土壤深度对还田秸秆腐解速度的影响

农业的持续发展依赖于土壤的持续利用，而土壤的持续利用要求土壤肥力的维持和提高。为维持和提高土壤肥力，目前我国采取的主要措施之一是秸秆还田。秸秆还田的方式有两种［1］，一是直接还田，包括翻压和地表覆盖两种方式，二是沤制后还田。不同的还田方式增肥的效果不同［2，3］，由于沤制后还田费时费工，采用的较少，目前一般采用直接还田方式。由于翻压和覆盖还田所处的土壤条件不同。秸秆腐解速度也不同，对土壤养分积累也不同。本文主要就秸秆还田的不同深度对秸秆腐解速度的影响展开讨论，从中探讨出最适宜的还田深度。     

还田秸秆及其腐解产物的吸水能力研究

[目的]研究水稻、小麦和油菜作物秸秆的腐解规律及其对秸秆吸水能力的影响,为农田秸秆资源有效利用和田间水分管理提供相应的理论依据。[方法]采用尼龙网袋法进行试验研究。[结果]在土壤水分饱和状态下,3种秸秆腐解速率均表现为前期快,后期缓慢的特点。培养结束(110d)时,水稻、小麦和油菜秸秆的累积腐解率分别为67.8%,55.5%和49.2%。光学显微镜结合红外光谱结果显示,与对照相比,水稻秸秆经过110d的腐解,其物质组成、化学结构和形貌特征均发生显著变化,小麦和油菜秸秆变化不明显。腐解0d时,水稻、小麦和油菜秸秆饱和吸水量依次分别为3.87,2.51,3.61g/g。随着秸秆组分、结构和形貌的变化,秸秆及其腐解产物饱和吸水量也有显著性差异。水稻秸秆在腐解15d时的饱和吸水量最大,为5.17g/g,之后其饱和吸水量逐渐下降并趋于稳定;小麦和油菜秸秆的饱和吸水量在腐解5d时达到最低值,分别为1.87,2.59g/g;之后其饱和吸水量逐渐增加。单位秸秆的吸水效果表明,3种作物秸秆在腐解初期的持水量最大,之后随着腐解时期的延长而有所降低。[结论]还田作物秸秆的吸水能力受到还田秸秆质量和腐解时期的双重影响,故在开展秸秆还田(尤其翻压)时,应注意秸秆含水量,还田时期和田间水分管理,降低由秸秆吸水产生的负面效应。     

紫色土丘陵区秸秆还田的腐解特征及对土壤肥力的影响

在分析水稻、小麦、油菜秸秆的养分含量和化学组成的基础上，通过田间两年四作的定位试验，探讨了紫色丘陵区秸秆还田的腐解变化及对土壤肥力的影响。结果表明，秸秆含有丰富的养分，经腐解后给土壤提供了大量的碳、氮、磷、钾。在腐解过程中，还田后的前3个月分解快，后期分解缓慢；3种秸秆在田间的分解速率（K）：麦秸〉稻草〉油菜秸，秸秆翻埋〉秸秆面施；养分释放速度钾〉磷〉氮。测定了不同处理的土壤水分特征曲线．并将实验结果拟合为经验关系式。秸秆覆盖还田促进土壤团粒结构形成，提高了土壤水稳性团聚体含量，从而改善了土壤通透性和保水保肥性。秸秆覆盖还田还降低了土壤容重，增加了土壤总孔隙度，使土壤有机质、速效氮、磷、钾得到一定提高，从而达到培肥地力的目的。     

双季稻地区不同类型水稻秸秆与还田深度对还田秸秆腐解进程的影响

为探讨双季稻地区还田秸秆的腐解进程,用尼龙网袋法研究了不同类型水稻秸秆不同埋深(0、10 cm)对还田秸秆的腐解和氮碳释放的影响.结果表明,经过早稻90 d、晚稻120 d的腐解,早稻和晚稻的平均腐解率分别为64％和72％.秸秆在还田的前15 d腐解速度较快,在秸秆还田后的30～90(120)d秸秆腐解速度放缓.秸秆腐...     

