禽白血病-肉瘤病毒的RT-PCR检测

应用RT-PCR对2株禽白血病病毒（ALV）和1株劳斯肉瘤病毒（RSV）进行了检测试验.试验提取了病毒RNA,并使用3对ALVgp85基因引物对其进行了反转录、扩增,从而建立了ALV-RSV RT-PCR.使用无相关性的禽RNA和DNA病毒进行特异性试验和使用ALV进行的敏感性试验表明,该方法是一种快速、特异、敏感的体外试验,可用于禽源病毒种毒和疫苗中ALV和RSV的污染检测.     

Marek's disease virus-transformed chicken T-cell lines respond to lymphokines.

Current assays for chicken interleukin-2 (IL-2) utilize mitogen-activated lymphocytes. However, very high inter-assay variability and sporadic high background proliferation limit their usefulness. In view of the above, several Marek's disease virus (MDV)-transformed T-cell lines (which grow well in a serum-supplemented medium) were tested for a response to chicken IL-2 when grown in serum-free media. Five of six lines examined showed a dose-dependent proliferative response to chicken T-cell conditioned media. One line, MDCC-CU14, was chosen for further studies. In addition to the tumor cells' dose-dependent responses to semi-purified chicken IL-2, they expressed T-cell activation antigens on the cell surface. Furthermore, the level of surface expression was enhanced on cells provided IL-2. Co-incubation of the tumor cells with monoclonal antibody INN-CH-16 (specific for an antigen on the surface of activated T-cells) and IL-2 resulted in a modulation of lymphokine-induced proliferation. Together, these data suggest that signalling mechanisms in MDV T-cell tumors are intact and that these lines can be used as an assay for chicken T-cell lymphokines. Furthermore, they provide an interesting model for the study of avian and mammalian T-cell transformation. Implications for the study of Marek's disease are also discussed.     

我国部分地区蛋鸡群ALV-J及与REV、MDV、CAV混合感染检测

为了解J亚群禽白血病病毒(ALV-J)及其与禽网状内皮细胞增生症病毒(REV)、马立克氏病病毒(MDV)和鸡传染性贫血病病毒(CAV)的混合感染现象,本研究从宁夏、湖北、广东、山东、辽宁、吉林、黑龙江7个省的39个蛋鸡群收集临床表现和剖检病理变化疑似禽白血病的病料样品184份,采用PCR、病毒分离和IFA检测样品中ALV-J、REV、MDV和CAV。结果表明,7个省蛋鸡场均存在ALV-J感染,病料样品阳性率为60.9%,检测鸡群阳性率为82.1%,与REV、MDV、CAV的混合感染率分别为13.6%、24.5%、22.8%,其中存在较为严重的双重感染(29.0%)和3重感染(18.8%),甚至4重感染(1.7%)。研究结果表明,我国蛋鸡群中普遍存在ALV-J感染,而且与REV、MDV、CAV混合感染严重;提示ALV-J已经可以引起蛋鸡群发病,在临床诊断和致病性研究中,应考虑到多重感染的影响。     

J亚群禽白血病病毒套式PCR检测方法的建立

本试验根据GenBank中登录的禽白血病病毒(ALV)基因组序列,设计合成了2对引物,外部引物的扩增片段大小为478 bp,内部引物的扩增片段大小为314 bp,建立了适合ALV快速检测的套式PCR方法(nested-PCR)。采用该方法对ALV毒株进行了检测,试验结果表明,能扩增到314 bp的条带,禽流感病毒(H9亚型)、新城疫病毒、传染性法氏囊病病毒、减蛋综合征病毒、禽网状内皮增生病病毒、禽呼肠孤病毒、马立克氏病病毒的扩增结果均为阴性。该方法第1次扩增的敏感性是100 pg,第2次扩增的敏感性是1 fg,第2次比第1次扩增的敏感性高10⁵倍。所建立的套式PCR方法具有敏感性高、重复性好、特异性强等优点,可用于禽白血病病毒(ALV)的临床诊断和分子流行病学调查等。     

In vivo events of retroviral long terminal repeat integration into Marek's disease virus in commercial poultry: detection of chimeric molecules as a marker

The present study demonstrated, for the first time, that not only in vitro, but also in vivo, coinfections with Marek's disease virus (MDV) and each of the three avian retroviruses (reticuloendotheliosis virus [REV], avian lymphoid leukosis virus [ALV], and ALV-J) lead to retroviral long terminal repeat (LTR) integration into MDV. A total of 306 chicken and 59 turkey commercial flocks, submitted for differential avian oncogenic virus diagnosis, served to evaluate the flock mixed virus infection rate, the rate of birds with a multiple virus infection, and the issue of retroviral LTR integration into MDV in vivo. About a quarter of the tumor-bearing commercial flocks carried a mixed MDV and retrovirus infection. A total of 2926 DNA samples were analyzed, including 2428 chicken and 498 turkey DNA samples. Of these, 991 DNAs originated from flocks with a multiple virus infection. In 103 DNA preparations from that group (103/991, 10.4%), including 38 and 56 from chicken blood and tumor tissues, respectively, and nine samples from turkey blood, multiple virus sequences were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Fifty-six of the 103 samples were further analyzed by the previously developed hot spot-combined (HS-cPCR assay, of which 48% (27/56) contained chimeric MDV and retroviral LTR molecules. When extrapolated to the total samples derived from the flocks with multiple virus infection, that rate implies that about 5% of the DNA samples would carry MDV-retrovirus integration events. Several birds held a variety of chimeric molecules, indicating that several recombination events occurred simultaneously. The validation of the MDV and retroviral LTR chimeric constitution of these molecules was derived by the MDV and retroviral heterologous primers used for their creation by the HS-cPCR assay, Southern blotting and their detection by retroviral LTR probes, and LTR amplification from the gel-purified chimeric molecules. From several molecules, the LTR was sequenced, and a 161-bp retroviral LTR sequence was demonstrated. Our biochemical data imply that a recent integration occurred in the birds. The viability of recombinant viruses represented by the chimeric molecules will be further approached.     

Detection of avian leukosis virus antigens by the ELISA and its use for detecting infectious virus after cultivation of samples and partial characterization of specific pathogen-free chicken lines maintained in this laboratory.

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detecting avian leukosis virus (ALV) antigens was developed with rabbit anti-ALV serum. The ELISA detected purified ALV of subgroups A and B at a concentration of 0.4 ng/well and about 10(3) infectious units/well estimated by a resistance-inducing factor (RIF) test, and antigens in culture fluids from chicken embryo fibroblasts infected with subgroups A, B or E of ALV. These results showed that common antigens among the subgroups were detected by the ELISA. When virus titration was performed, virus infectivity could be determined by the ELISA within 7 days after cultivation. The titer was similar to that obtained by the RIF test on 19 days after 3 subcultures. These results indicate that the ALV-isolation test by the ELISA was superior to the RIF test in rapidity and applicability to large-scale field trials. Four specific pathogen-free (SPF) chicken lines maintained in this laboratory were examined for endogenous ALV antigens by the ELISA. Sera from laying hens had considerably high absorbance (A) values, whereas albumen samples showed low A values except for some samples (7/40 hens). Although most of sera from 1-day-old SPF chicks showed lower A values than those from laying hens, some sera showed A values as high as those from viremic chicks in 2 lines. Endogenous ALV was isolated from sera from laying hens (6/40) and their albumens (4/7) with high A values. Two SPF chicken lines were found to produce endogenous virus at a high frequency.     

鸡传染性贫血病毒套式PCR检测方法的建立

本试验根据GenBank中登录的禽传染性贫血病毒(CAV)基因序列,设计合成2对引物,外引物的扩增片段大小为485 bp,内引物的扩增片段大小为297 bp,建立了适合CAV快速检测的套式PCR方法(nested PCR),并采用该方法对CAV阳性毒株及临床病料进行了检测。结果显示,该方法能扩增到297 bp的条带,禽流感病毒(H9亚型)、新城疫病毒、传染性法氏囊病病毒、禽网状内皮增生病病毒、减蛋综合征病毒、禽呼肠孤病毒、马立克氏病病毒的扩增结果均为阴性。该方法第1步扩增的敏感性是100 pg,第2步PCR扩增的敏感性是1 fg,敏感性提高了10⁵倍。本研究建立的CAV套式PCR方法具有敏感性高、重复性好、特异性强等优点,可用于CAV的临床诊断和分子流行病学调查等。     

禽白血病抗原快速检测试纸条的研制及初步应用

禽白血病给养鸡业带来极大损失,目前检测该病病原的方法主要有ELISA、PCR及RT-PCR、原位杂交(ISH)、间接免疫荧光(IFA)等。本研究应用2株抗禽白血病病毒(ALV)p27蛋白特异性单克隆抗体5D3和4F12研制了ALV快速检测试纸条。结果证明该试纸条具有良好的特异性,与H9亚型禽流感病毒、新城疫病毒、马立克氏病病毒、小鹅瘟病毒、鸡贫血病病毒没有交叉反应;采用p27表达蛋白检测试纸条灵敏性,检测下限达到70ng/mL;应用该试纸条检测71份临床样品,与商业ELISA试剂盒检测结果比较,二者符合率达到93%。该试纸条的研制,为基层快速检测ALV提供了条件。     

禽白血病病毒分离鉴定

使用 SPF鸡胚成纤维细胞从蛋用种鸡的病料中分离到一株病毒.经禽白血病病毒（ALV） p-27抗原ELISA检测、病毒培养、反转录-聚合酶链式反应（RT-PCR）鉴定、群特异性抗血清中和试验和动物回归试验等证明,该株病毒属于禽白血病病毒.     

J亚型禽白血病病毒的拯救与鉴定

为鉴定含J亚群禽白血病病毒(ALV-J)全长cDNA分子克隆(pBlALV)的感染性,首先将pBlALV转染CEF细胞,拯救出病毒(rALV),然后连续传代3次,对拯救病毒进行增殖培养.分别利用RT-PCR、western blot、IFA等方法,对拯救病毒进行鉴定,并应用实时荧光定量PCR方法对拯救病毒的复制动力学进行了测定.研究结果证明,本研究成功拯救出了具有感染性的rALV-J,为研究禽白血病的致病机理和探讨新的防制措施等提供了良好的ALV的反向遗传操作技术平台.     

禽呼肠孤病毒与禽白血病病毒双重RT-PCR检测方法的建立及应用

根椐GenBank中禽呼肠孤病毒(ARV)、禽白血病病毒(ALV)基因序列,设计2对引物,在建立鉴别各病毒单项RT-PCR技术的基础上,优化双重RT-PCR反应条件,建立2种病毒的双重RT-PCR。对同一样品中的ARV、ALV核酸模板进行双重RT-PCR扩增,结果可同时扩增ARV 485 bp、ALV 673 bp的特异性片段,而对其他5种禽病病原的PCR扩增结果均为阴性。敏感性试验结果表明,该双重RT-PCR技术能检出10 pg的ALV和10 pg的ARV模板。用31份临床病料对本研究双重RT-PCR技术和单项RT-PCR技术进行对比验证,结果显示,两者的总符合率为100%。结果表明建立的双重RT-PCR检测方法,具有特异、快速、准确的特点,可用于对这2种病毒的同时检测和鉴别诊断。     

1株E亚群禽白血病病毒的分离鉴定及遗传进化分析

E亚群禽白血病病毒（ALV-E）是指存在于鸡染色体中的内源性逆转录病毒基因组DNA或片段。具有转录活性的ALV-E既会对鸡的生产性能（体重和产蛋率）产生负面影响，又能从抗体水平干扰对外源性ALV的鉴别诊断。为对黑龙江省某鸡场内一禽白血病病毒RT-PCR阳性病料进行病毒分离鉴定及分析其基因组特征和遗传进化情况，通过分子生物学、病毒形态学及全基因组序列测定方法对病毒培养物进行鉴定和分析，结果显示，该分离株可在CEF细胞盲传至第9代，电镜下可观察到近似球形、直径约为80 nm，并具有囊膜和纤突结构的病毒粒子，将其命名为HLJE2020株。序列分析结果显示，其全基因组序列中的gag和pol基因相对保守，LTR和env基因与ALV-E同属一个进化分支，而gp85基因则与ALV-E和ALV-B均具有较高相似性，遗传进化分析显示在ALV-E和ALV-B间出现一个单独的分支，结合RDPv.4和SimPlot软件分析结果，推测该毒株gp85基因可能存在E亚群AF229株与B亚群SDAU09C1株的重组现象。本研究为了解禽白血病病毒基因组遗传演化情况提供数据资料，并为ALV的防控提供参考和依据。     

鸡致病性外源性禽白血病病毒特异性核酸探针交叉斑点杂交检测试剂盒的研制

用特定引物通过PCR合成了经地高辛标记的鸡致病性外源性及内源性禽白血病病毒特异性核酸探针,通过交叉斑点分子杂交,这些探针将可用于检测病料样品中致病性外源性禽白血病毒特异性核酸的存在。利用此试剂盒,对从病料组织样品中提取的基因组DNA作交叉斑点分子杂交或对提取的DNA用相应引物扩增后的PCR产物作交叉斑点分子杂交,可在24～36h内完成检测并报告结果。     

Effects of chemically or virus-induced immunodepression on response of chickens to avian leukosis virus

The effects of chemically or virus-induced immunodepression on the infection profile (development of viremia and antibody) and shedding of avian leukosis virus (ALV) were studied in progeny chickens of experimental or commercial breeder flocks. Chickens were infected with ALV subgroup A by contact at hatching and by oral inoculation at 4-5 weeks of age. In the first experiment, chickens were inoculated with a virulent strain of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) at 1 day or 6 weeks of age. In the second experiment, chickens were neonatally treated with cyclophosphamide (CY), or were inoculated with strain T of reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) at hatching, or were inoculated with strain JM of Marek's disease virus (MDV) at 2 weeks of age. The infection profile and cloacal shedding of ALV in chickens exposed to ALV and inoculated with immunodepressive viruses or CY were compared with those in hatchmates exposed only to ALV. In two of four chicken lines tested in the first experiment, shedding of ALV, as determined by virological assays of cloacal swabs at 22 weeks of age, was significantly higher in chickens infected with IBDV at 1 day of age than in uninfected hatchmates. The rate of shedding of ALV in one of these two lines was also significantly higher in chickens infected with IBDV at 6 weeks of age than in uninfected chickens. Further, the frequency of ALV-antibody detection at 22 weeks of age was significantly lower in chickens of these two lines infected with IBDV at 1 day of age than in uninfected chickens. In the second experiment, neonatal treatment with CY significantly increased the frequency of viremic chickens of both experimental and commercial flocks. The frequency of ALV-viremic chickens at 22 weeks of age was considerably higher in the REV- and MDV-inoculated groups (54% and 44%, respectively) than in control hatchmates (29%), but only in chickens of the commercial line. These findings suggest that chemically or virus-induced immunodepression may lead to an increase in rates of viremia and shedding of ALV in chickens infected with virus after hatching, especially in certain genetic lines.     

ARV、REV与ALV三重RT-PCR检测方法的建立

根椐GenBank中已发表的禽呼肠孤病毒（ARV）、禽网状内皮增生病病毒（REV）、禽白血病病毒（ALV）等3种病毒基因组序列,设计了3对分别与ARV、REV和ALV某段基因序列互补的引物。在建立各病毒单项RT-PCR技术的基础上,优化三重RT-PCR反应条件,建立了3种病毒的三重RT-PCR技术。结果表明,用这3对引物对同一样品中的ARV、REV、ALV核酸模板进行三重RT-PCR扩增,可同时扩增ARV的247bp,ALV的675bp,REV的467bp的特异性片段,而对其他6种禽病病原的PCR扩增结果均为阴性。敏感性测定结果表明,该三重RT-PCR技术能检出10pg的ALV、1pg的ARV和10pg的REV模板。用42份临床病料对本研究多重RT-PCR技术和单项RT-PCR技术进行对比验证,结果显示,两者的总符合率为92%以上。表明建立的多重RT-PCR检测方法,具有特异、快速、准确的特点,可用于对这3种病毒的同时检测和鉴别诊断。     

鸡白血病的流行现状和防制对策

鸡白血病普遍存在于商品鸡群中,呈渐进性发生和持续的低死亡率,白血病毒感染鸡群,导致鸡群生产性能下降,尤其是产蛋率和蛋的品质下降。介绍了鸡白血病病毒和该病在鸡群中的流行现状,分析了病毒间的谱系关系和发病原因,指出鸡白血病与禽网状内皮组织增生症的鉴别诊断方法,科学地提出对鸡白血病的预防和控制措施。     

Characterization of monoclonal antibodies to avian leukosis viruses

Hybridoma cell lines secreting monoclonal antibody (MCA) to avian leukosis virus (ALV) structural proteins p27 and p19 have been established. In an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), MCA 6AL20 (IgG1 isotype) reacted with RPL-40 (ALV subgroup A), avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV) (a mixture of subgroups A and B), Rous-associated virus (RAV)-2 (subgroup B), and Carr-Zilber strain of Rous sarcoma virus (CZ-RSV) (subgroup D) but not with Prague strain of RSV (PrC-RSV) (subgroup C) or the endogenous virus RAV-0 (subgroup E). MCA 6AL22 reacted as above and also reacted marginally with PrC-RSV. Both MCAs immunoprecipitated p19 from 35S-methionine-labeled chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEFs) infected with RPL-40 or RAV-1, but not from CEFs infected with RAV-0, thus identifying the viral structural protein p19 as a polypeptide with subgroup-specific epitopes. Both MCAs can be used to differentiate RPL-40 from RAV-0 infection either in an indirect antibody ELISA or by immunoprecipitation. A third MCA, 6AL42 (IgG2a isotype), reacted with the above viruses of subgroups A, B, C, and D at an antibody titer up to 1000-fold higher than with subgroup E RAV-0 virus in indirect ELISAs. MCA 6AL42 immunoprecipitated p27 from cells infected with RPL-40, RAV-1, or RAV-0. These MCAs are potentially useful in developing immunological tests for differentiation of ALV strains.     

禽类基因工程重组干扰素研究进展

近年来 ,多种禽类干扰素基因已被克隆和在大肠杆菌中表达。禽类基因工程重组干扰素在抗马立克病毒、劳斯肉瘤病毒、新城疫病毒、传染性法氏囊病病毒、传染性支气管炎病毒和禽流感病毒方面效果显著 ,展现出了广阔的应用前景。文章对禽类基因工程重组干扰素的研究进展作了综述