碱预处理提高香蕉茎秆厌氧消化产气性能的研究

为有效利用香蕉茎秆资源,提高其厌氧消化效率,采用碱法对香蕉茎秆固体剩余物进行预处理,探讨不同预处理条件下香蕉茎秆厌氧消化产气性能的影响。结果表明：当NaOH浓度为8%时,对香蕉茎秆原料半纤维素、纤维素、木质素降解率达最高,分别为22.5%、9.1%、13.7%;6% NaOH处理组30 d累积产气量最高可达3 775 mL,比对照组提高24.2%,单位干物质产气量达377.5 mL/g TS。碱预处理可有效提高香蕉茎秆产气潜力。     

Photo-Oxidative Stress-Driven Mutagenesis and Adaptive Evolution on the Marine Diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum for Enhanced Carotenoid Accumulation

Marine diatoms have recently gained much attention as they are expected to be a promising resource for sustainable production of bioactive compounds such as carotenoids and biofuels as a future clean energy solution. To develop photosynthetic cell factories, it is important to improve diatoms for value-added products. In this study, we utilized UVC radiation to induce mutations in the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum and screened strains with enhanced accumulation of neutral lipids and carotenoids. Adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) was also used in parallel to develop altered phenotypic and biological functions in P. tricornutum and it was reported for the first time that ALE was successfully applied on diatoms for the enhancement of growth performance and productivity of value-added carotenoids to date. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was utilized to study the composition of major pigments in the wild type P. tricornutum, UV mutants and ALE strains. UVC radiated strains exhibited higher accumulation of fucoxanthin as well as neutral lipids compared to their wild type counterpart. In addition to UV mutagenesis, P. tricornutum strains developed by ALE also yielded enhanced biomass production and fucoxanthin accumulation under combined red and blue light. In short, both UV mutagenesis and ALE appeared as an effective approach to developing desired phenotypes in the marine diatoms via electromagnetic radiation-induced oxidative stress.     

Extraction of Fucoxanthin from Raw Macroalgae excluding Drying and Cell Wall Disruption by Liquefied Dimethyl Ether

Macroalgae are one of potential sources for carotenoids, such as fucoxanthin, which are consumed by humans and animals. This carotenoid has been applied in both the pharmaceutical and food industries. In this study, extraction of fucoxanthin from wet brown seaweed Undaria pinnatifida (water content was 93.2%) was carried out with a simple method using liquefied dimethyl ether (DME) as an extractant in semi-continuous flow-type system. The extraction temperature and absolute pressure were 25 °C and 0.59 MPa, respectively. The liquefied DME was passed through the extractor that filled by U. pinnatifida at different time intervals. The time of experiment was only 43 min. The amount of fucoxanthin could approach to 390 μg/g dry of wet U. pinnatifida when the amount of DME used was 286 g. Compared with ethanol Soxhlet and supercritical CO₂ extraction, which includes drying and cell disruption, the result was quite high. Thus, DME extraction process appears to be a good method for fucoxanthin recovery from U. pinnatifida with improved yields.     

Production,Characterization, and Antioxidant Activity of Fucoxanthin from the Marine Diatom Odontella aurita

The production, characterization, and antioxidant capacity of the carotenoid fucoxanthin from the marine diatom Odontella aurita were investigated. The results showed that low light and nitrogen-replete culture medium enhanced the biosynthesis of fucoxanthin. The maximum biomass concentration of 6.36 g L⁻¹ and maximum fucoxanthin concentration of 18.47 mg g⁻¹ were obtained in cultures grown in a bubble column photobioreactor (Ø 3.0 cm inner diameter), resulting in a fucoxanthin volumetric productivity of 7.96 mg L⁻¹ day⁻¹. A slight reduction in biomass production was observed in the scaling up of O. aurita culture in a flat plate photobioreactor, yet yielded a comparable fucoxanthin volumetric productivity. A rapid method was developed for extraction and purification of fucoxanthin. The purified fucoxanthin was identified as all-trans-fucoxanthin, which exhibited strong antioxidant properties, with the effective concentration for 50% scavenging (EC₅₀) of 1,1-dihpenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and 2,2′-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical being 0.14 and 0.03 mg mL⁻¹, respectively. Our results suggested that O. aurita can be a natural source of fucoxanthin for human health and nutrition.     

Potentially Beneficial Effects on Healthy Aging by Supplementation of the EPA-Rich Microalgae Phaeodactylum tricornutum or Its Supernatant—A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial in Elderly Individuals

Dietary supplements that promote healthy aging are mostly warranted in an aging society. Because of age-related risks, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative agents such as microalgae are potential candidates for intervention. In a randomized controlled trial, we tested Phaeodactylum tricornutum (PT), a microalgae rich in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), carotenoids, vitamins, and β-glucans, cultured in bioreactors. In this pilot trial, 19 healthy elderly received supplements for two weeks based on either the whole PT (A), the β-1,3-glucan-rich PT supernatant (SupB), the combination thereof (A+SupB), or a Comparator product (Comp). The primary outcome variable plasma interleukin-6 was reduced after treatment with A+SupB compared to the Comp group (p = 0.04). The mobility parameters 5 s sit-to-stand test (p = 0.04 in the A group) and by trend gait speed (p = 0.08 in the A+SupB diet) were improved compared to Comp. No treatment effects were observed for fatty acids, compared to Comp but omega-6 to -3 fatty acid ratio (p = 0.006) and arachidonic acid/EPA ratio (p = 0.006) were reduced within group A+SupB. Further, the SupB study product reduced faecal zonulin (p = 0.03) compared to the Comp. The data revealed an anti-inflammatory and potentially anti-oxidative effect of particular PT preparations, suggesting that they might be suitable for effects in healthy elderly.     