基于长期定位试验的松嫩平原还田玉米秸秆腐解特征研究

为了研究松嫩平原还田玉米秸秆的腐解特征和养分释放规律,该试验采用尼龙网袋法,设置埋土和覆盖地表2种玉米秸秆还田方式,进行连续4 a的定位观测。结果表明:1)还田玉米秸秆的腐解速率和养分释放率都表现为埋土处理大于覆盖地表。秸秆腐解主要集中在还田的前3年,3 a累计腐解率达到91.70%和81.96%,其中第1年腐解率分别为60.63%和45.53%。2)还田玉米秸秆中养分释放的快慢顺序为KPCN。埋土和覆盖处理秸秆中钾的释放主要在还田第1年,释放率达到了96.26%和84.04%;而磷、碳和氮的释放则主要集中在还田前3年,其中磷释放率为92.03%和83.29%;碳释放率为90.96%和82.06%;氮释放率为91.70%和81.96%。3)还田玉米秸秆中半纤维素的腐解速度快于纤维素,木质素最慢。其中埋土和覆盖处理秸秆半纤维素2 a腐解率为88.78%和86.30%;纤维素2 a腐解率为80.42%和70.86%;而木质素3 a累计腐解率为78.63%和66.48%。     

油菜秸秆还田腐解变化特征及其培肥土壤的作用

为促进油菜秸秆腐解,推进农村作物秸秆的资源化利用,减少秸秆焚烧对环境的负面影响,培养与提高土壤肥力,采用尼龙网袋和田间试验相结合方法,设置了油菜秸秆不同还田量处理和不同还田深度处理,研究了油菜秸秆腐解百分率和腐解速率变化特征,分析了油菜秸秆还田对土壤性质及作物产量的影响。结果表明,油菜秸秆还田的腐解百分率随时间延长而逐渐增大,秸秆腐解速率则早期快后期慢;随秸秆还田量增加,腐解速率降低,表现为全量还田的秸秆腐解速率<2/3量还田秸秆腐解速率<1/2量还田秸秆腐解速率<1/3量还田秸秆腐解速率;在种植水稻条件下油菜秸秆还田深度在10 cm时腐解速度最慢,在表层还田腐解速度最快,20 cm深还田腐解速度居中。相比对照处理来说,油菜秸秆还田降低了土壤容重,增加了土壤有机质含量,一定程度上提高了土壤氮磷钾含量(P<0.05)。油菜秸秆还田对水稻作物有极显著增产作用(P<0.01),增产幅度在6.02%～21.17%之间。本试验对水稻油菜轮作体系下油菜秸秆还田腐解特征进行的研究可为调控油菜秸秆还田腐解速度,改善农业生态环境提供参数依据。     

不同还田方式对玉米秸秆腐解及土壤养分含量的影响

通过土壤耕作和秸秆还田试验,以玉米秸秆为研究对象,探讨东北棕壤土区适宜的秸秆还田方式,为秸秆资源的高效利用提供理论依据。在辽宁沈阳设置连续两年（2014-2015年）的田间定位试验,采用尼龙网袋法研究免耕覆盖（NTS）、旋耕还田（RTS）和翻耕还田（PTS）3种秸秆还田方式下秸秆腐解率和碳氮磷钾养分释放率,分析秸秆还田方式对耕层土壤养分含量的影响。结果表明,RTS和PTS秸秆腐解速率均表现为前期快、后期慢,秸秆养分释放率均表现为钾 > 磷 > 碳 > 氮。NTS、RTS和PTS处理秸秆两年平均腐解率分别为38.8%、78.0%、65.9%,两年平均碳释放率分别为56.5%、78.8%、69.4%,氮释放率为16.7%、53.5%、38.8%,磷释放率为81.3%、92.5%、89.8%,钾释放率为92.0%、99.4%、98.9%。NTS处理秸秆腐解率及碳氮释放率与还田时间符合逻辑斯蒂曲线方程,RTS和PTS处理秸秆腐解率、碳氮释放率及3种还田方式秸秆磷钾释放率随还田时间变化符合米氏方程。秸秆还田有助于提高耕层土壤有机碳和全氮含量,RTS处理土壤全磷含量显著高于PTS处理（P<0.05）,与NTS处理全磷含量差异不显著,3种还田方式土壤全钾含量差异不显著。综合分析秸秆腐解和耕层土壤培肥效果,东北棕壤土区建议玉米秸秆还田方式为旋耕秸秆还田。     

