关于能量营养及能量饲料的几个问题

2003年9月份,普渡大学的Dr.Harmon教授第十一次来到中国,在6省(市)举办为期将近一个月的养猪生产培训班,向中国的养猪同仁传授技术,交流信息。虽然谈论的仍是老话题和最基本的营养素,但每次的重新讨论和结合我国养猪生产的思考,都会让参会的每一位有新的认识和收获,现把部分观点总结如下:能量是“生命之火”,是生命的源动力,是研究领域永恒的话题,也是大家既熟悉却又模糊的营养素。我们可以去描述和感受到能量,却在生产应用中难以去准确测量的一个第一重要的指标。因此,在我们的实际生产应用中,有关能量的偏差之处还有多处。学过《饲养学》…     

Metabolisable energy studies with Turkeys: Metabolisable energy of dietary ingredients

Experiments have been performed to determine the metabolisable energy, content (ME) of a range of dietary ingredients for the young turkey. Determinations were carried out by a total collection procedure and test ingredients were substituted into a basal diet composed of commercially obtainable ingredients. Test ingredient ME values were obtained by regression analysis and extrapolation based on two levels of inclusion. For cereals and where possible for protein concentrates, inclusion levels of 20 and 40% were used.

The ME values found with the turkey were generally similar to those found with the chick; however, values obtained with the turkey for more fibrous materials appeared to be substantially greater than have been found with the chick. A simultaneous comparison of the ME values obtained for samples of oats and maize with turkeys and chicks showed that the ME value to be assigned to oats was approximately 8% greater when determined with the turkey than when determined with the chick. Similar values for maize were obtained with the two species.     

优质肉鸡的能量需要量研究进展

能量是家禽日粮的第一限制性养分,确定优质肉鸡能量需要量是合理配制优质肉鸡饲料、提高饲料利用效率的重要前提。优质肉鸡在我国家禽产业体系中占有重要的地位,研究其能量需要量对提高优质肉鸡的生产性能具有重要意义。文章主要就优质肉鸡能量需要量方面的研究进展进行了综述,对能量需要量的研究方法和影响因素进行分析,对研究优质肉鸡能量需要量的相关原始文献中的数据、观点和结论进行整理和归纳,为优质肉鸡精细化饲养和日粮的精准配制提供参考。     

Investigations of energy metabolism in weanling barrows: the interaction of dietary energy concentration and daily feed (energy) intake

Much of our understanding of energy metabolism in the pig has been derived from studies in which the energy supply was controlled through regulated feed intake. In commercial situations, where ad libitum feeding is practiced, dietary energy concentration, but not daily feed intake, is under producer control. This study evaluated the interactive effects of dietary energy concentration and feeding level (FL) on growth, body composition, and nutrient deposition rates. Individually penned PIC barrows, with an initial BW of 9.5 +/- 1.0 kg, were allotted to 1 of 9 treatments in a 3 x 3 factorial arrangement plus an initial slaughter group (n = 6) that was slaughtered at the beginning of the trial. Three NE concentrations (low, 2.15; medium, 2.26; and high, 2.37 Mcal of NE/kg) and 3 feeding levels (FL: 100, 80, or 70% of ad libitum access to feed) were investigated. Daily feed allowance for the restricted-fed pigs was adjusted twice per week on a BW basis until completion of the experiment at 25 +/- 1 kg of BW. Average daily gain, ADFI, and G:F were unaffected by NE (mean = 572 g, 781 g, and 0.732 g/g, respectively). Average daily gain and ADFI, but not G:F, increased (P < 0.05) with FL. Empty body lipid concentration increased with dietary NE concentration and with FL; a significant (P < 0.01) interaction revealed that empty body lipid concentration increased most rapidly as ADFI increased on the highest energy diet. Empty body lipid concentration was greatest in pigs with ad libitum access to the high-NE diet. Empty body protein concentration decreased with increasing NE (P < 0.05) but was not affected by FL. Empty body protein deposition (PD) increased with increasing FL (P < 0.001), but not with NE. Empty body lipid deposition (LD) and the LD:PD ratio increased (P < 0.01) in pigs with ad libitum access to the high-NE diet. In conclusion, NE did not interact with FL on growth, body protein concentration, or PD, suggesting that the conclusions regarding energy utilization obtained from experiments using restricted feed intake may not easily be applied to pigs fed under ad libitum conditions. The interactive effects of NE and FL on body lipid concentration, LD, and the LD:PD ratio indicate that changes in dietary energy concentration alter the composition of gain without necessarily changing overall BW gain. Consequently, the composition of gain is an important outcome in studies on energy utilization.     

