Historical changes of soil metal background values in select areas of china

In our attempt to assess potential changes in the metal contents of soils in selected areas of China, soil profiles were sampled in three land use classifications: pristine areas represented by the Changbai Mountain Reserve and the prairies in Inner Mongolia; economically-developed areas around Shanghai and Nanjing noted for urbanization and agricultural production; and the suburbs of Shenyang in northeast China noted for heavy industrial activity. Seven metals (Cd, Pb,Cu, Zn, Ni, As and Hg) were analyzed from the same sites over a span of 50 years. It was observed that high coefficients of variation existed particularly for Cd and Hg within a 2 km by 2 km area. The metal contents remained relatively stable during this period in pristine areas that are relatively unimpacted by human activity, However, in urban areas and areas being impacted by industrialization and agricultural production, rather drastic changes in surface soil contents of some of the metals particularly Zn, Pb, Cd, Cu, As and Hg were observed.     

Historical data of atmospheric sulfur in three monitoring periods for Europe

During the last 25 yr three major monitoring programs (EACN, OCED and EMEP) were conducted in Europe that furnished continental background air and precipitation quality data. Comparisons of these measured data show that SO₂ concentrations in air and sulfate ion concentrations in precipitation do not vary in parallel with changes in S emissions. This lack of correlation between emissions and ambient air and precipitation concentrations among the three networks is believed to be due mostly to differences in sampling and analytical procedures, as well as the shift in S emissions from low sources to high stacks.     

Yielding of sugar beet cultivated after manure and Vermicompost in the background of increasing doses of nitrogen fertilization

In the experiment, yield formation value of vermicompost and manure incorporated into soil were compared in cultivation of sugar beet. It was proved, that vermicompost (10 t/ha) could fully replace manure (30 t/ha) traditionally used for sugar beet. As a result even higher yield of roots, of leaves and biomass using compost were noticed. In case of nitrogen fertilization dose 140 kg/ha seems to be the most suitable.     

Performance of Kura clover compared to that of perennial forage legumes traditionally cultivated in central Europe

Kura clover (Trifolium ambiguum M. Bieb.) is a rhizomatous perennial legume that is native to Caucasia, is extremely persistent in North America, but its performance has not been adequately evaluated in Europe. The objective of this research was to compare forage yield and nutritive value of Kura clover to lucerne (Medicago sativa L.), red clover (Trifolium pretense L.) and white clover (Trifolium repens L.) at two locations in Poland. All clover stands thinned markedly by spring of the second production year because of infection by Sclerotinia crown and stem rot, but lucerne stands remained dense and this legume produced the highest total yield over 3 or 4 production years. Kura clover yields of 7.2–8.3?Mg?ha^?1 were second to lucerne by the third production year but long-term performance was diminished by stand thinning. Kura clover and white clover had lower fiber concentrations and greater protein concentrations and forage digestibility than red clover and lucerne. Kura clover can be a source of high-quality forage in Europe, but cannot be recommended for use in areas with known Sclerotinia trifoliorum presence until resistance to this pathogen is developed.     

芽孢杆菌属Bacillus分类学研究进展

芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）是一类产芽孢的革兰氏阳性细菌,好氧或兼性厌氧生活,可产生球形或椭圆形芽孢。芽孢杆菌抗逆性强,对高温、紫外线、干燥、电离辐射和多种有毒的化学物质具有较强的抗性;适应性强,在自然界中广泛存在,生存环境包括各种水生和陆地环境;代谢旺盛,可以产生多种次生代谢产物,发酵密度高,功能多样、应用广泛。近年来国内外对于该属的研究较多,属内划分变化较大。论文系统总结了芽孢杆菌属模式菌种种类、数量、发表时间、更名情况、形态学及生理生化特征等,以期能够全面、系统地了解芽孢杆菌属的最新分类进展。     

中国耕地等别分异特性及其对耕地保护的影响

为了深刻地认识耕地质量,科学地进行耕地质量保护与建设,基于中国耕地质量等级调查与评定工作成果及1:50万国家级农用地分等汇总数据库,对比分析了中国省域的耕地质量等别分异特性。该文分析确定了“优等地分布范围小,低等地分布范围广,省际间及省内耕地等别分异规律复杂”的中国耕地等别基本特征;应用标准亩的概念,以全国1等耕地和广东省平均等5.4等耕地为基准,核算出中国标准耕地总量分别为45?750.7?khm2和68?390.2?khm2;并结合全国土地利用总体规划给定的2020年各省基本农田保护面积,提出了划定永久基本农田要统筹考虑基本农田保护率的法律要求和各省耕地质量等别实际。基于上述研究结论,建议在土地整治规划、基本农田调整划定、高标准基本农田建设和永久基本农田保护中都要坚持数量质量并重,以耕地等别提升和产能建设为核心,建立动态监测和报告制度。     