添加剂对不同还田深度秸秆腐解及周际土壤环境的影响

探讨添加剂对秸秆腐解及其形成的土壤环境的影响,以明确促进秸秆腐解的同时,利于土壤固碳的添加剂最佳配方。以玉米秸秆为供试材料,进行了150天的田间原位埋袋腐解试验,对比研究3种类型添加剂(尿素、生物菌腐解剂和微量元素调理剂)对15,30cm还田秸秆腐解过程及其形成的土壤环境因素的影响。结果表明:(1)添加剂极显著影响碳损失量(p<0.01),直接影响秸秆腐解程度及其释放碳素在土壤中的固持,还田深度则通过影响含水量影响失重,含水量与失重显著负相关(r=-0.51),SOC与碳损失量接近于线性负相关(r=-0.94),与C/N极显著正相关(r=0.72),C/N与碳损失量极显著负相关(r=-0.53);(2)微量元素添加剂既提高了前期土壤的含水量,又减缓了后期水分的散失,但添加剂有加速土壤酸化的趋势,15cm还田时微量元素添加剂表现更明显,30cm还田时生物菌添加剂表现更明显;(3)添加剂加速了秸秆的腐解,但减少了碳损失量,150天时,15,30cm还田其碳损失量平均值分别比对照减少3.4%和4.8%,有利于土壤固碳,其中,生物菌添加剂更有利于15cm还田秸秆的腐解,氮素添加剂有利于30cm还田秸秆的腐解;(4)添加剂减缓了秸秆腐解产物的流失,尤其是生物菌添加剂和微量元素添加剂,15cm还田时生物菌添加剂有利于土壤固碳,微量元素添加剂更利于有机碳的更新,而30cm还田时则相反。     

不同还田方式作物秸秆腐解特征研究

利用网袋法模拟田间秸秆还田的3种方式,探索研究不同还田方式的小麦、油菜秸秆腐解特征和养分释放特征。结果表明,经过120d腐解后,不同还田方式的小麦、油菜秸秆土埋处理的59．5％-60．3％、露天处理的40．2％-49．8％和水泡处理的24．6％-29．8％被腐解。作物秸秆的腐解速度为土埋〉露天〉水泡。经过120d腐解后,露天处理、水泡处理和土埋处理的小麦、油菜秸秆中的氮有58．7％-61．3％、63．9％-74．9％、50．8％-58．2％释放出来,磷有92．1％-96．5％、98．6％-100％、66．5％-81．3％释放出来,钾有56．0％～64．3％、74．3％～77．6％、41．9％～46．5％释放出来。作物秸秆磷的释放率最大,氮次之,钾最小。3种还田方式作物秸秆养分释放率为水泡〉露天〉土埋。     

麦稻两熟地区不同埋深对还田秸秆腐解进程的影响

为探讨稻麦两熟地区还田秸秆的腐解进程,用尼龙网袋法研究了麦稻秸秆不同埋深(0、7、14.cm)对还田秸秆腐解及C/N比的影响。结果表明,在麦田,埋深14.cm的秸秆腐解速度最快,覆盖在表层较慢。稻田由于有水层的作用和高温高湿的环境,秸秆腐解比麦田快,覆盖在表层比埋入土中的略慢。麦季稻秸覆盖还田一季后秸秆残留率在60%左右,埋入土中的残留率在40%左右;稻季麦秸覆盖还田一季后秸秆残留率在25%左右,而埋在土中的残留率在20%左右。随着还田秸秆的腐解,秸秆含氮量逐渐增加,全碳含量下降,秸秆C/N比降低。麦季稻秸覆盖C/N比较高,而稻季麦秸覆盖的C/N比较低。一季后麦田稻秸的C/N比平均在30左右,稻田麦秸在15以上,比土壤腐殖质的C/N比高,说明种植一季作物后,还田的秸秆尚未完成腐殖化过程。     