Optimization of Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Tea Flower Polysaccharides by Using Response Surface Method

Polysaccharide production from tea flower （TFPS） was carried out using supercritical fluid extraction （SFE）.Response surface methodology （RSM）,based on a five level,four variable small central composite design,was employed to obtain the best possible combination of extraction time,pressure,temperature and ethanol content of modifier for maximum production.The optimum conditions were as follows：extraction time of 170 min,pressure of 45 MPa,temperature of 75 ℃,and 50％ aqueous ethanol solution as modifier.Under these conditions,the experimental yield was 6.56 ± 0.37％,which was similar to the value predicted by the model.Monosaccharide composition of TFPS was fucose,rhamnose,arabinose,xylose,galactose,glucose,mannose,fructose,ribose,galacturonic acid and glucuronic acid in a molar percent of 31.69,0.21,0.49,1.29,35.82,0.97,1.63,18.34,7.88,1.06 and 0.63.Compared to other extraction methods,SFE could achieve higher yield and gain more types of monosaccharide.     

Biological Properties of Fucoxanthin in Oil Recovered from Two Brown Seaweeds Using Supercritical CO2 Extraction

The bioactive materials in brown seaweeds hold great interest for developing new drugs and healthy foods. The oil content in brown seaweeds (Saccharina japonica and Sargassum horneri) was extracted by using environmentally friendly supercritical CO₂ (SC-CO₂) with ethanol as a co-solvent in a semi-batch flow extraction process and compared the results with a conventional extraction process using hexane, ethanol, and acetone mixed with methanol (1:1, v/v). The SC-CO₂ method was used at a temperature of 45 °C and pressure of 250 bar. The flow rate of CO₂ (27 g/min) was constant for the entire extraction period of 2 h. The obtained oil from the brown seaweeds was analyzed to determine their valuable compounds such as fatty acids, phenolic compounds, fucoxanthin and biological properties including antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antihypertension effects. The amounts of fucoxanthin extracted from the SC-CO₂ oils of S. japonica and S. horneri were 0.41 ± 0.05 and 0.77 ± 0.07 mg/g, respectively. High antihypertensive activity was detected when using mixed acetone and methanol, whereas the phenolic content and antioxidant property were higher in the oil extracted by SC-CO₂. The acetone–methanol mix extracts exhibited better antimicrobial activities than those obtained by other means. Thus, the SC-CO₂ extraction process appears to be a good method for obtaining valuable compounds from both brown seaweeds, and showed stronger biological activity than that obtained by the conventional extraction process.     

超临界和水蒸气提取高良姜精油及纯露的成分研究

以高良姜为原料,采用超临界CO₂提取技术和水蒸气提取技术提取高良姜精油和纯露,分析比较精油和纯露的提取率及外观颜色,并通过气相色谱-质谱联用（GC-MS）技术对精油和纯露进行成分分析。结果表明,超临界CO₂提取技术提取的精油和纯露提取率均高于水蒸气技术提取的提取率,纯露外观颜色无差异;两种方法提取的精油和纯露在化学成分种类和相对含量上有差异,超临界CO₂提取技术提取鉴定出高良姜精油成分35种,纯露成分20种,水蒸气提取鉴定精油成分29种,纯露成分19种;1,8-桉叶素在超临界CO₂提取的精油相对含量为15.49%,在水蒸气提取的精油相对含量中为10.61%;超临界CO₂提取纯露含量最高的为柠檬烯,相对含量为68.50%;水蒸气提取纯露含量最高的为1,8-桉叶素,相对含量为31.83%。实验结果可为高良姜精油和纯露的提取提供理论依据。     

超临界CO2萃取斜叶黄檀精油工艺优化及精油成分分析

本研究采用超临界CO2萃取斜叶黄檀中的精油,并分析精油的挥发性成分,主要考察萃取压力、萃取温度和萃取时间对精油得率的影响,通过正交试验确定超临界CO2萃取精油的最佳工艺条件,并通过气相色谱-质谱联用（GC-MS）检测斜叶黄檀精油中的主要挥发性成分。结果表明:超临界CO2萃取精油的最佳工艺条件为萃取温度75℃,萃取压力35 MPa,萃取时间4 h,在此条件下精油的得率为4.7573%;从斜叶黄檀精油中共鉴定出13种挥发性组分,主要成分是榄香素和甲基丁香酚,分别占92.33%和3.18%。      

超临界CO2萃取人参脂溶性成分的GC-MS分析

目的 用超临界CO2萃取人参脂溶性成分,分析并测定提取物的主要成分和含量.方法 用超临界CO2萃取人参脂溶性成分.提取物用气相色谱质谱(GC-MS)联用法进行分析鉴定.使用面积归一法测定各成分相对含量.结果鉴定了44个化合物,主要为脂肪酸和酯(34)、挥发油.结论用超临界萃取人参,可以较好的获得其脂溶性成分.     