中国土壤系统分类均腐殖质特性应用中的问题和意见

中国土壤系统分类,以均腐殖质特性(Rh值≤0.4)作为分异特征,建立了均腐土纲。经对172个具有暗沃表层、符合美国土壤系统分类软土的单个土体进行Rh值计算,有46个不具均腐殖质特性,占26.7%,其中黑龙江省占的比例较大,达1/3,主要是由于荒地和新开垦的土地以及具寒性土壤温度状况的土壤,表层腐殖质含量高所致。将这部分发育很好的土壤归入雏形土纲,是值得商讨的。     

我国砂姜黑土土种的系统分类归属研究

本文根据我国第二次土壤普查资料,依据《中国土壤系统分类检索》(第三版)中变性土诊断标准,对我国砂姜黑土主要分布区(安徽、河南、江苏和山东)的砂姜黑土所有土种进行了系统分类归属判别。结果表明:总共的54个土种中(安徽、河南、江苏和山东各13、20、6和15个),34个可以划归为变性土(安徽、河南、江苏和山东各7、16、5和6个),合计面积228万hm2(安徽、河南、江苏和山东各131万、59万、24万和14万hm2);26个砂姜黑土土种可划归为砂姜钙积潮湿变性亚类,8个为钙积潮湿变性土,其余属于雏形土或盐成土。对砂姜黑土的系统分类应该主要依据其黑土层的特性,而砂姜的存在与否只是决定亚类的特征。     

Behaviour of metolachlor and terbuthylazine in cultivated field lysimeters

An experiment has been carried out in cultivated drainage lysimeters filled with reported soil in order to investigate on the disappearance and mobility of Metolachlor and Terbuthylazine as related to the nitrogen fertilization level. Two experimental units have been compared: in the O-N treatment the soil did not receive N fertilizers during the 7 years previous to the experiment, whereas in the H—N treatment the average application rate of nitrogen during the same period was 220 kg ha^?1 year^?1; a corn crop has been cultivated in the present experiment. The active ingredients have been analysed in the artificial soil profile (from 0 to 40 cm, by 10 cm soil layers) and in leachates. The disappearance rate of Terbuthylazine was affected by nitrogen fertilization level, as the half life resulted about 7 days higher in O—N (21.9 days) treatment than in H—N (14.6 days). On the contrary, N fertilization did not significantly modify the half life of Metolachlor (17.2 and 15.9 days at O—N and H—N, respectively). A N-dealkylated degradation product of Terbuthylazine has been found in the shallow soil layers. The distribution pattern of herbicides content in the soil profile showed that Terbuthylazine was less mobile than Metolachlor. Leachates did not contain Terbuthylazine at all, but amounts of Metolachlor close to the detection limits (25 μg L^?1).     

中国土壤分类法中铁铝土的分类

The development of the classification of ferrallitic soils in China is reviewed and the classification of Ferralisols and Ferrisols in Chinese Soil Taxonomy is introduced in order to discuss the correlation between the ferrallitic soil classification in the Chinese Soil Taxonomy and those of the other soil classification systems. In the former soil classification systems of China, the ferrallitic soils were classified into the soil groups of Latosols, Latosolic red soils, Red soils, Yellow soils and Dry red soils, according to the combination of soil-forming conditions, soil-forming processes, soil features and soil properties. In the Chinese Soil Taxonomy, most of ferrallitic soils are classified into the soil orders of Ferralisols and Ferrisols based on the diagnostic horizons and/or diagnostic characteristics with quantitatively defined properties. Ferralisols are the soils that have ferralic horizon, and they are merely subdivided into one suborder and two soil groups. Ferrisols are the soils that have LAC-ferric horizon but do not have ferralic horizon, and they are subdivided into three suborders and eleven soil groups. Ferralisols may correspond to part of Latosols and Latosolic red soils. Ferrisols may either correspond to part of Red soils, Yellow soils and Dry red soils, or correspond to part of Latosols and Latosolic red soils.     

Methane production and consumption in a cultivated humisol

Summary Laboratory studies were conducted on a cultivated humisol containing populations of both methanotrophs and methanogens. The molar ratio CO₂ produced : O₂ consumed :CH₄ consumed was 0.27:1.0:1.0. Methane oxidation showed typical Michaelis-Menten kinetics with apparent K _m values for CH4 and O₂ of 66.2 M and 37.0 M, respectively. The low CO₂ yields and the effects of low dissolved oxygen indicated the presence of aerobic obligate methanotrophs. It is suggested that the methanotrophs in this soil are not entirely dependent on atmospheric CH₄ for growth and survival in situ.     

Ammonium fixation in cultivated and afforested alluvial soil

With the increased use of ammonium fertilizers a study of the absorption, retention and release of NH⁺ ₄ by soil is gaining considerable importance. An ammonium saturated soil may hold NH⁺ ₄ in three different forms, the free, the exchangeable and the fixed ammonium ion. The free NH⁺ ₄ can be extracted from soil by water or alchohol; the exchangeable NH⁺ ₄ may be replaced by simple cation exchange process using 2N-KCl whilst the fixed ammonium can not be removed even after the application of drastic treatments. Only absorbed ammonium is usually available to the plants either directly or through nitrification while free ammonium is likely to be lost through leaching with rain or irrigation water and less than 10% of the fixed ammonium is only slightly available to nitrifying bacteria or nitrate formation (ALLISON et al. 1951, HANWAY and SCOTT 1956).     