秸秆投放、矿物氮施用及翻耕措施对玉米(Zea mays L.)和棉花(Gossypium hirsutum L.)秸秆分解的影响

With the present understanding that decomposing straw may not only affect soil properties,but possibly greenhouse gas emissions as well,focus among cnvironmental researchers has gradually expanded to include understanding of decomposition rate and stability of straw of different plants in different soils under different management conditions.Against such a background,a short-term(60 days)greenhouse simulation experiment was carried out to study the effects of straw placement,external mineral N source and tillage on straw decomposition of maize and cotton in two contrasting soils,a red soil(Ferrasol)and a black soil(Acrisol).The treatments included straw addition only(T1);straw addition mineral N(T2);and straw addition tillage(T3).Straw was either buried in the soil or placed on the surface.Sampling was done every 15 days.Placement,addition of external mineral N sources(Urea,46% N),straw type,soil type and exposure duration(15,30,45 and 60 dyas)affected straw decomposition.Decomposition was more in buried straw than in surface-placed straw at all sampling dates in red soil.The addition of an external N source significantly increased decomposition.The study could not,however,fully account for the effect of tillage on straw decomposition because of the limited effect of our tillage method due to the artificial barrier to mechanical iaterference supplicd by the mesh bags.     

稻麦两熟条件下不同土壤耕作方式与秸秆还田效用分析

该文通过大田小区和网室水泥池微区的3年定位试验,比较研究了稻麦两熟条件下免耕秸秆覆盖、免耕高茬、翻耕秸秆还田(秸秆稻季翻埋麦季覆盖)、翻耕(对照,CK)4个处理对土壤理化性质和稻麦产量的影响,从土壤管理技术方面探讨了不同耕作方法与秸秆直接还田在稻麦两熟地区的应用效果。结果表明：免耕使土壤容重和穿透阻力增加,而秸秆还田可改善土壤结构,提高土壤养分含量,翻耕还田3年后土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷、速效钾含量比对照分别增加4.7%～13.0%、0%～10.6%、0.2%～10.6%、8.4%～15.5%。麦季秸秆还田的产量有增有减,实际产量免耕覆盖还田略低,对照的产量较高,秸秆还田平均减产1%左右;而水稻翻耕秸秆还田的产量最高,比对照平均增产3%左右。因此,在稻麦两熟条件下,从省工节本和提高地力角度可采用稻麦免耕秸秆覆盖与留高茬还田,从提高产量和地力角度宜采用稻季翻耕秸秆还田。     

Combining conservation tillage with nitrogen fertilization promotes maize straw decomposition by regulating soil microbial community and enzyme activities

Straw return can effectively improve farmland soil microenvironment and fertility. However, excessive straw in the topsoil adversely affects seed germination and crop growth. At present, the characteristics and key driving factors of straw decomposition in dry farmlands are unclear. Based on the interactions between tillage practices including zero tillage (ZT), chisel tillage (CT), and plow tillage (PT) and nitrogen (N) fertilization, i.e., low N (N1, 180 kg ha^-1), normal N (N2, 240 kg ha^-1), and high N (N3, 300 kg ha^-1), quantitative polymerase chain reaction technology and an enzymatic detection kit were used to investigate the effects of key straw C-degrading enzyme activities and microbial abundance in soil on maize straw decomposition during the growth period of winter wheat in the winter wheat/summer maize double cropping system in a dry farmland of the Loess Plateau, China. Between 2018 and 2020, ZT and CT significantly increased winter wheat yield (by 10.94% and 12.79%, respectively) and straw decomposition velocity (by 20% and 26.67%, respectively), compared with PT. Compared to N1 and N3, N2 significantly increased wheat yield (by 4.65% and 5.31%, respectively) and straw decomposition velocity (by 26.33% and 13.21%, respectively). The partial least squares pathway modelling showed significant positive direct effects of soil moisture, NO-₃, NH⁺₄, total N, bacteria, and cellulase, laccase, and xylanase activities on straw decomposition, while soil pH, fungi, and Actinomycetes had significant negative direct effects. Overall, conservation tillage (ZT and CT) combined with N2 was beneficial for straw decomposition in the drylands of the Loess Plateau and improved straw resource utilization and basic soil fertility. The results of the study clarified the key drivers of straw decomposition in dry farmlands and provided new ideas for developing updated soil management practices and adaptive N application strategies to promote the resource utilization of straw and achieve the goals of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality.     