Net energy,energy utilization,and nitrogen and energy balance affected by dietary pea supplementation in broilers

Pea starch consists predominantly of C-type of amylopectin chain which is more resistant to digestive enzymes than A-type of starch thus slowly digested in poultry. It was hypothesized that the presence of slowly digested pea starch in broiler diets will increase net energy and the efficiency of energy utilization in broilers. Two experiments were performed to investigate starch digestibility of pea at different incubation times (in vitro study) and the effect of dietary pea on heat increment and net energy in broilers using an open-circuit respiratory calorimetry system (in vivo study). One-day-old Ross 308 male broilers were fed a common starter crumble from d 1 to 10 and standard grower diets thereafter. At d 21, birds were transferred to the chambers each housing 2 birds. Each treatment was replicated 6 times with 2 identical runs of 3 replicates per treatment. A wheat-soybean meal-based diet was used as a control and the treatment diet contained 500 g of pea/kg pea. In vitro study showed that pellet processing increased (P < 0.001) starch digestibility, particularly at shorter times for wheat and a much larger response for pea. Birds offered the pea-based diet had lower (P = 0.002) feed intake, lower (P = 0.020) body weight gain, but a similar (P > 0.05) FCR compared to those offered the wheat-based diet. Net energy (NE) and apparent metabolizable energy (AME) values were higher in the pea-based diet than in the wheat-based diet (P = 0.037 for NE and P = 0.018 for AME). Heat production, respiratory quotient, heat increment of feed, efficiency of utilization of gross energy for AME, and efficiency of utilization of AME for NE did not differ (P > 0.05) between the 2 treatments. There was no effect (P > 0.05) of pea on the total tract digestibilities of dry matter, crude protein and ash, but the total tract digestibility of starch was higher (P = 0.022) in the pea-based diet compared to the wheat-based diet. This study provides insight into the energy metabolism of broilers offered a pea-based diet and indicates that dietary pea supplementation increases dietary AME and NE but has no effect on heat increment of feed and the efficiency of energy utilization in broilers.     

Impact of energy and protein restriction on energy expenditure of gestation in twin-bearing ewes

This study aimed to investigate the impact of energy and protein restriction on energy expenditure of gestation (EE_gest) in twin‐bearing ewes. Multiparous twin‐bearing ewes were fed either adequate (A: n = 10) or restricted to 60% of energy and protein requirements (R: n = 10) during the last 6 weeks of gestation. Whole‐body energy expenditure (EE) and retained energy (RE) were calculated from respiratory gaseous exchange combined with nitrogen balance at 7, 5 and 2 weeks prepartum. Twin lamb birth weight was lower in the R group compared to those in the A group (7.9 ± 0.31 vs 9.3 ± 0.19 kg, P < 0.01). The EE_gest was lower in the R group than the A group (4.6 vs 5.9 MJ/day, SE = 0.30, P < 0.01). Between 5 and 2 weeks prepartum, EE_gest contribution to the whole‐body EE significantly (P < 0.01) increased from 39% to 45% and from 34% to 40% in the A and R groups, respectively. Based on kg conceptus weight, both EE_homeorhetic (from 292 to 270 kJ/kg/day, SE = 6.2, P < 0.001) and EE_conceptus (from 259 to 177 kJ/kg/day, SE = 23.8, P = 0.02) decreased between weeks 5 and 2 prepartum. The EE_conceptus tended to be lower (P = 0.06) in the R group than the A group both at 5 weeks (219 vs 298 kJ/kg/day, SE = 32.8) and 2 weeks (from 138 to 217 kJ/kg/day, SE = 30.1) prepartum. In conclusion, energy and protein restriction reduced energy expenditure of gestation calculated per kg conceptus weight. The decrease may be associated with energy expenditure of conceptus growth and maintenance.     

Prediction of digestible energy and gross energy digestibility of feeds and diets in ostriches

1. The aim of this study was to assess regression equations able to predict the digestible energy (DE) and gross energy digestibility (GEd) of feed ingredients and diets for ostriches.

2. Results of chemical-nutritional characteristics from 17 ingredients (two varieties of maize, two barleys, oat, triticale, wheat bran, soybean meal, sunflower meal, beet pulp, maize silage, alfalfa hay, 4 alfalfa meals and lupin) and 12 experimental diets were used in a stepwise procedure.