三江并流区山地土壤发生特性与系统分类

对采自三江并流区的26个典型土壤剖面进行了土壤形成条件调查和理化性状分析,依据《中国土壤系统分类检索(第三版)》,鉴定了诊断层和诊断特性,明确了供试土壤剖面在中国土壤系统分类中的归属。检索结果共有6个土纲(富铁土、淋溶土、灰土、雏形土、新成土、潜育土)、11个亚纲、18个土类、19个亚类,并与中国土壤发生分类和国际土壤分类参比基础(WRB)进行了比较。     

基于耕地系数和预评价法的耕地整治潜力测算方法

为科学合理测算耕地整治潜力,提高潜力测算结果的应用性,该文结合二调数据及农用地分等数据,进行了耕地整治数量潜力和质量潜力的测算研究,耕地整治数量潜力测算采用耕地系数法(CLC,cultivated land coefficient),耕地整治质量潜力测算采用农用地分等因子提高后的预评价法。研究表明:五华县耕地整治潜力较大,数量总潜力为841.69 hm2,各行政村数量潜力分布情况为南高北低;质量潜力方面,经过整治,耕地自然等别可平均提高1.28等,利用等别可平均提高0.71等,生产能力可提高57 862.99×104kg。该研究方法符合当地土地整治实际情况,研究结果可为制定县域土地整治规划、划定高标准基本农田建设区及确定耕地整治建设重点项目区提供参考。     

Specific features of water permeability in virgin and cultivated chernozems

The tendency and type of quantitative changes in the main characteristics of the water permeability of automorphic (typical and ordinary) chernozems in the central part of the Russian Plain have been studied in the system of virgin soil (long-term fallow), rainfed plowland, and irrigated plowland. It is shown that irrigation exerts the most pronounced adverse effect on the water permeability of chernozems. The revealed causes of unfavorable changes in the water permeability of chernozems in the region are related to their agricultural use.     

喀斯特地貌区耕地地力评价与分级

为了解喀斯特地貌区耕地地力详情并掌握土壤肥力演变规律,该文以广西壮族自治区德保县为研究区域,借助GPS（global positioning system）、RS（remote sensing）技术,通过野外调查采样、实验室化验等方法获得耕地地力评价相关信息,包括N、P、K、有机质、pH值、成土母质、排灌能力、障碍因素、耕层厚度、质地等74项基本信息。以GIS（geographic information system）技术为核心基础支撑,综合运用模糊评价、专家意见法、层次分析等方法和模型对耕地地力进行自动化、定量化评价。结果表明：德保县1～6级的耕地面积分别占总耕地面积的8.80%、13.84%、20.29%、39.63%、16.83%、0.61%。在量化分级的基础之上,将此次评价数据与1980年进行的土壤第二次土壤普查数据进行深入比较,比较发现：德保县的耕地地力总体水平上升;有机质、有效磷的含量水平明显上升;同时pH值趋于中性;速效钾呈下降趋势。该结果为喀斯特地貌区的个性化施肥、土壤改良、农业生产决策、绿色农产品的生产等提供了基础信息和科学依据。     

北方耕地和蔬菜保护地土壤磷素状况研究

以北方一般耕地和蔬菜保护地为供试土壤 ,研究了不同种植条件下土壤磷素状况 ,蔬菜保护地土壤磷素的空间分布特性。结果表明 ,蔬菜保护地土壤全磷、无机磷、有机磷、Olsen-P的平均含量是一般耕地土壤的 2.7～14.0倍 ,土壤Olsen P占全磷的比率 ,Ca₂-P ,Ca₈-P ,Al-P占土壤无机磷的比率显著高于一般耕地土壤。蔬菜保护地土壤各形态磷素主要积累在 0～20cm土层 ,并随土层深度的增加各形态磷素的含量逐渐降低 ,各土层Olsen-P ,Ca₂-P ,Ca₈-P ,Al-P含量降低幅度明显高于Fe-P ,O-P ,Ca₁₀-P含量的降低值     

北方耕地和蔬菜保护地土壤磷素状况研究

以北方一般耕地和蔬菜保护地为供试土壤 ,研究了不同种植条件下土壤磷素状况 ,蔬菜保护地土壤磷素的空间分布特性。结果表明 ,蔬菜保护地土壤全磷、无机磷、有机磷、Olsen-P的平均含量是一般耕地土壤的 2.7～14.0倍 ,土壤Olsen P占全磷的比率 ,Ca2-P ,Ca8-P ,Al-P占土壤无机磷的比率显著高于一般耕地土壤。蔬菜保护地土壤各形态磷素主要积累在 0～20cm土层 ,并随土层深度的增加各形态磷素的含量逐渐降低 ,各土层Olsen-P ,Ca2-P ,Ca8-P ,Al-P含量降低幅度明显高于Fe-P ,O-P ,Ca10-P含量的降低值     

土壤系统分类在大比较尺土壤制图中的应用—以安徽宣城样区为例

提出了制图的指导思想，拟订了上图单元类型，在此基础上详细地阐述了样区大比例尺土壤制图的过程。