土壤耕作及秸秆还田对冬小麦生长状况及产量的影响

该文研究了土壤耕作、秸秆还田两项技术措施及其交互效应对冬小麦群体发育动态、冬小麦产量形成及其构成要素的影响。常规耕作、免耕、耙耕、深松4种土壤耕作技术与无秸秆还田、秸秆全量粉碎还田两种秸秆还田量构成8个处理,并对不同处理中冬小麦生长发育动态及产量形成进行调查、分析。结果表明不同耕作处理对冬小麦出苗率、群体动态、产量构成有显著影响,免耕小麦出苗率仅60.2%,群体过小,产量显著低于常规耕作;耙耕、深松在与常规耕作相同播量下能形成适宜的群体,且穗粒数、千粒重均高于常规耕作,分别比常规耕作增产8.15%和6.91%;经作用力分析,耕作措施是影响冬小麦群体结构与产量构成的最重要因素,作用力大于秸秆及秸秆×耕作交互效应。     

稻麦两熟制不同耕作方式与秸秆还田土壤肥力的综合评价

该文通过大田小区和网室水泥池微区3年的定位试验,比较研究了稻麦两熟条件下免耕套播秸秆覆盖NTS、免耕套播高茬NT、翻耕秸秆还田CTS、翻耕秸秆不还田CK共4个处理对土壤肥力的影响,并运用数值化方法综合评价土壤肥力。结果表明：免耕和秸秆还田可提高土壤有机质、速效磷、速效钾等土壤养分含量,且主要是0～7 cm增加造成的。土壤肥力数值化综合评价表明,土壤肥力免耕秸秆覆盖好于免耕高茬,翻耕秸秆还田好于翻耕不还田,不同处理养分肥力指标以免耕秸秆覆盖处理最高,翻耕不还田最低;但综合肥力指标却以翻耕秸秆还田最高,免耕高茬最低,主要受土壤容重影响。从不同层次看,综合肥力指标和养分肥力指标均以上层0～7 cm较高,下层14～21 cm较低,尤其免耕秸秆覆盖和免耕高茬处理。     

