新疆艾比湖流域水资源供需关系预测分析

本文以2000年艾比湖流域的水资源利用现状为基础,建立了流域水资源供需系统的动力学模型,并结合流域的人口和经济发展状况,计算预测模拟了流域未来30年的可供水量、人口、工业产值、农业产值、生活用水、工业用水、农业用水、生态环境用水等主要8个指标的变化趋势及供需水平衡分析。根据预测结果,对目前和将来用水中可能出现的问题,提出了流域水资源供需水平衡协调的对策。     

新疆艾比湖湖面面积变化分析

利用遥感资料和文献,研究艾比湖湖面面积的年际和月际变化。利用最小二乘法求参数,进行线性回归,寻求湖面变化和降水因子的相关性,得出降水量和湖面面积的相关系数为0.706 43,经显著性检验,并用大量的数据及事实分析了湖面面积和其他自然因素及人类活动因子的相关性。根据以上研究可以大致预测艾比湖湖面的变化趋势,为决策层制定防治对策提供科学依据。     

新疆艾比湖绿洲干燥指数变化特征

基于艾比湖绿洲4个气象站1960-2013年逐月的气候资料,计算了干燥指数。结果表明:(1)艾比湖绿洲近54 a干燥指数的均值为6.97,属于干旱地区,干燥指数呈显著下降趋势,并且持续性较强,下降幅度约为0.49·(10a)^-1(P<0.05);夏季的干燥指数最大,为9.04,冬季最小,仅为2.20。(2)艾比湖绿洲全年干燥指数在1985年发生突变性减小,夏季和冬季发生突变性减小的年份为1991年和1983年,而春季和秋季不存在突变点。(3)艾比湖绿洲干燥指数的演变过程存在着7~8 a和20~21 a的周期变化,其变化的第一主周期为9 a,第二、三周期分别为21 a和5 a。(4)干燥指数对于风速的变化最为敏感,并且相对贡献率最高,而日照时数的变化最不敏感。     

新疆艾比湖湿地自然保护区土壤空间异质性研究

通过对新疆艾比湖湿地自然保护区内土壤颗粒组成、水分、盐分、pH值和速效养分(氮、磷、钾)、有机质含量等土壤理化性状的空间分宜进行了探讨。结果表明:土壤颗粒组成主要以粉粒与砂粒为主,土壤质地以粉砂质壤土与砂质壤土为主;土壤含水量总体呈现湖周湿地>河流入湖口>泉眼分布区>荒漠的规律;艾比湖湿地不同类型土壤盐分存在明显的表聚现象,土壤盐化、碱化严重;艾比湖湖周土壤pH值北部高于南部,东部高于西部;艾比湖东部土壤速效氮含量最低,南部速效钾含量最低,北部速效磷含量最低,与此同时,艾比湖湿地速效养分在不同土壤类型不同剖面中的含量具有一致性;土壤有机质与碱解N含量相关性较强,其空间分布的特点是环湖土壤有机质含量低于阿其克苏河沿岸土壤有机质含量,梭梭荒漠表层及平均有机质含量与土壤含水量呈弱线性相关。     

不同粒径沙粒胶结体覆盖对地表风蚀和输沙率抑制效应的风洞模拟

沙粒胶结体(sand cemented bodies,缩写为SCB)是由众多沙粒胶结而成的大颗粒物质,广泛分布于塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地部分垄间地表。通过风洞实验测定了不同风速下不同粒径沙粒胶结体覆盖对沙床面的土壤风蚀率和输沙率变化的影响。结果表明:风速和粒径是影响SCB覆盖沙床面风蚀率的主要因素。在一定的风力条件下,风蚀率随沙粒胶结体粒径的增加呈指数递减变化,在一定的胶结体覆盖度下,风蚀率随风速增加而增大,且粒径越大风蚀率随风速的增加而增大的趋势更为明显;风速不是影响地表输沙率的主要因素,胶结体粒径在一定程度上对输沙率的影响起主导作用。随着胶结体粒径的增加,沙粒在胶结体覆盖床面产生上升过程,且输沙率随粒径的增加而增大,胶结体覆盖对输沙率的抑制作用主要体现在胶结体覆盖的密度效应上,密度越小输沙率越高。即同一盖度下的胶结体颗粒物,大粒径的胶结体较小粒径胶结体沙床面分布密度、数量都相对较小。因此,大粒径胶结体地表输沙率相对较大。不同粒度范围的胶结体覆盖沙床面表现出不同的风蚀和输沙率抑制效应,依次为:2~3 mm3~5 mm5~7 mm7~10 mm10 mm。     