金柑果皮精油超临界CO2流体萃取工艺优化及其理化性质的研究

对超临界CO2流体萃取金柑果皮精油的工艺进行优化,并研究其理化性质。结果表明,金柑果皮精油超临界CO2流体最佳萃取工艺条件为：萃取压力14 MPa,萃取温度31℃,萃取时间120 min,CO2流量26 L/h,在此优化条件下,金柑果皮精油得率为(5.08±0.03)%。金柑果皮精油理化性质研究表明,在20℃条件下,金柑果皮精油酸值为0.466 8、酯值为4.245 6、密度为0.838 g/mL、折光度为1.470 7、旋光度为1.366 8,精油与95%乙醇的互溶比例为1∶6.1。金柑果皮精油功能团鉴定结果表明,金柑果皮精油含有醇类、醛酮类、不饱和脂肪酸,不含酚类、羧酸衍生物。     

Production of Lectins from Marine Algae: Current Status,Challenges, and Opportunities for Non-Destructive Extraction

Marine algae are an excellent source of novel lectins. The isolation of lectins from marine algae expands the diversity in structure and carbohydrate specificities of lectins isolated from other sources. Marine algal lectins have been reported to have antiviral, antitumor, and antibacterial activity. Lectins are typically isolated from marine algae by grinding the algal tissue with liquid nitrogen and extracting with buffer and alcohol. While this method produces higher yields, it may not be sustainable for large-scale production, because a large amount of biomass is required to produce a minute amount of compound, and a significant amount of waste is generated during the extraction process. Therefore, non-destructive extraction using algal culture water could be used to ensure a continuous supply of lectins without exclusively disrupting the marine algae. This review discusses the traditional and recent advancements in algal lectin extraction methods over the last decade, as well as the steps required for large-scale production. The challenges and prospects of various extraction methods (destructive and non-destructive) are also discussed.     

响应面优化亚临界萃取菜籽低温压榨饼中油脂的工艺及其品质评价

采用Box-Behnken响应面设计优化亚临界萃取菜籽低温压榨饼中油脂的工艺,并将所得油的品质与正已烷、超临界CO2萃取油进行比较。结果表明：液料比和萃取时间对油脂提取率的影响极显著(p<0.01);液料比与萃取时间存在显著的交互作用（p<0.05）;经优化后,在35℃下,设定液料比为8.3 mL/g,萃取90 min,菜籽油的提取率最高达95.10%。通过亚临界萃取得到的菜籽油磷含量为113.20mg/kg,约为正已烷萃取菜籽油(磷含量232.48mg/kg)的一半,油脂酸价与过氧化值都较正已烷萃取菜籽油低;亚临界萃取的菜籽油除磷含量与超临界萃取菜籽油差异显著外,其它品质指标,如酸价、过氧化值、甾醇及生育酚含量均与超临界萃取油差异不明显。     

In Vitro Bioactivity of Astaxanthin and Peptides from Hydrolisates of Shrimp (Parapenaeus longirostris) By-Products: From the Extraction Process to Biological Effect Evaluation,as Pilot Actions for the Strategy “From Waste to Profit”

Non-edible parts of crustaceans could be a rich source of valuable bioactive compounds such as the carotenoid astaxanthin and peptides, which have well-recognized beneficial effects. These compounds are widely used in nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals, and their market is rapidly growing, suggesting the need to find alternative sources. The aim of this work was to set up a pilot-scale protocol for the reutilization of by-products of processed shrimp, in order to address the utilization of this valuable biomass for nutraceutical and pharmaceuticals application, through the extraction of astaxanthin-enriched oil and antioxidant-rich protein hydrolysates. Astaxanthin (AST) was obtained using “green extraction methods,” such as using fish oil and different fatty acid ethyl esters as solvents and through supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), whereas bioactive peptides were obtained by protease hydrolysis. Both astaxanthin and bioactive peptides exhibited bioactive properties in vitro in cellular model systems, such as antioxidant and angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activities (IA). The results show higher astaxanthin yields in ethyl esters fatty acids (TFA) extraction and significant enrichment by short-path distillation (SPD) up to 114.80 ± 1.23 µg/mL. Peptide fractions of <3 kDa and 3–5 kDa exhibited greater antioxidant activity while the fraction 5–10 kDa exhibited a better ACE-IA. Lower-molecular-weight bioactive peptides and astaxanthin extracted using supercritical fluids showed protective effects against oxidative damage in 142BR and in 3T3 cell lines. These results suggest that “green” extraction methods allow us to obtain high-quality bioactive compounds from large volumes of shrimp waste for nutraceutical and pharmaceutical applications.