不同绿肥种植模式下玉米秸秆腐解特征研究

【目的】玉米是中国第一大粮食作物,如何处理大量的玉米秸秆成为玉米种植区面临的关键问题之一,深入研究冬种绿肥对玉米秸秆腐解释放的影响,对农业可持续发展具有重要意义。【方法】采用尼龙网袋法,通过对红壤旱地空闲 (YCK)及紫花苜蓿(YZ)、 黑麦草(YH)、 肥田萝卜(YL)绿肥种植模式下玉米秸秆177 d的腐解量和养分释放的监测,分析玉米秸秆腐解速率及碳、 氮、 磷、 钾的释放规律。【结果】四种种植模式下,玉米秸秆腐解及养分释放均呈现前期快后期慢的规律,7 d的腐解和养分释放速率均达到最大。翻压177 d时,四种种植模式下(YCK、 YZ、 YH、 YL)玉米秸秆累积腐解量分别为23.41、 21.22、 20.86和20.95 g,玉米秸秆碳累积释放量分别为12.38、 11.07、 11.18、 11.36 g ,与YCK种植模式相比,YZ、 YH、 YL种植模式秸秆累积腐解量分别显著降低了9.3%、 10.9%、 10.5%,碳累积释放量则分别显著降低了10.6%、 9.7%和8.3%; 各处理氮累积释放量分别为479.46、 513.04、 442.58和530.20 mg,相比YCK种植模式,种植绿肥对玉米秸秆氮累积释放量的影响不显著,而YH种植模式较YZ和YL种植模式则显著降低了13.7%和16.5%。各处理磷累积释放量分别为58.10、 57.91、 58.47和59.47 mg,且YL种植模式较YCK种植模式显著提高了2.35%; 翻压 28 d时,各处理钾累积释放量为487.20、 444.85、 456.94和434.55 mg,分别占加入量的100.0%、 91.3%、 93.8%和89.2%,且三个种植模式均显著低于YCK种植模式,42 d时各处理的钾均全部释放。从玉米秸秆碳与氮、 磷、 钾比来看,翻压177 d时,与YCK种植模式相比,YZ和YL种植模式玉米秸秆碳氮比显著增加了102.8%、 91.6%; YZ、 YH、 YL种植模式碳磷比分别显著增加了48.4%、 72.4%、 147.0%。翻压 28 d时,YH种植模式玉米秸秆碳钾比较YL种植模式显著提高。【结论】玉米秸秆腐解及其养分释放速率均在翻压后第7天达到最大值,之后腐解和养分释放速率减缓。与空闲相比,种植绿肥能显著减缓玉米秸秆腐化和秸秆中碳和钾的释放,而种植紫花苜蓿和肥田萝卜能促进玉米秸秆氮素释放,种植黑麦草则减缓了玉米秸秆氮素释放。种植肥田萝卜能显著促进玉米秸秆磷素释放。冬季种植肥田萝卜既对玉米秸秆还田后氮素释放有一定促进作用,又能增加红壤中磷的有效性,同时还能减缓玉米秸秆钾的释放,使钾释放更为长效,是一种土壤培肥和秸秆养分释放较好的绿肥种植模式。     

Long-term tillage and straw returning effects on organic C fractions and chemical composition of SOC in rice-rape cropping system

Understanding the different C pools and chemical composition of soil organic carbon (SOC) in cropping system is imperative for sustaining soil quality. This study examined the effects of tillage and straw returning practices on organic C fractions and chemical composition of SOC under a rice-rape system in central China. The field experiment consisted of conventional tillage (CT); conventional tillage with straw returning (CTS); no-tillage (NT); and no-tillage with straw returning (NTS) treatments. Compared to CT, NT significantly increased SOC stocks, SCMI and C fractions of 0–20 cm depth by 6–50%. The SOC, particulate organic carbon (POC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), easily oxidizable carbon (EOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) contents of 0–20 cm depth were 16, 80, 24, 22 and 13%, respectively, higher under NTS treatment. Straw returning enhanced the relative contents of O-alkyl C, carbonyl C, alkyl C, A/O-A ratio, and aromaticity. The correlations of SOC with C fractions and SCMI were significant. O-alkyl C was positively correlated with C fractions and negatively correlated with carbonyl C and alkyl C. In conclusion, long-term tillage and straw returning significantly affected the fractions and chemical compositions of SOC, could be viable option for improving the soil quality in the rice-rape rotation system.     

Longterm effects of soil compaction and tillage on Collembola and straw decomposition in arable soil