新疆艾比湖湖面动态变化及其影响研究

艾比湖是新疆典型的平原区湖泊,随着近50年来流域气候和人类扰动双重影响下,艾比湖湖面相应呈现出动态变化的态势。由于其地理区位独特,艾比湖湖面变化所引发的区域性生态环境问题,已成为关系到新疆社会经济可持续发展全局的紧迫问题。本文以艾比湖为研究靶区,从年内与年际尺度对湖面变化进行研究,并在剖析湖面动态变化原因的基础上,系统地分析了湖面动态变化的生态环境效应及其影响[1,2]。指出要维护艾比湖地区良好的生态环境,必须对艾比湖最优运行水位加以研究,通过最优运行水位模型的构建来确定具体优化管理方案,以确保艾比湖流域生态环境与社会经济的和谐发展。     

新疆艾比湖绿洲土地退化遥感动态监测

层次分析法是一种将决策者对复杂系统的决策思维过程模型化、数量化的过程.采用层次分析法,对影响和指示土地退化的生物量、归一化植被指数、土壤水分指数和土壤盐碱化4个影响因子进行分析.通过计算每个影响因子的权重,基于ASTER,SPOT,TM,MODIS产品以及野外调查数据等多源数据,对新疆艾比湖地区2000年8月至2004年8月的土地退化状况进行了评价,并且分析了层次分析法应用于土地退化研究的适用性及其优缺点.研究表明:艾比湖地区耕地退化现象普遍,占耕地总面积的55.78%,分布广,程度重.     

新疆艾比湖地区绿洲化与荒漠化的冲突与协调

本文通过对艾比湖地区近些年经济活动过程中土地利用时空变化采集数据以及野外调查资料进行分析,深入研究了艾比湖地区经济活动过程中绿洲化与荒漠化冲突的成因机制及其表现。研究结果表明:不合理的人类活动是导致艾比湖地区绿洲化和荒漠化冲突的根本原因。最后本文针对艾比湖地区经济活动过程中绿洲化与荒漠化冲突的成因机制以及从二者冲突表现出来的一些问题,提出相应的对策和建议。     

艾比湖湿地自然保护区克隆植物群落空间格局及其对水盐胁迫的响应

克隆植物对水盐胁迫的响应不仅在个体水平上,在种群分布格局和种群关联水平上也有一定的响应特征。利用Ripley’s K(r)函数和L(r)函数,对艾比湖湿地自然保护区4种克隆草本植物组成的混生群落进行点格局分析和关联分析。结果表明：“密集型”克隆植物花花柴（Karelinia caspia）、芦苇(Phragmites australis)在0~5 m尺度上多为集群分布;“游击型”克隆植物罗布麻（Apocynum venetum）、白麻（Poacynum pictum）在0~1 m尺度上多为随机分布,在1~4.5 m尺度上集群分布,在4.5~5 m尺度上为均匀分布;4种植物间除花花柴和芦苇为负关联关系外,其他多为正关联关系。在较强的水盐胁迫环境下,克隆植物更倾向于集群分布,这与克隆植物的生理整合作用以及种间正关联关系有关。     

Impacts of climate change and human activities on water resources in the Ebinur Lake Basin,Northwest China