3. Acid detergent lignin (ADL) was the first independent variable included in the model to predict the DE of all the samples (R² = 0.65 and Residual Standard Deviation (RSD) 1.02). When the concentration of ash, acid detergent fibre (ADF) and crude fibre were included in the model, the R² value of the regression equation increased (from 0.65 to 0.85) and RSD decreased (from 1.02 to 0.48).

4. The ADL concentration was also the first independent variable chosen by the stepwise regression analysis for the estimation of GEd from chemical-nutritional characteristics of feeds, explaining 57% of the total GEd variation. The concentrations of crude protein and ADF included at the second and third steps in the model increased the R² (up to 0.70 and 0.73, respectively) and decreased the RSD values (from 0.29 to 0.21 and 0.20, respectively). When other variables as crude fibre, ash and gross energy were included in the model, the coefficient of determination and the RSD strongly improved (0.85 and 0.12, respectively).     

母猪的能量营养

母猪饲养是养猪生产的重要环节之一 ,在生产实践中 ,人们追求母猪窝产仔数多、仔猪成活率高和延长母猪的利用年限等 ,因此在养猪生产高度集约化、规模化的今天对母猪的营养提出了更高的要求 ,其中能量营养对母猪不同生理阶段均有重要意义。1　后备母猪的能量营养后备母猪的生理特点是体况尚未成熟 ,能量摄入一方面要满足自身生长发育需要 ,同时要保持良好体况从而为配种打下良好基础。后备母猪选留 (一般体重在 60kg为宜 )后 ,应喂以营养水平较高的饲料 ,提供高能量日粮以保证足够的体脂储备 ,同时提供高质量的蛋白质以确保稳定的体增长 ,在…     

The energy requirement of young female cattle. 2. Substance and energy metabolism

The second installment of information on studies over several years of the energy requirement of young female cattle comprises data of the feed intake, the digestibility and metabolizability of the rations used as well as the nitrogen and energy balances of the test animals in six experiments with varying rearing intensities, in which the N, C and energy balances as well as rumen physiologic values were measured monthly using the respiration test technique. Of four experiments, measured values are available over the whole rearing period from calf to calving. The results received from 680 interpretable test periods are-separated for the six experiments--arranged in aggregate form according to live weight range in order to characterize the development of nutrient and energy metabolization processes at various rearing intensities. The results form an essential basis for the derivation of the energy requirement of young female cattle according to factorial criteria.     

猪饲料中能量利用和能量评价体系的研究进展

养猪需要能量用于维持和生产，饲料应根据其能量需求提供准确的可用能量。考虑到总能在消化和代谢过程中的损失，猪饲料中可用能量被定义为消化能、代谢能或净能。在这些能量值中，净能系统被认为提供了最接近动物可利用能量的含量和日粮能量值，因为其考虑了饲料消化利用和代谢的热量增量。但日粮净能值和部分营养素是动态变化的，因此，没有一个净能系统能准确预测饲料中真正可用的能量。饲料消化能或代谢能值对预测净能值很重要，但取决于猪的生长阶段。由于营养物质消化能力的不同，尤其是纤维消化能力，净能值还受环境和猪不同生长阶段营养利用率的影响。因此，在推进饲料能量评价时应考虑动物、环境和饲料特性之间的相互作用。本文综述了猪饲料中不同能量利用和能量评价体系的应用结果。 [关键词]猪；饲料；能量；评价体系     

Effect of source of dietary energy and energy restriction during lactation on sow and litter performance

The effects of source of energy and energy restriction during lactation on sow and litter performance were investigated in an experiment with 90 primiparous sows. At parturition, the sows were randomly assigned to diets containing either tallow or cornstarch as a major energy source. Energy intake was restricted to 8 Mcal of metabolizable energy X sow-1 X d-1 during a 28-d lactation. All sows received equal amounts of crude protein, vitamins and minerals daily, which met or exceeded standard recommendations. Sows fed the diet with tallow lost more weight (P less than .05) during lactation than those fed the diet with cornstarch. Litter size at d 28 was greater (P less than .07) for sows fed cornstarch than for sows fed tallow. However, pig and litter weights on d 14 and 28 of lactation were similar between dietary treatments. Sows were bled on d 110 of gestation and d 14 and 28 of lactation and blood plasma was analyzed for urea. A significant treatment X time interaction was found for plasma urea. Sows fed the diet with tallow appeared to catabolize more protein than those fed the diet with cornstarch. Energy digestibility was lower (P less than .01) in the diet containing tallow, but protein digestibility was not affected by source of energy. Percentages of sows in estrus by 7, 14 and 70 d post-weaning were not different between treatments.     

