, perhaps more importantly, to the spread of infection between farms.     

山东省济宁市野生动物救护现状及分析

济宁市野生动物救护中心在2017—2019年日常救护的86只野生动物,分属16目26科40种,本地动物种类占92.5%。在野生动物救护种类和数量上以鸟类最多(79.1%),其次为兽类、两栖类、爬行类;救助成活率爬行类(100%)和鸟类成(86.7%)较高,两栖类(75%)及兽类成活率(76%)较低。本文对野生动物救护的种类、数量、伤病原因、级别进行了分析,讨论了鸟类救护方法,提出了野生动物救护合理化建议,对野生动物救护和生物多样性保护意义重大。     

Chlamydial species among wild birds and livestock in the foothills of Mt. Afadjato,Ghana

The members of family Chlamydiaceae have a broad host range and cause many kinds of diseases in humans and animals. Several cases of Chlamydiaceae being detected in atypical hosts have been reported recently. Consequently, cross-species monitoring of Chlamydia in wildlife and livestock is pertinent for public health, animal hygiene and wildlife conservation. In this study, we conducted molecular surveillance of Chlamydia in wild birds and livestock around a small village in the foothills of Mt. Afadjato, Ghana where direct contact between wildlife and livestock occurs. Among 29 captured wild birds and 63 livestock, 5 sheep, 30 goats and 28 chickens, the positive ratios of Chlamydia were 24.1%, 40.0%, 43.3% and 26.9%, respectively. Chlamydia pecorum was detected in wild birds, goats, sheep and chickens. On the basis of the variable domain 2 region of ompA, several samples from different hosts showed identical sequences and were phylogenetically located to the same clusters. In addition, using ompA, C. psittaci, C. abortus and C. gallinacea were also detected in this small habitat. Further genetic and pathogenic analyses of the chlamydial distribution in this area, which represents the interface of wild and domestic animal interactions, may improve our knowledge of their transmission among different hosts.     

野生动物隐孢子虫的种类和基因型

隐孢子虫病（Cryptosporidiosis）是一种全球性的人兽共患原虫病,具有广泛的宿主范围,可以感染鸟类、哺乳类、鱼类、爬行类、两栖类以及人在内的240多种动物。野生动物隐孢子虫做为人隐孢子虫病感染的重要传播来源,对其进行生物学研究具有重要的公共卫生意义。本文分别叙述了野生动物隐孢子虫的种类及基因型,为进一步研究野生动物的隐孢子虫病提供了有效的参考。     

安溪县陆生野生动物资源状况及区系研究

1998、1999年福建省安溪县林业局开展了鸟类、兽类、两栖爬行类资源调查,基本摸清了安溪县范围内陆生野生动物资源状况。通过区系研究,表明安溪县的鸟类、兽类、两栖爬行动物在动物地理分布上的特征以东洋界的组成成分为主,在动物的二级区系组成上鸟兽类以华南区成分为主,两栖爬行类以华中、华南区成分为主。动物区系中华中、华南区成分的混杂现象也较明显,表现出在动物地理分布上的过渡性、渗透性。     

Re-infection of wildlife populations with rinderpest virus on the periphery of the Somali ecosystem in East Africa

We report surveillance for rinderpest virus in wildlife populations in three major ecosystems of East Africa: Great Rift Valley, Somali and Tsavo from 1994 to 2003. Three hundred and eighty wild animals were sampled for detection of rinderpest virus, antigen or genome and 1133 sampled for antibody in sera from Kenya, Uganda, Ethiopia and Tanzania from 20 species. This was done modifying for wildlife the internationally recommended standards for rinderpest investigation and diagnosis in livestock. The animals were selected according to susceptibility and preference given to gregarious species, and populations were selected according to abundance, availability and association with livestock. Rinderpest virus, antigen and/or genome were detected in Kenya; within Tsavo, Nairobi and Meru National Parks. Serological results from 864 animals (of which 65% were buffalo) from the region were selected as unequivocal; showing the temporal and spatial aspects of past epidemics. Recent infection has been only in or peripheral to the Somali ecosystem (in Kenya). Our evidence supports the hypothesis that wildlife is not important in the long-term maintenance of rinderpest and that wildlife are infected sporadically most likely from a cattle source, although this needs to be proven in the Somali ecosystem. Wildlife will continue to be a key to monitoring the remaining virus circulation in Africa.     

宁夏哈巴湖国家级自然保护区鸟类多样性研究

2010年3月-2013年11月,结合全国第二次湿地资源调查和全球环境基金旱地生态保护与恢复项目,采用固定半径样点法和样线法对哈巴湖国家级自然保护区鸟类资源进行了野外调查。共调查记录鸟类14目28科79种,其中,留鸟26种,占该地区鸟类总数的32.91%;夏候鸟30种,占37.97%;旅鸟22种,占27.85%;冬候鸟1种,占1.27%。繁殖鸟（包括夏候鸟和留鸟）56种,构成了该地区鸟类的主体。在繁殖鸟中,属于古北界的鸟类有43种,占76.79%;属于东洋界的有4种,占7.14%;属于广布种的有9种,占16.07%,这反映出哈巴湖保护区鸟类具有明显的北方型特征。在4种生境中,鸟类多样性指数在灌丛与草地中最大,湖泊与河流明水区以及沼泽与草甸浅水区次之,人工乔木林最小。本次调查所见鸟类中27种为保护区新分布种,其中灰斑鸻（Pluvialis squatarola）、灰瓣蹼鹬（Phalaropus fulicarius）、反嘴鹬（Racurvirostra avosetta）、鸥嘴噪鸥（Gelochelidon nilotica）、黑背白鹊鸰（Motacilla lugens）5种鸟类为宁夏回族自治区鸟类新纪录。本次研究进一步加深了对哈巴湖保护区的鸟类区系组成及各生境多样性的认识。     

Do non-target species visit feeders and water troughs targeting small game? A study from farmland Spain using camera-trapping

Provision of food and water is a widespread tool implemented around the world for the benefit of game and other wildlife, but factors affecting the use of food and water by non-target species are poorly known. We evaluated visits to feeders and water troughs by non-game species using camera-traps in two separate areas of Spain. Feeders and water troughs were either “protected” (when surrounded by more than 50% of shrubs/forest) or “open” (in the opposite case). A total of 18 948 photos from 5344 camera-trapping days depicted animals, and 75 species were identified. Feeders and water troughs were visited by target species (partridges and lagomorphs, 55.3% of visits) and non-target species (44.7% of visits). Among the latter, corvids were the most common (46.1% of visits), followed by rodents (26.8%), other birds (23.6%, mainly passerines), columbids (1.9%), and other species at minor percentages. The highest proportion of visiting days to feeders and water troughs was from corvids (0.173) followed by other-birds (0.109) and rodents (0.083); the lowest proportion was recorded for columbids (0.016). Use intensity and visit frequency of water troughs tripled that recorded in feeders, and visits to open feeders/troughs were approximately twice those to protected ones. In summary: feeders and water troughs targeting small game species are also used regularly by non-target ones; they should be set close to cover to optimize their use by non-target species that are not competitors of target species (though corvids may visit them); water availability should be prioritized where drought periods are expected.