Changing climatic conditions and extensive human activities have influenced the global water cycle. In recent years, significant changes in climate and land use have degraded the watershed ecosystem of the Ebinur Lake Basin in Xinjiang, Northwest China. In this paper, variations of runoff, temperature, precipitation, reference evapotranspiration, lake area, socio-economic water usage, groundwater level and water quality in the Ebinur Lake Basin from 1961 to 2015 were systematically analyzed by the Mann-Kendall test methods(M-K) mutation test, the cumulative levelling method, the climate-sensitive method and land-use change index. In addition, we evaluated the effects of human activities on land use change and water quality. The results reveal that there was a significant increase in temperature and precipitation from 1961 to 2015, despite a decrease in reference evapotranspiration. The Wenquan station was not significantly affected by human activities as it is situated at a higher altitude. Runoff at this station increased significantly with climate warming. In contrast, runoff at the Jinghe station was severely affected by numerous human activities. Runoff decreased without obvious fluctuations. The contributions of climate change to runoff variation at the Jinghe and Wenquan stations were 46.87% and 58.94%, respectively; and the contributions of human activities were 53.13% and 41.06%, respectively. Land-use patterns in the basin have changed significantly between 1990 and 2015: urban and rural constructed lands, saline-alkali land, bare land, cultivated land, and forest land have expanded, while areas under grassland, lake, ice/snow and river/channel have declined. Human activities have dramatically intensified land degradation and desertification. From 1961 to 2015, both the inflow into the Ebinur Lake and the area of the lake have declined year by year; groundwater levels have dropped significantly, and the water quality has deteriorated during the study period. In the oasis irrigation area below the runoff pass, human activities mainly influenced the utilization mode and quantity of water resources. Changes in the hydrology and quantity of water resources were driven primarily by the continuous expansion of cultivated land and oasis, as well as the growth of population and the construction of hydraulic engineering projects. After 2015, the effects of some ecological protection projects were observed. However, there was no obvious sign of ecological improvement in the basin, and some environmental problems continue to persist. On this basis, this study recommends that the expansion of oasis should be limited according to the carrying capacity of the local water bodies. Moreover, in order to ensure the ecological security of the basin, it is necessary to determine the optimal oasis area for sustainable development and improve the efficiency of water resources exploitation and utilization.     

艾比湖地区的输沙势分析

利用艾比湖地区 5个气象站 196 1- 2 0 0 1年的观测资料分析输沙势变化 ,结果表明 :(1)艾比湖地区合成输沙势春季最大 ,平均是 131.4VU ,夏季次之 ,是 89.9VU ,冬季最小 ,是 4 5 .4VU。四季合成输沙势在 2 0世纪 6 0年代最大 ,90年代最小 ;春季、冬季从 6 0～ 90年代一直减小 ;夏季、秋季在 80年代有次高出现。各季的最大值出现年代不同 ,最小值均出现在 90年代 ;(2 )年合成输沙势从 6 0 - 90年代减小 ,80年代中期到 90年代减小较快 ,最大值是 1977年的 12 4 .3VU ,最小值是 1999年的 4 5 .8VU ,平均是 87.7VU ;(3)沙尘暴、扬沙在 6 0 - 70年代年出现日数较多 ,70年代中期达到最多 ,随后开始下降 ,90年代初达到最少 ,之后 ,稍有增大。     

Occurrence,sources, and relationships of soil microplastics with adsorbed heavy metals in the Ebinur Lake Basin,Northwest China

There is a lack of research on soil microplastics in arid oases considering the rapid economic development of northwestern China. Here, we studied the occurrence and sources of microplastics in soil, as well as the relationships between microplastics and adsorbed heavy metals in the Ebinur Lake Basin, a typical arid oasis in China. Results showed that (1) the average microplastic content in all soil samples was 36.15 (±3.27) mg/kg. The contents of microplastics at different sampling sites ranged from 3.89 (±1.64) to 89.25 (±2.98) mg/kg. Overall, the proportions of various microplastic shapes decreased in the following order: film (54.25%)>fiber (18.56%)>particle (15.07%)>fragment (8.66%)>foam (3.46%); (2) among all microplastic particles, white particles accounted for the largest proportion (52.93%), followed by green (24.15%), black (12.17%), transparent (7.16%), and yellow particles (3.59%). The proportions of microplastic particle size ranges across all soil samples decreased in the following order: 1000-2000 µm (40.88%)>500-1000 µm (26.75%)>2000-5000 µm (12.30%)>100-500 µm (12.92%)>0-100 µm (7.15%). FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) analyses showed that polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polypropylene (PP), polycarbonate (PC), polyethylene (PE), and polystyrene (PS) occurred in the studied soil; (3) random forest predictions showed that industrial and agricultural production activities and the discharge of domestic plastic waste were related to soil microplastic pollution, in which agricultural plastic film was the most important factor in soil pollution in the study area; and (4) seven heavy metals extracted from microplastics in the soil samples showed significant positive correlations with soil pH, EC, total salt, N, P, and K contents (P<0.01), indicating that these soil factors could significantly affect the contents of heavy metals carried by soil microplastics. This research demonstrated that the contents of soil microplastics are lower than other areas of the world, and they mainly come from industrial and agricultural activities of the Ebinur Lake Basin.     