Effect of dietary energy restriction on retention of protein,fat and energy in broiler chickens

1. Broiler chickens were fed 60–100% of recommended energy intakes to study the effects of energy restriction on protein and fat retention.

2. At an energy retention of 179 kJ/kg W ^0·75 d, only protein was retained. At higher energy intakes, each increment in retention had a rather constant composition: about 85% energy in fat and 15% in protein. At lower energy intakes body fat was mobilised whereas protein was deposited.

3. The efficiencies of energy retention in protein and fat were estimated to be 0·66 and 0·86 respectively.

4. The rather constant composition of additional retained energy after additional energy supply provides an explanation for a linear relationship between energy intake and energy retention.     

Effect of added soyabean oil and dietary energy on metabolisable and net energy of broiler diets

1. The ‘extra caloric’ effect of added soyabean oil, as reflected in improved body weight gain, food utilisation, metabolisable energy or net energy deposition in the body was determined.

2. Two diets were formulated to contain 12.1 MJ/kg, one with no added fat and the second with 30 g/kg soyabean oil. Addition of oil improved body weight gain by 6.9% (P< 0.05). Two other diets were formulated to contain 13.0 MJ/kg, one with 30 and one with 60 g/kg added soyabean oil bringing the total fat in the high energy, high fat diet to 84 g/kg. Addition of oil in this case improved weight gain by only 3^.4% (ns). Addition of soyabean oil increased the apparent digestibility of total dietary fat and reduced that of starch.

3. The effect of soyabean oil supplementation on mash diets at both energy concentrations or to the pelleted diet (formulated to contain 12.1MJ) on AME_n was consistently positive although not significant. Addition of soyabean oil improved net energy deposition in the body by 17% within the 12.1 MJ/kg diets, (30 g/kg soyabean oil addition) (P< 0.05), but was reduced by 2% (ns) within the 13.0 MJ/kg diets (60 g/kg soyabean oil addition).

4. Supplementing a pelleted diet formulated to contain 12.1 MJ/kg, with 30 g/kg soyabean oil, improved food utilisation (P< 0.05). The ‘extra caloric’ effect of added soyabean oil, defined as the beneficial effect of the oil above that predicted from its energy value, varied according to the parameter chosen to express this effect and was influenced by the concentration of added soyabean oil and the dietary energy.     

Development of a model to predict dietary metabolizable energy from digestible energy in beef cattle

Understanding the utilization of feed energy is essential for precision feeding in beef cattle production. We aimed to assess whether predicting the metabolizable energy (ME) to digestible energy (DE) ratio (MDR), rather than a prediction of ME with DE, is feasible and to develop a model equation to predict MDR in beef cattle. We constructed a literature database based on published data. A meta-analysis was conducted with 306 means from 69 studies containing both dietary DE and ME concentrations measured by calorimetry to test whether exclusion of the y-intercept is adequate in the linear relationship between DE and ME. A random coefficient model with study as the random variable was used to develop equations to predict MDR in growing and finishing beef cattle. Routinely measured or calculated variables in the field (body weight, age, daily gain, intake, and dietary nutrient components) were chosen as explanatory variables. The developed equations were evaluated with other published equations. The no-intercept linear equation was found to represent the relationship between DE and ME more appropriately than the equation with a y-intercept. The y-intercept (−0.025 ± 0.0525) was not different from 0 (P = 0.638), and Akaike and Bayesian information criteria of the no-intercept model were smaller than those with the y-intercept. Within our growing and finishing cattle data, the animal’s physiological stage was not a significant variable affecting MDR after accounting for the study effect (P = 0.213). The mean (±SE) of MDR was 0.849 (±0.0063). The best equation for predicting MDR (n = 106 from 28 studies) was 0.9410 ( ± 0.02160) +0.0042 ( ± 0.00186) × DMI (kg) – 0.0017 ( ± 0.00024) × NDF(% DM) – 0.0022 ( ± 0.00084) × CP(% DM). We also presented a model with a positive coefficient for the ether extract (n = 80 from 22 studies). When using these equations, the observed ME was predicted with high precision (R² = 0.92). The model accuracy was also high, as shown by the high concordance correlation coefficient (>0.95) and small root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP), <5% of the observed mean. Moreover, a significant portion of the RMSEP was due to random bias (> 93%), without mean or slope bias (P > 0.05). We concluded that dietary ME in beef cattle could be accurately estimated from dietary DE and its conversion factor, MDR, predicted by the dry matter intake and concentration of several dietary nutrients, using the 2 equations developed in this study.