Soil core samples were taken from May 1996 to October 1996 at four week intervals to assess the longterm effects of compaction due to soil tillage on Collembola in arable land. Two different tillage systems were studied: conservation tillage (CS) with rotary harrowing to 120 mm depth and conventional tillage (CT) with a mould board plough to 300 mm depth. Soil compaction was achieved by wheeling with graded loads: 0t, 2 × 2.5t and 6 × 5.0t (wheeling frequency × wheel load) in early spring 1995. Litter decomposition rate was investigated by the minicontainer-method, using two different mesh-sizes: 20 μm (excluding mesofauna) and 500 μ (including mesofauna). The substrate used was winter wheat straw, corresponding to the crop cultivated on the field.We recorded 25 species of Collembola. The abundance of Collembola during the growing season was at a minimum in June in both tillage systems. Thereafter, numbers of individuals increased, probably due to better nutrition. Mesaphorura krausbaueri s.l. was eudominant in CS. In CT Folsomia fimetaria and M. krausbaueri s.l. reached high abundances at the end of August. Harvesting and tilling supported population growth in CS, while numbers in CT decreased. The collembolan species showed different preferences in regard to the tillage system and the grade of compaction. During the first 4 weeks of exposure the decomposition rate of straw was highest. The decomposition rate in the minicontainers with 20 μm mesh-size was higher due to better moisture conditions for the microorganisms. After harvest and tilling the decomposition rate increased, especially in the CS-plots, because of aeration and incorporation of residues. Population fluctuation in the minicontainers was caused by migration of Collembola in response to changing moisture conditions. The main species in the minicontainers were large and mobile. Compared to the surrounding soil, species diversity was reduced.     

玉米秸秆分解过程中细菌群落组成演化特征

【目的】土壤中存在着大量的分解秸秆的微生物。研究秸秆分解过程中细菌群落组成的演化规律,对了解和调控农田微生物群体组成以促进秸秆分解具有重要意义。【方法】试验于2014年10月至2015年10月在河南省农业科学院原阳试验基地进行,将成熟期玉米秸秆(茎和叶)烘干,剪成长1~2 cm、宽0.3~1 cm的碎片,称12 g样品(相当于8 t/hm^2)装入15 cm×10 cm的尼龙网包(孔径0.04 mm)内,于10月5日冬小麦出苗后埋置在小麦垄间。分别于埋置后0、1、2、4、7、10和12个月收集秸秆包和土壤样品。测定秸秆样品干物质量和碳氮含量,选择埋置了0、2、4、7和12个月的秸秆及其土壤样品分析细菌丰度及群落组成。【结果】秸秆埋入土壤后的前2个月内分解最快,然后逐步减慢,在1、2、4、7、10和12个月后分别降解了总生物量的19.2%、32.9%、44.2%、52.2%、66.8%和73.8%。秸秆埋入土壤后,秸秆和土壤中细菌丰度均显著增加,分别于第4和7个月达到最高后开始下降。秸秆细菌的丰度指标OTUs、ACE、Chao1和多样性指标Shannon随试验时间的延长逐步增加,而Simpson指数随试验时间延长逐步降低,而土壤中这些指标在试验过程中没有显著变化。与刚埋置秸秆时相比,埋置2个月后的秸秆细菌Bacteroidetes门相对丰度明显增加,主导细菌群为Bacteroidetes和Proteobacteria门。Actinobacteria丰度在埋置2个月后明显降低,然后又随试验时间延长逐步增加。Planctomycetes、Saccharibacteria、Verrucomicrobia、Acidobacteria、Chloroflexi和Gemmatimonadetes丰度在原始秸秆中较低,埋入土壤后随试验时间延长逐步增加。Sphingobacteriia、Gammaproteobacteria、Alphaproteobacteria和Flavobacteriia主导前期细菌纲组成,而Actinobacteria、Anaerolineae和Bacilli纲丰度在后期逐步增加。秸秆分解速率主要受其碳含量影响,秸秆细菌群落组成前期与秸秆碳含量相关,后期与秸秆氮含量相关。随着试验的进展,秸秆细菌群落组成与土壤中的细菌群落组成趋同。【结论】秸秆埋入土壤后前2个月的分解速率最高,随后逐步降低。秸秆分解前期细菌群落由富营养型组分Bacteroidetes和Proteobacteria门和Sphingobacteriia、Gammaproteobacteria、Flavobacteriia和Alphaproteobacteria纲主导,随后被逐步增加的贫营养型组分Actinobacteria、Acidobacteria、Chloroflexi、Saccharibacteria门和Deltaproteobacteria、Actinobacteria纲等代替。秸秆碳氮含量变化是影响秸秆分解及其过程中细菌群落演化的主要原因。