新疆艾比湖流域盐尘分析

通过对艾比湖流域的野外考察,以及沿途访问、咨询,分析了艾比湖流域盐尘的成因、加剧的原因、危害以及提出几点治理的办法。结果表明:艾比湖流域盐尘的成因主要是:阿拉山口强劲的大风;丰富的盐尘源;地表干燥、疏松,植被屏障衰退和丧失。近几年主要由于人类不合理的经济活动,使得盐尘源地扩大和地表状况恶劣,造成艾比湖流域盐尘加剧。盐尘的危害也越来越严重,不仅对工农业和人体造成了严重危害,而且已经危及到天山北坡经济带的持续发展,所以治理盐尘刻不容缓。由结果分析要治理艾比湖流域的盐尘,需要减少提供盐尘的源地,改变地表恶劣的状况。     

艾比湖地区植被分布及物种多样性研究

应用重要值计算多样性指数、均匀度指数、优势度指数,对艾比湖流域植被分布及物种多样性进行分析。结果表明：① 研究区域内可划分出10个群落,其中多枝柽柳群落(Form.Tamarix ramosissima)分布最为广泛。② 湖岸植被表现出明显的带状分布特点,并且群落物种多样性随地势发生变化,地势高的地方,物种多样性较高,均匀度较好。③ 在南北断面内,影响植物生长的主要因素为土壤含盐量。随着土壤盐分的增加,物种种类趋向单一,群落结构趋向简单。相反物种多样性随着土壤盐分的减少而增大。④ 受风况和土壤含盐量的影响,南北断面植被组成差异较大,且在近湖岸范围内,南断面植物群落物种多样性和植物生长状态明显优于北断面。     

新疆艾比湖湿地自然保护区主要植物的种间关系

采用2×2列联表的χ2检验、方差比率(VR)法、Ochiai关联指数、Pearson相关系数和Spearman相关系数,对艾比湖湿地自然保护区典型群落的25个主要植物种进行种间关联和种间相关性分析。结果表明:①胡杨(Populus euphratica)、盐穗木(Halostachys caspica)、甘草(Glycyrrhiza uralensis)分别为该地区乔、灌、草本层的优势种。②艾比湖湿地自然保护区内物种的总体联结性为不显著的负联结,大多数种对间呈不显著关联和无关联,物种趋向于独立分布。③相关性分析表明草本与其他物种的相关对数值高于乔灌木,结合Spearman相关系数、列联表的χ2检验值,可将研究区25种主要植物分为4个生态种组。     

新疆艾比湖流域生态环境空间分异特征研究

本文着重从地质地貌、气候、植被、土壤及水环境等方面对艾比湖流域生态环境空间分异规律以及相互之间的联系,将有助于深刻了解该流域生态环境形成和演化的自然背景和各种资源组合的规律,这是解决艾比湖流域生态环境恶化问题关键出发点。综合分析艾比湖流域生态环境空间分异的气候、地质构造和地貌演化、地表水和地下水水文化学性质、土壤性状和水资源供应状况等自然地理要素,为该流域合理开发和配置各种资源提供理论依据,以保证该流域各种资源的可持续利用和生态环境的改善。