一例因缺水发生疑似腺胃炎症状“抛料”的消化道障碍综合征鸡群

国外所报道的传染性腺胃炎(TVP),是指与肉鸡腺病毒引发的肌胃糜烂症类似,但又与Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ群腺病毒均无交叉保护的腺病毒引起,且病变仅局限于腺胃炎的疫病.我国所谓的腺胃炎,是指造成家禽生长不良、消瘦、整齐度差,临床呈现挑食、过料等外观症状;腺胃肿大或腺胃乳头扁平甚至消失,腺胃黏膜出血溃疡、脱落、肌胃角质层开裂或呈火山口样溃疡、糜烂为主要特征的一类疫病的统称.它并不是单一的病,在《禽病学》第十二版中没有再把它作为一个独立的疫病来介绍(第十一版《禽病学》曾列在其他病毒性感染章节中的“病毒性腺胃炎”),而是具有相似临床症状和主要解剖变化的多个疫病归类起来的症候群(英文为Syndrome,又称为综合征).     

家禽腺肌胃炎的流行特征与防治

腺肌胃炎,已经是目前家禽养殖必防疾病之一,给家禽养殖带来了无法估计的危害.从2009年出现此病症,至今还没有得到完全有效解决,而从发病范围看,已经从肉鸡品系扩大到蛋鸡品系,再到其他品系肉用鸡,从北到南,此病或轻或重都有发生,其损失大小和养殖基础设施、养殖品种、饲料、饲养管理、对此病的理解与重视程度等因素有很大关系,腺肌胃炎已经成为严重影响家禽行业发展的重要因素.     

鸡群接种疫苗引发疫病的分析

家禽业在近几年呈现快速发展趋势,期间虽然行业中不断出现一些问题,并因此受到影响;但是,我国家禽业规模化、集约化、集团化仍将是行业发展的最终模式。在家禽养殖的过程中,疫病威胁也随行业的发展而逐渐加大。就鸡来说,疫病在饲养过程中已经严重影响到了养殖户的养殖热情和养殖效益。我国的蛋鸡、种鸡业目前常见的疫病威胁主要是禽流感,各品类商品肉鸡威胁最大是禽流感、气囊炎、新城疫、肌胃炎、腺胃炎。商     

从中医角度浅谈家禽腺胃炎

作为农业占主要产业的中国,家禽养殖业在国民经济中已经占有很高的比重,到2018年国内禽肉生产已达1994万吨,在家禽养殖业迅猛发展的今天,很多疾病依然是困扰发展的严重障碍,其中腺胃炎就是困扰当前家禽养殖的最大问题之一。据不完全统计,每年因腺胃炎疾病的发生造成的直接损失在110亿元左右,间接损失更是无法统计。腺胃炎为什么如此猖獗呢?     

家禽腺肌胃炎的根治措施

家禽腺胃炎是当前家禽养殖中较为常见并且危害性较高的传染性疾病之一,会导致家禽生长异常、体型消瘦、外观畸形以及腺胃肿大等症状,家禽出现采食异常、个别出现死亡,最终导致大面积死亡.对此,家禽养殖户必须有效遏制腺胃炎的发生以及传染,保护自身的经济利益.     

浅析家禽发生腺胃炎和肌胃糜烂的原因

家禽的肌胃和腺胃是重要的消化器官,家禽采食饲料后在腺胃和肌胃内经过机械磨碎后与酶类充分混合,能够帮助家禽更好的消化饲料,促进对营养物质的充分吸收,满足不同生长发育阶段的需要,进而提高饲料转化率、体重增长速度和家禽生产性能。在生产中经常发生家禽腺胃炎和肌胃糜烂现象,严重危害家禽的健康状况和生产成绩,所以管理者必须充分了解家禽腺胃炎和肌胃糜烂的原因,才能采取有效措施,确保家禽处于健康状况。     

分析引发家禽腺胃炎的原因及治疗

家禽腺胃炎是当前家禽养殖中较为常见并且危害性较高的传染性疾病之一,其会导致家禽生长异常、体型消瘦、外观畸形以及腺胃肿大等症状,家禽出现选食异常、个别死亡表现,最终导致大面积死亡。对此,家禽养殖户必须有效的遏制腺胃炎的发生以及传染,保护自身的经济利益。     

家禽生理逆境与维生素需要量

所谓家畜生理逆境就是不舒适因素对家禽构成的一种威协与挑战。对家禽来说,从育雏至产蛋淘汰无处不存在致应激因素。一、应激因素与生理反应在家禽生产中,能够引起家禽应激反应的因素是多方面的。归纳起来有:酷暑或严寒,还有温度湿度的急剧变化;饲料原料或水质的骤变,给料方式和时间的突然改变;营养成分的缺乏或不平衡,以及饲料中含有毒害成分;饲养密度大、空气和垫料污浊,采食和饮水位置过小;家禽迁     

降低肉鸡垫料湿度的主要措施

肉鸡垫料的湿度是影响肉鸡健康生长的一个重要方面。在肉鸡饲养过程中,垫料湿度可直接影响肉鸡的生长性能和健康状态。在一定程度上,垫料湿度与肉鸡健康和生长成反比。     

现代家禽养殖中湿垫料的管理

本文分析了感染传染病、非遗传性因素等家禽肠道紊乱原因,研究了等现代家禽养殖中湿垫料的管理,以期为现代家禽养殖中湿垫料的管理提供一些参考,提高现代家禽户养殖效益,推动我国现代家禽养殖业的不断发展。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein