THE WATER BALANCE OF AN AGRICULTURAL CATCHMENT. I. ESTIMATION OF EVAPORATION FROM SOIL WATER RECORDS

Errors of measurement of soil water content with the neutron probe can be made small enough for most water balance studies; and apart from the possible damage resulting from access tube implacement, they can be readily specified. A more important problem is estimating how much water is lost from soil by drainage. A simple, graphical method is described to distinguish between drainage and evaporation from soil, based upon identification of the maximum depth at which measurable quantities of water are extracted by roots. As a result of errors in soil water measurements and uncertainties in the distinction between drainage and evaporation, estimates of soil water deficit and hence evaporation for a single profile are likely to have a precision of about ±5 mm. Larger variability is commonly found in soil water storage changes measured in replicate profiles partly because of uneven wetting of the soil during rain and partly because of non-uniform losses by drainage and root extraction. This variability requires careful attention to replication and location of access tubes when assessing the evaporation for a particular site.     

THE WATER BALANCE OF AN AGRICULTURAL CATCHMENT III THE WATER BALANCE

The catchment of the Kingston Brook has an area of 57 km², mainly under pasture (56%) and arable crops (36%). Changes of soil water content, measured with a neutron probe from April 1969 to March 1973, were analysed to determine evaporation (summer only) and drainage. From measurements of rainfall and runoff, supplemented by Penman estimates of evaporation (in winter), water storage is estimated month by month. Annual mean values (mm) were: rainfall (559), evaporation (398), runoff (157). During the summer, the measured decrease in soil water storage contributed ca 100 mm to evaporation and drainage and there is evidence of delayed recharge (about 30 mm) during the winter. A linear relation between annual rainfall and annual runoff is interpreted in terms of (i) a fixed catchment storage (125 mm); (ii) a small and nearly constant winter evaporation (ca 49mm); (iii) summer evaporation of 125 mm from storage plus a constant fraction (0.57) of contemporary precipitation. Summer evaporation was restricted by the supply of rain in every year from 1969 to 1976. By estimation, 500 mm of summer rain is needed to maintain potential evaporation, and the deficit at which actual evaporation falls below the potential rate was about 40 mm. Replacing the pasture by cereals would increase runoff by about 10% because of the shorter growing season.     

SIMULATION OF THE WATER BALANCE OF SOIL COLUMNS AND FALLOW SOILS

A model is described that predicts the evaporation of water from, and the distribution of water in, a soil column evaporating into a constant environment. It is based on a numerical solution of the flow equation and requires only the initial water distribution in the column, the equilibrium (air-dry) water content at the soil surface and the relationship between volumetric water content and diffusivity. The model predictions show good agreement with a published analytical solution and with experimental results. Modifications to the model that allow for rewetting of the sod by rainfall, and changes in atmospheric conditions above the soil, enable predictions to be made of the water balance of a fallow field. In general, good agreement was obtained with the measured distribution of water deficits in the soil profile, although the predicted water content of the surface 2.5 cm of soil showed systematic differences from the measured values. The reasons for this are discussed.     

土壤水分状况对物质移动及作物生长的影响

水分状况不仅影响水稻土的发生性质,也影响水稻土生态系统的生产力.当稻田灌水量满足蒸发,蒸腾和渗漏需要时,水稻可获高产;如水分过多,反不利于水稻生长.太湖与华南等大面积种植双季稻地区,多因地势低平,土质粘重,土壤排水不良,引起了次生潜育作用,出现青泥层,致使三麦常受渍害,水稻迟发.从而削弱了水稻土生态系统功能的发挥.     

不同湿度条件下土壤水分的蒸发性能和移动规律

水分蒸发过程是土壤水文状况的重要因子之一.土壤水分的蒸发过程、强度及其影响深度,除与气候条件有关外,它与土壤性质,尤其是土壤的湿润程度有极为密切的关系.因此,研究不同湿度条件下,土壤水分的蒸发性能及其移动规律,对因时制宜地采取有效的保墒措施,是很重要的.     

USING THE 137Cs TECHNIQUE TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF SOIL REDISTRIBUTION ON SOIL ORGANIC CARBON AND TOTAL NITROGEN STOCKS IN AN AGRICULTURAL CATCHMENT OF NORTHEAST CHINA

Soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) stocks can be affected by soil erosion and this is of great significance in relation to global environmental concern about environmental change. This study investigated the spatial patterns of ¹³⁷Cs, SOC and TN as well as their relationships for an agricultural catchment and presents a budget analysis of the redistributions of SOC and TN for the period 1954–2010. ¹³⁷Cs, SOC and TN inventories were found to be significantly correlated, and the application of the¹³⁷Cs technique proved to be useful for evaluating SOC and TN dynamics in the Luvic Phaeozem soil typical of the Chinese black soil region. Spatial patterns of soil, SOC and TN were greatly influenced by shelterbelts/windbreaks within the study catchment. Higher ¹³⁷Cs, SOC and TN stocks were generally found upwind of the shelterbelts and at the study catchment outlet, whereas lower stocks of ¹³⁷Cs, SOC and TN occurred behind the shelterbelts (i.e. in the lee). The total net losses of SOC and TN over the past 56 years were approximately 152 and 11 t respectively, with 47 and 38 per cent of the eroded SOC and TN in soils redeposited within the study catchment, respectively. Based on the relationships of soil, SOC and TN in the investigated catchment, erosion‐induced SOC and TN losses per year are around 1·2 × 10⁶ and 0·1 × 10⁶ t for the typical black soil region of Northeast China. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

蒸发条件下粘土层对土壤水和溶质运移影响的模拟

以土壤水和溶质运移的动力学原理为基础 ,采用数值模拟方法 ,研究了在浅层地下水和蒸发条件下含有粘土层土壤的水和Cl-的运移状况 ,重点探讨了两种粘土的层位和层厚对水和Cl-运移影响的差别及原因。研究结果表明 ,粘土层对土壤的水和溶质运移影响的程度 ,与层状土壤中该粘土及其组合土壤的水力学性质有关。本文模拟的重粘土 (简称Y粘土 )与轻壤土所组成的层状土壤 ,其基本情况为 ,随粘土层层位的升高和层厚加大 ,土壤水分蒸发和地下水补给速率降低 ,Cl-积累减少。而轻粘土 (简称R粘土 )与轻壤土所组成的层状土壤 ,由于它们的导水率曲线在压力水头h约 - 10 0 0cm处相交 ,当h低于此值时 ,R粘土的导水率就大于轻壤土的。因此 ,蒸发、补给速率和Cl-积累强度出现以顶位最高 ,甚至高于均质轻壤土 ,其次为底位 ,最低为中部层位的现象。在蒸发条件下Cl-在剖面中的积聚部位主要是土表。粘土层的存在 ,起到了阻滞作用 ,而阻滞程度则与该粘土水力学性质、层位、厚度和地下水埋深有关     

黄土区荒草地土壤水平衡的数值模拟

林草植被深层土壤干燥化是黄土高原地区生态环境建设过程中面临的重大科学问题。采用人工降雨的试验方法,对黄土高原沟壑区荒草坡地不同水文年土壤水平衡进行了数值模拟,结果表明:当植被覆盖率较高时,WAVES模型可以应用于荒草坡地土壤水平衡的模拟;土壤储水量的模拟结果与实测值趋势很吻合,但有关参数的取值还有待于进一步研究;荒草地土壤水分收支基本平衡所需的雨季降雨量和年总降雨量分别为507.0mm和747.6mm,分别高于黄土高原地区多年平均的雨季降雨量和年总降雨量,预示黄土高原地区干旱年和平水年土壤水分易收支负平衡,从而形成土壤干层。     

灌溉水质对土壤化学特征和作物生长的影响

本文以灌溉水矿化度和钠吸附比为两个主要指标，组合成１６个灌溉水质处理，研究了不同灌溉水质对土壤化学性质和作物生长的影响。初步提出了引起盐害和碱害的灌溉水矿化度和钠吸附比的临界值。研究结果表明，灌溉水带入土壤的盐分在土壤中累积与淋洗交替进行。     

EFFECTS OF LAND USE ON SOIL MOISTURE VARIATIONS IN A SEMI‐ARID CATCHMENT: IMPLICATIONS FOR LAND AND AGRICULTURAL WATER MANAGEMENT

Knowledge of the effects of land use on soil moisture variations is necessary to improve land and agricultural water management in the semi‐arid Chinese Loess Plateau. However, previous studies are insufficient to guide management practice in this area and improvement is needed to help with the development of the ‘Grain for Green’ programme. As part of the ‘Grain for Green’ programme, we examined the effects of five land uses (fallow, grassland, cropland, 3‐year and 8‐year jujube orchards) on soil water variations in a small catchment on the Loess Plateau. Soil moisture at 0–160 cm depth was monitored approximately weekly at 47 sites from 17 August to 19 October 2009 and from 4 April to 27 September 2010 using a portable time domain reflectometer. Results indicated that mean soil water profiles in different land uses varied with time, land use induced spatial variations of soil water but exerted negligible influence on soil water temporal patterns, and soil water content was of the greatest spatial variability with moderate means (approximately 20 per cent). Furthermore, the relationship between standard deviation and mean water content was dependent on soil depth, although it was negligibly affected by land use. Profile soil water for five land uses was different in various seasons, precipitation infiltration depth exhibited a positive correlation with precipitation, and the whole profile soil moisture (0–160 cm) was complemented following a 93·5‐mm rainfall event. The findings presented here provide helpful information for land and agricultural water management in this area. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

半干旱区不同作物与苜蓿轮作对土壤水分恢复与肥力消耗的影响

苜蓿-作物轮作是我国西北半干旱区常见的耕作方式。由于苜蓿的强蒸散特征，苜蓿生长多年后常导致土壤水分匮缺，形成土壤干层，对后茬作物的生长产生不利影响。根据当地轮作习惯，苜蓿种植后通常种植一种浅根系的作物草谷子（Setaria itallca Beauv）来恢复土壤水分并获取饲料，但是这种耕种模式对土壤水分恢复的效果如何还不得知，苜蓿草地轮作为农田后的土壤水分恢复过程需要加以明晰。由于苜蓿的生物固氮作用，由农田轮作为苜蓿草地一般不会存在土壤肥力障碍，并会不断提高土壤肥力水平。由苜蓿草地轮作为农田，土壤肥力一般是下降的，但对苜蓿草地轮作为农田后土壤肥力的消耗动态，以及不同作物对土壤肥力消耗有何影响目前还很少了解。本文研究了苜蓿一作物轮作过程中的土壤水分、氮素和有机质的变化，旨在阐明苜蓿草地轮作为农田后的土壤水分恢复和肥力消耗过程，探讨合理的轮作模式。     

施用白垩和膨润土对降低作物吸收放射性锶和铈的有效性

采用模拟污染物的同位素示踪技术研究了在土壤中施用白垩和在田表水中撒洒膨润土对降低作物 (尤其是作物的食用部分 )中89Sr和14 1Ce积累的效应。结果表明 :白垩能有效降低黑麦草、青菜对89Sr的吸收 ,当白垩施用量为 2 0g kg时 ,青菜对89Sr吸收降低率达 77 6% ,黑麦草也能降低 3 5 2 % ,土壤中白垩的引入量与黑麦草、青菜中89Sr的比活率呈显著性线性负相关 ;在田表水中的撒洒适量膨润土可以使田表水、稻壳和糙米中的14 1Ce比活度有所下降 ,从而减少稻谷对14 1Ce的积累 ,但未能改变稻根、稻草对14 1Ce的吸收和积累 ,14 1Ce在水稻土中的纵向分布均与土层深度呈单项指数负相关。     

冬小麦种植条件下土壤水盐运移特征的数值模拟与预报

种植作物条件下水盐在土壤中的转化和运移构成了一个非常复杂的物理-化学-生物系统。研究种植作物条件下土壤水盐运移的动态规律和运行特征,建立水盐运移的数学模型对于指导盐渍土的灌溉管理及劣质水利用、土壤盐渍化与持续农业和生态环境之间的相互作用及土壤盐渍化预测等方面具有重要的意义。本研究首先提出了自主开发的土壤水盐运移的数学模型SWSTM(Soil Water and Salt Transport Mod-el),然后对冬小麦种植条件下土壤水盐的运动规律和特征进行了数值模拟,最后对不同地下水位和不同气象条件下的土壤水盐运移规律进行了数值预测,以期从土壤水盐运动的规律出发,提出一种应用数值模拟方法来预报土壤水盐动态的途径,同时为种植作物条件下田间大面积土壤水盐动态预测预报提供参考。     

季节性冻土区的地下水状况及其研究方法

研究地下水(指潜水,下同)状况及其动态变化,对土壤发生与演变和改良利用有重要意义。本文根据东北典型的季节性冻土区实测资料,提出适合于本区的地下水研究方法、地下水分类和地下水动态模式图。     

(土娄)土剖面CO2浓度的动态变化及其受环境因素的影响

CO2是土壤空气的重要组成,土壤空气CO2浓度一般高于大气几倍到数十倍,甚至上百倍[1].     

A COMPARISON OF THE POLYCARBOXYLIC ACIDS EXTRACTED BY WATER FROM AN AGRICULTURAL TOP SOIL WITH THOSE EXTRACTED BY ALKALI

Humic and fulvic acids were isolated from an agricultural soil by conventional means. The same soil was extracted with water and the organic matter freed of inorganic and low molecular weight substances. The usual chemical differences between humic acid and fulvic acid were confirmed and the water extract was shown to resemble fulvic acid quite closely. Further fractionation of the fulvic acid and water extract showed that the elemental composition, carboxyl and acidic hydroxyl contents, molecular weights, and infrared spectra of the purified polycarboxylic acids were virtually identical. Both promoted the same growth response in cultured isolated tomato roots. It is suggested that the qualitative similarity of fulvic acid to the polycarboxylic acid extracted by water justifies the use of the more easily isolated fulvic acid in physiological experiments on the direct effects on plants of soil organic matter.     

水分状况对红壤母质中物质移动及稻麦生物量的影响

利用模拟土柱研究了红壤母质在淹水条件下物质的迁移规律及不同水分条件对作物生长的影响。土柱施加有机质淹水后,矿质元素活化,部分迁移出土体。物质的累积淋溶量序列为:Fe>Ca、SiO₂>K>Al、P、Mn、Mg,日渗漏量与Eh是影响物质淋溶的主要因素。主组元分析表明,淹水初期主要的土壤发生过程是矿质元素的活化与淋溶,硅铝的相对富集及土壤养分状况的改善。铁、锰的淋淀与水分关系密切。铁、锰在表层淋离,中下层淀积,这同自然状况下铁锰的淋溶淀积特点是一致的。     

黄土丘陵区水土保持措施配置与土壤水分的关系

土壤水分与水土保持措施配置间存在密切关系,从空间结构看,地形起伏引起降水再分配,而工程措施可使降水形成有益的再分配,由此产生土壤水分的微域分异。这种分异制约影响着生物措施的空间配置;从时间过程看,为防止某些植物过度的水分消耗而致土壤干燥化,需采取循环轮作配置。在黄土丘陵区要求林草与农作物地在轮作周期内的总耗水量与有效雨量（降雨量与径流深之差）持平。